/releases/2014-03-28/uberon

Cleaning up URLs. Now uses URLs for wikipedia, pubmed, DOIs etc rather than ID literals
/releases/2014-03-28/uberon image

Ontology Diff Report

Original Ontology

  • IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon.owl
  • VersionIRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/releases/2014-03-26/uberon.owl

New Ontology

  • IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon.owl
  • VersionIRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/releases/2014-03-28/uberon.owl

Report for classes

Class objects lost from source: 0

Class objects new in target: 0

Changed Class objects: 6024

Changes for: integumentary system layer

Changes for: internal cervical os

Changes for: cervical os

Changes for: wall of crypt of lieberkuhn

Changes for: base of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine

Changes for: wall of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine

Changes for: zona intermedia of adrenal gland

Changes for: basibranchial element

  • Added
    • + basibranchial element external definition Median ventral cartilage or bony element at the ventral point of a branchial arch, behind the tongue[http://www.fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=basibranchial&sc=is]. { source=http://www.fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=basibranchial&sc=is }

Changes for: basibranchial cartilage

Changes for: basilar papilla

Changes for: mycetome

  • Deleted
    • - mycetome definition A specialized organ that is linked to the gut in beetles and host to a symbiotic yeast. The yeast cells assist in the digestion of less nutritious foods, supply needed B-vitamins and sterols, and provide resistance to certain toxins. { database cross reference=ENVO:01000166 , database cross reference=PLB:plb , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lasioderma_serricorne }
    • - mycetome external definition either of a pair of organs in an insect (as a true bug) that consist of a cellular mass of mycetocytes and are located one in either fat body. a cell in various insects (as most true bugs) of a type that contains unicellular and prob. symbiotic fungi and is usu. clustered with others of its kind into paired mycetomes. . { source=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mycetome }
  • Added
    • + mycetome definition A specialized organ that is linked to the gut in beetles and host to a symbiotic yeast. The yeast cells assist in the digestion of less nutritious foods, supply needed B-vitamins and sterols, and provide resistance to certain toxins. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasioderma_serricorne , database cross reference=ENVO:01000166 , database cross reference=PLB:plb }
    • + mycetome external definition either of a pair of organs in an insect (as a true bug) that consist of a cellular mass of mycetocytes and are located one in either fat body. a cell in various insects (as most true bugs) of a type that contains unicellular and prob. symbiotic fungi and is usu. clustered with others of its kind into paired mycetomes. . { source=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mycetome }

Changes for: interfascicular linear nucleus

Changes for: caudal linear nucleus

Changes for: rostral linear nucleus

Changes for: base of crypt of lieberkuhn

  • Deleted
    • - base of crypt of lieberkuhn definition The basal portion (further from lumen) of an intestinal crypt. Contains multipotent stem cells. Stem cells in the crypts divide to form daughter cells. One daughter cell from each stem cell division is retained as a stem cell. The other becomes committed to differentiate along one of four pathways to become an enterocyte, enteroendocrine cell, goblet cell or Paneth cell. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm , database cross reference=UBERON:md }
  • Added
    • + base of crypt of lieberkuhn definition The basal portion (further from lumen) of an intestinal crypt. Contains multipotent stem cells. Stem cells in the crypts divide to form daughter cells. One daughter cell from each stem cell division is retained as a stem cell. The other becomes committed to differentiate along one of four pathways to become an enterocyte, enteroendocrine cell, goblet cell or Paneth cell. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 , database cross reference=UBERON:md }

Changes for: paranigral nucleus

Changes for: parabrachial pigmental nucleus

Changes for: deep inguinal ring

Changes for: dartos muscle of labia majora

Changes for: anterior talofibular ligament

Changes for: posterior talofibular ligament

Changes for: notochordal fluid

Changes for: posterior superior iliac spine

Changes for: dartos muscle of scrotum

Changes for: dartos muscle

Changes for: superficial inguinal ring

Changes for: branch of ilio-marsupialis muscle

Changes for: ilio-marsupialis muscle

Changes for: posterior inferior iliac spine

Changes for: anterior inferior iliac spine

Changes for: anterior superior iliac spine

Changes for: fascia of Scarpa

Changes for: notochordal canal

Changes for: iliac spine

Changes for: main body axis

  • Deleted
    • - main body axis definition A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + main body axis definition A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: integumentary projection

Changes for: longissimus atlantis muscle

Changes for: levator nasolabialis muscle

Changes for: lumen of esophagus

Changes for: lumen of gastrointestinal system

Changes for: venom gland

Changes for: flexural organ

Changes for: supra-orbital ridge

Changes for: styloid process of ulna

Changes for: foramen of skull

Changes for: peripheral region of retina

Changes for: buttock

Changes for: strand of axillary hair

Changes for: strand of pubic hair

Changes for: pubococcygeus muscle

Changes for: anatomical line between inner canthi

Changes for: chondroglossus muscle

Changes for: abductor pollicis muscle

Changes for: male pubococcygeus muscle

Changes for: female pubococcygeus muscle

Changes for: priapium

  • Deleted
    • - priapium definition A complex muscular and bony clasping and copulatory organ derived mainly from the pelvic fins, found under the head of male Phallostethoidea with the anus opening on one side and the genital pore on the other. The structure varies among family members. Hook-like ctenactia articulate basally with the aproctal axial which is movably articulated with the proctal axial bone itself, suspended anteriorly by the outer (and sometimes inner) pulvinular bone from the cleithrum and perhaps the urohyal. Other elements are the priapal ribs, the anteplural cartilage (supporting elements along with the cleithrum and the pulvinar), the toxactinium, the infrasulcar and the uncus (forming the claspers along with the ctenactinium), the penial, basipenial, papillary, prepapillary and cristate bones (forming the papillary unit). { database cross reference=ISBN:047175644X , database cross reference=http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en_ichthyology/13676/priapium , database cross reference=http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Zt3363.45 }
  • Added
    • + priapium definition A complex muscular and bony clasping and copulatory organ derived mainly from the pelvic fins, found under the head of male Phallostethoidea with the anus opening on one side and the genital pore on the other. The structure varies among family members. Hook-like ctenactia articulate basally with the aproctal axial which is movably articulated with the proctal axial bone itself, suspended anteriorly by the outer (and sometimes inner) pulvinular bone from the cleithrum and perhaps the urohyal. Other elements are the priapal ribs, the anteplural cartilage (supporting elements along with the cleithrum and the pulvinar), the toxactinium, the infrasulcar and the uncus (forming the claspers along with the ctenactinium), the penial, basipenial, papillary, prepapillary and cristate bones (forming the papillary unit). { database cross reference=http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en_ichthyology/13676/priapium , database cross reference=http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Zt3363.45 , database cross reference=ISBN:047175644X }

Changes for: os priapium

Changes for: ctenactinium

Changes for: toxactinium

Changes for: aproctal bone of priapium

Changes for: sphincter colli profundus muscle

Changes for: sphincter colli superficialis muscle

Changes for: masseteric artery

Changes for: lateral pterygoid nerve

Changes for: buccal nerve

Changes for: gular gland

Changes for: lophophore

Changes for: duodenal ampulla

Changes for: puborectalis muscle

Changes for: iliococcygeus muscle

Changes for: dulla

Changes for: corpus cavernosum maxillaris

  • Deleted
    • - corpus cavernosum maxillaris definition A bulbous ridge of highly vascularized tissue that runs along the center of the hard palate, expanding cranially to form two large lobes that terminate under the tip of the rostral palate, with another enlarged node at the caudal terminus. { database cross reference=PMID:23450839 }
  • Added
    • + corpus cavernosum maxillaris definition A bulbous ridge of highly vascularized tissue that runs along the center of the hard palate, expanding cranially to form two large lobes that terminate under the tip of the rostral palate, with another enlarged node at the caudal terminus. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450839 }

Changes for: velar skeleton

Changes for: elastica externa of notochord

  • Deleted
    • - elastica externa of notochord taxon notes The notochordal sheath in amphioxus has a complex three-layered organization with the outer, middle and inner layer The outer and middle layer are composed of collagen fibers of different thickness and course, that correspond to collagen type I and collagen type III in vertebrates, respectively, and the inner layer is amorphous, resembles basal lamina, and is closely attached to the notochord by hemidesmosome junctions. { source=PMID:16848152 }
  • Added
    • + elastica externa of notochord taxon notes The notochordal sheath in amphioxus has a complex three-layered organization with the outer, middle and inner layer The outer and middle layer are composed of collagen fibers of different thickness and course, that correspond to collagen type I and collagen type III in vertebrates, respectively, and the inner layer is amorphous, resembles basal lamina, and is closely attached to the notochord by hemidesmosome junctions. { source=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16848152 }

Changes for: bone of upper jaw

Changes for: maxillary tooth

Changes for: dentary tooth

Changes for: lenticular process of incus

Changes for: pre-dentine

Changes for: zeugopodial skeleton

Changes for: cell condensation

Changes for: paired limb/fin skeleton

Changes for: platypus crural gland

Changes for: non-mineralized cartilage tissue

Changes for: pre-enamel

Changes for: hyomandibular cartilage

Changes for: hyomandibular element

Changes for: supracoracoideus muscle of wing

Changes for: hyomandibular bone

Changes for: coronoid tooth

Changes for: carina of sternum

Changes for: gingiva of upper jaw

Changes for: gingiva of lower jaw

Changes for: stylohyoid bone

Changes for: ceratohyal bone

Changes for: hypohyal element

Changes for: hypoplastron

Changes for: xiphiplastron

Changes for: hindlimb intermedium

Changes for: subdivision of organism along main body axis

Changes for: nuchal plate of carapace

Changes for: suprapygal plate of carapace

Changes for: pre-enameloid

Changes for: adductor mandibulae

  • Deleted
    • - adductor mandibulae definition An adductor muscle that acts on the jaw. In some species, this is subdivided into segments based on attachment. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
    • - adductor mandibulae homology notes The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (…) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000698 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and same reference Table 10-4 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + adductor mandibulae definition An adductor muscle that acts on the jaw. In some species, this is subdivided into segments based on attachment. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + adductor mandibulae homology notes The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (…) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000698 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and same reference Table 10-4 }

Changes for: midgut loop

Changes for: embryo portion of umbilical artery

Changes for: enameloid

Changes for: thyrohyoid bone

Changes for: superior horn of thyroid cartilage

Changes for: horn of thyroid cartilage

Changes for: tympanohyoid cartilage

Changes for: great vessel of heart

Changes for: inferior horn of thyroid cartilage

Changes for: frontal process of maxilla

  • Deleted
    • - frontal process of maxilla database cross reference SCTID:368869008
    • - frontal process of maxilla database cross reference Wikipedia:Frontal_process_of_maxilla
    • - frontal process of maxilla definition The frontal process of the maxilla (nasal process) is a strong plate, which projects upward, medialward, and backward, by the side of the nose, forming part of its lateral boundary. Its lateral surface is smooth, continuous with the anterior surface of the body, and gives attachment to the Quadratus labii superioris, the Orbicularis oculi, and the medial palpebral ligament. Its medial surface forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity; at its upper part is a rough, uneven area, which articulates with the ethmoid, closing in the anterior ethmoidal cells; below this is an oblique ridge, the ethmoidal crest, the posterior end of which articulates with the middle nasal concha, while the anterior part is termed the agger nasi; the crest forms the upper limit of the atrium of the middle meatus. The upper border articulates with the frontal bone and the anterior with the nasal; the posterior border is thick, and hollowed into a groove, which is continuous below with the lacrimal groove on the nasal surface of the body: by the articulation of the medial margin of the groove with the anterior border of the lacrimal a corresponding groove on the lacrimal is brought into continuity, and together they form the lacrimal fossa for the lodgement of the lacrimal sac. The lateral margin of the groove is named the anterior lacrimal crest, and is continuous below with the orbital margin; at its junction with the orbital surface is a small tubercle, the lacrimal tubercle, which serves as a guide to the position of the lacrimal sac. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Frontal_process_of_maxilla }
    • - frontal process of maxilla has related synonym frontal process of the maxilla { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Frontal_process_of_maxilla }
    • - frontal process of maxilla has related synonym processus frontalis maxillae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Frontal_process_of_maxilla , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + frontal process of maxilla database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_process_of_maxilla
    • + frontal process of maxilla database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/368869008
    • + frontal process of maxilla definition The frontal process of the maxilla (nasal process) is a strong plate, which projects upward, medialward, and backward, by the side of the nose, forming part of its lateral boundary. Its lateral surface is smooth, continuous with the anterior surface of the body, and gives attachment to the Quadratus labii superioris, the Orbicularis oculi, and the medial palpebral ligament. Its medial surface forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity; at its upper part is a rough, uneven area, which articulates with the ethmoid, closing in the anterior ethmoidal cells; below this is an oblique ridge, the ethmoidal crest, the posterior end of which articulates with the middle nasal concha, while the anterior part is termed the agger nasi; the crest forms the upper limit of the atrium of the middle meatus. The upper border articulates with the frontal bone and the anterior with the nasal; the posterior border is thick, and hollowed into a groove, which is continuous below with the lacrimal groove on the nasal surface of the body: by the articulation of the medial margin of the groove with the anterior border of the lacrimal a corresponding groove on the lacrimal is brought into continuity, and together they form the lacrimal fossa for the lodgement of the lacrimal sac. The lateral margin of the groove is named the anterior lacrimal crest, and is continuous below with the orbital margin; at its junction with the orbital surface is a small tubercle, the lacrimal tubercle, which serves as a guide to the position of the lacrimal sac. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_process_of_maxilla }
    • + frontal process of maxilla has related synonym frontal process of the maxilla { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_process_of_maxilla }
    • + frontal process of maxilla has related synonym processus frontalis maxillae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_process_of_maxilla , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: orbital part of frontal bone

Changes for: epicanthal fold

Changes for: common crus of semicircular duct

Changes for: digestive system organ

Changes for: external cervical os

  • Deleted
    • - external cervical os database cross reference SCTID:362255005
    • - external cervical os database cross reference Wikipedia:External_orifice_of_the_uterus
    • - external cervical os definition Opening of uterine cervix into the vagina. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
    • - external cervical os external definition The external orifice of the uterus (or ostium of uterus, or external os) is a small, depressed, somewhat circular aperture on the rounded extremity of the vaginal portion of the cervix. Through this aperture, the cervical cavity communicates with that of the vagina. The external orifice is bounded by two lips, an anterior and a posterior. The anterior is shorter and thicker, though it projects lower than the posterior because of the slope of the cervix. Normally, both lips are in contact with the posterior vaginal wall. Prior to pregnancy, the external orifice has a rounded shape when viewed through the vaginal canal (as through a speculum). Following parturition, the orifice takes on an appearance more like a transverse slit or is “H-shaped”[Wikipedia:External_orifice_of_the_uterus]. { source=Wikipedia:External_orifice_of_the_uterus }
  • Added
    • + external cervical os database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_orifice_of_the_uterus
    • + external cervical os database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1512165
    • + external cervical os database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362255005
    • + external cervical os definition Opening of uterine cervix into the vagina. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + external cervical os external definition The external orifice of the uterus (or ostium of uterus, or external os) is a small, depressed, somewhat circular aperture on the rounded extremity of the vaginal portion of the cervix. Through this aperture, the cervical cavity communicates with that of the vagina. The external orifice is bounded by two lips, an anterior and a posterior. The anterior is shorter and thicker, though it projects lower than the posterior because of the slope of the cervix. Normally, both lips are in contact with the posterior vaginal wall. Prior to pregnancy, the external orifice has a rounded shape when viewed through the vaginal canal (as through a speculum). Following parturition, the orifice takes on an appearance more like a transverse slit or is “H-shaped”[Wikipedia:External_orifice_of_the_uterus]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_orifice_of_the_uterus }

Changes for: cervical cavity

Changes for: splenial bone

Changes for: ectopterygoid bone

  • Deleted
    • - ectopterygoid bone definition a palatal bone which – like many palatal bones – may originally have developed as a dermal bone replacing part of the palatoquadrate, the primitive upper jaw. Like the palatine (also called dermopalatine), the ectopterygoid replaces the middle part of the autopalatine. It may be serially homologous with the palatine(s), but is somewhat specialized, being the last (most posterior in palatal view) of the series and bordering the fossa for the jaw muscles. In a typical tetrapod it abuts the palatine anteriorly, the maxilla laterally, the pterygoid or the fossa mandubuaris medially, and the fossa posteriorly { database cross reference=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryE.html }
  • Added
    • + ectopterygoid bone definition a palatal bone which – like many palatal bones – may originally have developed as a dermal bone replacing part of the palatoquadrate, the primitive upper jaw. Like the palatine (also called dermopalatine), the ectopterygoid replaces the middle part of the autopalatine. It may be serially homologous with the palatine(s), but is somewhat specialized, being the last (most posterior in palatal view) of the series and bordering the fossa for the jaw muscles. In a typical tetrapod it abuts the palatine anteriorly, the maxilla laterally, the pterygoid or the fossa mandubuaris medially, and the fossa posteriorly { database cross reference=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryE.html }

Changes for: skin of sole of pes

Changes for: skin of palm of manus

Changes for: prearticular bone

Changes for: surangular bone

Changes for: intermammary line

Changes for: depressor mandibulae muscle

  • Deleted
    • - depressor mandibulae muscle homology notes The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000813 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + depressor mandibulae muscle homology notes The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000813 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398 }

Changes for: levator operculi

  • Deleted
    • - levator operculi homology notes The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000813 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + levator operculi homology notes The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000813 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398 }

Changes for: palatoglossal arch

Changes for: odontogenic mesenchyme of molar

Changes for: dermal element of plastron

Changes for: interclavicle

Changes for: epihyoidean

  • Deleted
    • - epihyoidean homology notes The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000813 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + epihyoidean homology notes The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000813 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398 }

Changes for: pineal gland stalk

  • Deleted
    • - pineal gland stalk homology notes The epithalamus contains the epiphysis (pineal gland and related structures), which is located at the end of a stalk, the epiphyseal stalk.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001360 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.66 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pineal gland stalk homology notes The epithalamus contains the epiphysis (pineal gland and related structures), which is located at the end of a stalk, the epiphyseal stalk.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001360 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.66 }

Changes for: jugular lymph sac

  • Deleted
    • - jugular lymph sac external definition Lymphatic vessels develop from lymph sacs that arise from developing veins, which are derived from mesoderm. The first lymph sacs to appear are the paired jugular lymph sacs at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001000 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - jugular lymph sac homology notes Lymph hearts are pulsatile organs, present in lower vertebrates, that function to propel lymph into the venous system. Although they are absent in mammals, the initial veno-lymphatic plexus that forms during mammalian jugular lymph sac development has been described as the vestigial homologue of the nascent stage of ancestral anterior lymph hearts.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001000 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.002 Peyrot SM, Martin BL, Harland RM, Lymph heart musculature is under distinct developmental control from lymphatic endothelium. Developmental Biology (2010) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + jugular lymph sac external definition Lymphatic vessels develop from lymph sacs that arise from developing veins, which are derived from mesoderm. The first lymph sacs to appear are the paired jugular lymph sacs at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001000 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + jugular lymph sac homology notes Lymph hearts are pulsatile organs, present in lower vertebrates, that function to propel lymph into the venous system. Although they are absent in mammals, the initial veno-lymphatic plexus that forms during mammalian jugular lymph sac development has been described as the vestigial homologue of the nascent stage of ancestral anterior lymph hearts.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001000 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.002 Peyrot SM, Martin BL, Harland RM, Lymph heart musculature is under distinct developmental control from lymphatic endothelium. Developmental Biology (2010) }

Changes for: vagus X nerve right recurrent laryngeal branch

Changes for: vagus X nerve left recurrent laryngeal branch

Changes for: utriculosaccular duct

Changes for: vagus nerve nucleus

Changes for: aortic valve leaflet

  • Deleted
    • - aortic valve leaflet homology notes Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000819 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + aortic valve leaflet homology notes Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000819 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) }

Changes for: pulmonary valve leaflets

  • Deleted
  • Added

Changes for: genital swelling

Changes for: differentiated genital tubercle

Changes for: feather follicle placode

Changes for: feather follicle

Changes for: feather shaft

Changes for: ramus of feather barbule

Changes for: feather muscle

  • Deleted
    • - feather muscle definition Similar to erector pili muscles of mammals; attached to the sides of the follicle; capable of elevating or lowering entire groups of feathers. { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/feather+follicle }
  • Added
    • + feather muscle definition Similar to erector pili muscles of mammals; attached to the sides of the follicle; capable of elevating or lowering entire groups of feathers. { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/feather+follicle }

Changes for: primary remex feather

Changes for: remex feather

Changes for: rectrix feather

  • Deleted
    • - rectrix feather database cross reference Rectrices
    • - rectrix feather definition A flight feather that lies along a single horizontal row on the rear margin of the anatomical tail. Only the central pair are attached (via ligaments) to the tail bones; the remaining rectrices are embedded into the rectricial bulbs, complex structures of fat and muscle that surround those bones. Rectrices are always paired, with a vast majority of species having six pairs. They are absent in grebes and some ratites, and greatly reduced in size in penguins { database cross reference=Rectrices }
  • Added
    • + rectrix feather database cross reference Rectrices
    • + rectrix feather definition A flight feather that lies along a single horizontal row on the rear margin of the anatomical tail. Only the central pair are attached (via ligaments) to the tail bones; the remaining rectrices are embedded into the rectricial bulbs, complex structures of fat and muscle that surround those bones. Rectrices are always paired, with a vast majority of species having six pairs. They are absent in grebes and some ratites, and greatly reduced in size in penguins { database cross reference=Rectrices }

Changes for: flight feather

Changes for: secondary remex feather

Changes for: tertial remex feather

Changes for: feather bud, epidermal component

Changes for: feather bud, dermal component

Changes for: feather bud

Changes for: dermal condensation of feather follicle

Changes for: inner epidermal layer of feather follicle

Changes for: cavity of feather follicle

Changes for: superficial fascia

  • Deleted
    • - superficial fascia database cross reference SCTID:361713003
    • - superficial fascia database cross reference Wikipedia:Superficial_fascia
    • - superficial fascia definition Superficial fascia is found in the subcutis in most regions of the body, blending with the reticular layer of the dermis. It is present on the face, over the upper portion of the sternocleidomastoid, at the nape of the neck, and overlying the sternum. It is comprised mainly of loose areolar connective tissue and adipose and is the layer that primarily determines the shape of a body. In addition to its subcutaneous presence, this type of fascia surrounds organs and glands, neurovascular bundles, and is found at many other locations where it fills otherwise unoccupied space. It serves as a storage medium of fat and water; as a passageway for lymph, nerve and blood vessels; and as a protective padding to cushion and insulate. Superficial fascia is present, but does not contain fat, in the eyelids, ear, scrotum, penis and clitoris. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Superficial_fascia }
  • Added
    • + superficial fascia database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_fascia
    • + superficial fascia database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361713003
    • + superficial fascia definition Superficial fascia is found in the subcutis in most regions of the body, blending with the reticular layer of the dermis. It is present on the face, over the upper portion of the sternocleidomastoid, at the nape of the neck, and overlying the sternum. It is comprised mainly of loose areolar connective tissue and adipose and is the layer that primarily determines the shape of a body. In addition to its subcutaneous presence, this type of fascia surrounds organs and glands, neurovascular bundles, and is found at many other locations where it fills otherwise unoccupied space. It serves as a storage medium of fat and water; as a passageway for lymph, nerve and blood vessels; and as a protective padding to cushion and insulate. Superficial fascia is present, but does not contain fat, in the eyelids, ear, scrotum, penis and clitoris. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_fascia }

Changes for: areolar gland

Changes for: dense irregular connective tissue

Changes for: loose connective tissue

Changes for: vestibular gland

Changes for: dense connective tissue

  • Deleted
    • - dense connective tissue database cross reference Wikipedia:Dense_connective_tissue
    • - dense connective tissue definition Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dense_connective_tissue }
  • Added
    • + dense connective tissue database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_connective_tissue
    • + dense connective tissue database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1511770
    • + dense connective tissue definition Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_connective_tissue }

Changes for: fibrous connective tissue

Changes for: acinus of parotid gland

Changes for: internal acoustic meatus

Changes for: condylar joint

Changes for: midcarpal joint

Changes for: extensor carpi radialis muscle

Changes for: pisiform joint

Changes for: synarthrosis

Changes for: margin of tongue

Changes for: body of tongue

Changes for: ligament of sternoclavicular joint

Changes for: amphiarthrosis

Changes for: mesorchium

Changes for: endomysium

Changes for: anterior uvea

Changes for: epimysium

Changes for: smooth muscle endomysium

Changes for: palatoquadrate arch

  • Deleted
    • - palatoquadrate arch definition The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the upper jaw[ZFIN,VHOG]. { database cross reference=VHOG:0000511 , database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/153 }
    • - palatoquadrate arch homology notes Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000511 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + palatoquadrate arch definition The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the upper jaw[ZFIN,VHOG]. { database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/153 , database cross reference=VHOG:0000511 }
    • + palatoquadrate arch homology notes Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000511 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: ligament of knee joint

Changes for: lacrimal nerve

Changes for: perilymphatic channel

Changes for: angular bone

Changes for: endolymphatic space

Changes for: obturator muscle

Changes for: obturator internus

Changes for: uterovesical pouch

Changes for: thoracic vertebra 8

Changes for: aryepiglotticus muscle

Changes for: extrinsic extensor muscle of manus

Changes for: flexor hallucis brevis muscle

Changes for: brachioradialis

Changes for: spinalis muscle

Changes for: flexor pollicis brevis muscle

Changes for: iliac fossa

Changes for: spinalis capitis muscle

Changes for: pyramidalis

Changes for: semispinalis muscle

Changes for: colorectum

Changes for: gastroduodenal junction

Changes for: vestimentum muscle

Changes for: plume

Changes for: body of tubeworm

Changes for: anococcygeus muscle

Changes for: ampulla of uterine tube

Changes for: medial forebrain bundle

  • Deleted
    • - medial forebrain bundle database cross reference Wikipedia:Medial_forebrain_bundle
    • - medial forebrain bundle definition The Medial forebrain bundle (MFB), is a complex bundle of axons coming from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus, with some carrying on into the tegmentum. It contains both ascending and descending fibers. It also represents a part of the mesolimbic pathway, carrying information between the ventral tegmentum and the nucleus accumbens. It is commonly accepted that the MFB is a part of the reward system, involved in the integration of reward and pleasure. Electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle is believed to cause sensations of pleasure. This hypothesis is based upon intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) studies. Animals will work for MFB ICSS, and humans report that MFB ICSS is intensely pleasurable. This is most likely because the medial forebrain bundle carries information from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (nAcc or Acb). The nAcc is a recognized reward center, and activation of the pathway from the VTA to the nAcc is believed to be rewarding, which is why it is sometimes referred to as the hedonic highway. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Medial_forebrain_bundle }
    • - medial forebrain bundle has related synonym fasciculus medialis telencephali { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Medial_forebrain_bundle , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + medial forebrain bundle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_forebrain_bundle
    • + medial forebrain bundle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0025055
    • + medial forebrain bundle definition The Medial forebrain bundle (MFB), is a complex bundle of axons coming from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus, with some carrying on into the tegmentum. It contains both ascending and descending fibers. It also represents a part of the mesolimbic pathway, carrying information between the ventral tegmentum and the nucleus accumbens. It is commonly accepted that the MFB is a part of the reward system, involved in the integration of reward and pleasure. Electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle is believed to cause sensations of pleasure. This hypothesis is based upon intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) studies. Animals will work for MFB ICSS, and humans report that MFB ICSS is intensely pleasurable. This is most likely because the medial forebrain bundle carries information from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (nAcc or Acb). The nAcc is a recognized reward center, and activation of the pathway from the VTA to the nAcc is believed to be rewarding, which is why it is sometimes referred to as the hedonic highway. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_forebrain_bundle }
    • + medial forebrain bundle has related synonym fasciculus medialis telencephali { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_forebrain_bundle , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: mammary gland

Changes for: corpus spongiosum of penis

Changes for: colostrum

Changes for: endothelium of capillary

Changes for: milk

Changes for: lamina propria of large intestine

Changes for: endothelium of venule

Changes for: endothelium of vein

Changes for: lesser tubercle of humerus

Changes for: endothelium of arteriole

Changes for: endothelium of artery

Changes for: gastrointestinal sphincter

Changes for: epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn

Changes for: greater tubercle of humerus

Changes for: Krause’s gland

Changes for: ophthalmic plexus

Changes for: inferior ophthalmic vein

Changes for: superior ophthalmic vein

Changes for: ventral thalamus

Changes for: ophthalmic vein

Changes for: epithelium of trachea

Changes for: lunule of nail

Changes for: epithelium of small intestine

Changes for: thalamic reticular nucleus

Changes for: habenula

Changes for: pineal body

Changes for: subthalamic nucleus

Changes for: zona incerta

  • Deleted
    • - zona incerta database cross reference SCTID:369186007
    • - zona incerta database cross reference Wikipedia:Zona_incerta
    • - zona incerta definition The zona incerta is a horizontally elongated region of gray matter cells in the subthalamus below the thalamus. Its connections project extensively over the brain from the cerebral cortex down into the spinal cord. Its function is unknown though several have been proposed related to ‘limbic–motor integration’ such as controlling visceral activity and pain; gating sensory input and synchronizing cortical and subcortical brain rhythms. Its dysfunction may play a role in central pain syndrome. It is also been identified as a promising deep brain stimulation therapy target for treating Parkinsons Disease. Its existence was first described by Auguste Forel in 1877 as a ‘region of which nothing certain can be said’. A hundred and thirty years later in 2007, Nadia Urbain and Martin Deschênes of Université Laval noted that the ‘zona incerta is among the least studied regions of the brain; its name does not even appear in the index of many textbooks. ‘ [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Zona_incerta }
  • Added
    • + zona incerta database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_incerta
    • + zona incerta database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/369186007
    • + zona incerta definition The zona incerta is a horizontally elongated region of gray matter cells in the subthalamus below the thalamus. Its connections project extensively over the brain from the cerebral cortex down into the spinal cord. Its function is unknown though several have been proposed related to ‘limbic–motor integration’ such as controlling visceral activity and pain; gating sensory input and synchronizing cortical and subcortical brain rhythms. Its dysfunction may play a role in central pain syndrome. It is also been identified as a promising deep brain stimulation therapy target for treating Parkinsons Disease. Its existence was first described by Auguste Forel in 1877 as a ‘region of which nothing certain can be said’. A hundred and thirty years later in 2007, Nadia Urbain and Martin Deschênes of Université Laval noted that the ‘zona incerta is among the least studied regions of the brain; its name does not even appear in the index of many textbooks. ‘ [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_incerta }

Changes for: optic tract

Changes for: prostatic utricle

Changes for: habenular commissure

  • Deleted
    • - habenular commissure database cross reference SCTID:279335009
    • - habenular commissure database cross reference Wikipedia:Habenular_commissure
    • - habenular commissure database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray715.png
    • - habenular commissure definition The habenular commissure, is a brain commissure (a band of nerve fibers) situated in front of the pineal gland that connects the habenular nucleus on one side of the diencephalon with that on the other side. The habernular commissure is part of the trigonum habenulæ (a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the tænia thalami). The trigonum habenulæ also contains groups of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulæ. Fibers enter the trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal gland, and the habenular commissure. Most of the trigonum habenulæ’s fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. Nerve cell fibers enter the trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal body, and the habernular commissure. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Habenular_commissure }
    • - habenular commissure has exact synonym commissura habenularum { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Habenular_commissure , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + habenular commissure database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenular_commissure
    • + habenular commissure database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0152363
    • + habenular commissure database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279335009
    • + habenular commissure definition The habenular commissure, is a brain commissure (a band of nerve fibers) situated in front of the pineal gland that connects the habenular nucleus on one side of the diencephalon with that on the other side. The habernular commissure is part of the trigonum habenulæ (a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the tænia thalami). The trigonum habenulæ also contains groups of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulæ. Fibers enter the trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal gland, and the habenular commissure. Most of the trigonum habenulæ’s fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. Nerve cell fibers enter the trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal body, and the habernular commissure. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenular_commissure }
    • + habenular commissure depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray715.png
    • + habenular commissure has exact synonym commissura habenularum { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenular_commissure , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: muscle layer of large intestine

Changes for: parathyroid epithelium

Changes for: tuberomammillary nucleus

  • Deleted
    • - tuberomammillary nucleus database cross reference SCTID:369122006
    • - tuberomammillary nucleus database cross reference Wikipedia:Tuberomammillary_nucleus
    • - tuberomammillary nucleus definition The tuberomammillary nucleus is a subnucleus of the posterior third of the hypothalamus. It consists of, largely, histaminergic and is involved with the control of arousal, sleep and circadian rhythm. Axons of the tuberomammillary nucleus project primarily to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, basal forebrain, and hypothalamus. The projections to the cerebral cortex directly increase cortical activation and arousal, and projections to acetylcholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and dorsal pons do so indirectly, by increasing the release of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Tuberomammillary_nucleus }
  • Added

Changes for: lateral hypothalamic nucleus

Changes for: dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus

Changes for: ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

Changes for: arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

Changes for: retrochiasmatic area

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

Changes for: lateral preoptic nucleus

Changes for: lateral mammillary nucleus

Changes for: medial mammillary nucleus

Changes for: central medial nucleus

Changes for: paracentral nucleus

Changes for: ventral lateral nucleus

Changes for: lateral geniculate body

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: reuniens nucleus

Changes for: parafascicular nucleus

Changes for: medial geniculate body

Changes for: preoptic area

Changes for: supraoptic nucleus

Changes for: adductor muscle of hip

Changes for: adductor muscle

Changes for: upper urinary tract

Changes for: superficial part of masseter muscle

Changes for: presubiculum

Changes for: epithelium of oropharynx

Changes for: epithelium of respiratory bronchiole

Changes for: Ammon’s horn

Changes for: submucosa of bronchus

Changes for: cartilage of bronchus

Changes for: white pulp of spleen

Changes for: epithelium of terminal bronchiole

Changes for: neocortex

Changes for: epithelium of nasopharynx

Changes for: Marshall’s gland

Changes for: submucosal gland

Changes for: sylvian cistern

  • Deleted
    • - sylvian cistern definition The subarachnoid space associated with the lateral cerebral sulcus (Sylvian fissure); contains the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery and the origin of lenticulostriate arteries, and proximal parts of the middle cerebral artery { database cross reference=http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?Sylvian+cistern }
  • Added
    • + sylvian cistern database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1515104
    • + sylvian cistern definition The subarachnoid space associated with the lateral cerebral sulcus (Sylvian fissure); contains the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery and the origin of lenticulostriate arteries, and proximal parts of the middle cerebral artery { database cross reference=http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?Sylvian+cistern }

Changes for: facial skeleton

Changes for: cuneiform cartilage

Changes for: gingival epithelium

Changes for: jaw depressor muscle

Changes for: pretectal region

Changes for: midbrain tegmentum

Changes for: medial habenular nucleus

Changes for: lateral habenular nucleus

Changes for: pharyngeal arch derived gill

Changes for: regional part of spinal cord

Changes for: red nucleus

Changes for: inferior colliculus

Changes for: superior colliculus

Changes for: supramammillary nucleus

Changes for: neurocranium bone

Changes for: crico-esophageal tendon

Changes for: postfrontal bone

  • Deleted
    • - postfrontal bone definition a bone behind and above the orbit of which it commonly forms part of the border that is present in many vertebrates and corresponds to the postorbital process of the frontal bone of various birds and mammals { database cross reference=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/postfrontal }
  • Added
    • + postfrontal bone definition a bone behind and above the orbit of which it commonly forms part of the border that is present in many vertebrates and corresponds to the postorbital process of the frontal bone of various birds and mammals { database cross reference=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/postfrontal }

Changes for: postorbital bone

  • Deleted
    • - postorbital bone database cross reference Wikipedia:Postorbital_bone
    • - postorbital bone definition The postorbital is one of the bones in vertebrate skulls which forms a portion of the dermal skull roof and, sometimes, a ring about the orbit. Generally, it is located behind the postfrontal and posteriorly to the orbital fenestra. In some vertebrates, the postorbital is fused with the postfrontal to create a postorbitofrontal. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Postorbital_bone }
  • Added
    • + postorbital bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postorbital_bone
    • + postorbital bone definition The postorbital is one of the bones in vertebrate skulls which forms a portion of the dermal skull roof and, sometimes, a ring about the orbit. Generally, it is located behind the postfrontal and posteriorly to the orbital fenestra. In some vertebrates, the postorbital is fused with the postfrontal to create a postorbitofrontal. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postorbital_bone }

Changes for: patellofemoral joint

Changes for: venule

Changes for: parenchyma of pancreas

Changes for: nasal suture

Changes for: lamina propria of esophagus

Changes for: spheno-occipital synchondrosis

Changes for: serum

Changes for: epithelium of esophagus

Changes for: bile

  • Deleted
    • - bile database cross reference Wikipedia:Bile
    • - bile definition a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. Bile is a composition of the following materials: water (85%), bile salts (10%), mucus and pigments (3%), fats (1%), inorganic salts (0.7%) and cholesterol (0.3%)[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Bile }
  • Added
    • + bile database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile
    • + bile database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0005388
    • + bile definition a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. Bile is a composition of the following materials: water (85%), bile salts (10%), mucus and pigments (3%), fats (1%), inorganic salts (0.7%) and cholesterol (0.3%)[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile }

Changes for: gastric juice

Changes for: submucosa of esophagus

Changes for: anterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis

  • Deleted
    • - anterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis definition The term anterior nuclei of stria terminalis refers to one of two divisions of the nuclei of stria terminalis based on topology, connectivity and multiple stains in the rat ( Swanson-2004 ) and the mouse ( Dong-2004 ). The other division consists of the posterior nuclei of stria terminalis. The anterior division includes the anterolateral area of stria terminalis, anteromedial area of stria terminalis, oval nucleus of stria terminalis, juxtacapsular nucleus of stria terminalis, rhomboid nucleus of stria terminalis, dorsomedial nucleus of stria terminalis, fusiform nucleus of stria terminalis, ventral nucleus of stria terminalis, and the magnocellular nucleus of stria terminalis { database cross reference=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2753 }
    • - anterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis has exact synonym anterior nuclei of stria terminalis { database cross reference=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu }
  • Added
    • + anterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis definition The term anterior nuclei of stria terminalis refers to one of two divisions of the nuclei of stria terminalis based on topology, connectivity and multiple stains in the rat ( Swanson-2004 ) and the mouse ( Dong-2004 ). The other division consists of the posterior nuclei of stria terminalis. The anterior division includes the anterolateral area of stria terminalis, anteromedial area of stria terminalis, oval nucleus of stria terminalis, juxtacapsular nucleus of stria terminalis, rhomboid nucleus of stria terminalis, dorsomedial nucleus of stria terminalis, fusiform nucleus of stria terminalis, ventral nucleus of stria terminalis, and the magnocellular nucleus of stria terminalis { database cross reference=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2753 }
    • + anterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis has exact synonym anterior nuclei of stria terminalis { database cross reference=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu }

Changes for: fusiform nucleus of stria terminalis

Changes for: oval nucleus of stria terminalis

Changes for: posterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis

  • Deleted
    • - posterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis definition The term posterior nuclei of stria terminalis refers to one of two divisions of the nuclei of stria terminalis based on topology, connectivity and multiple stains in the rat ( Swanson-2004 ) and the mouse ( Dong-2004 ). The other division consists of the anterior nuclei of stria terminalis. The posterior division includes the principal nucleus of stria terminalis, interfascicular nucleus of stria terminalis, transverse nucleus of stria terminalis, premedullary nucleus of stria terminalis, dorsal nucleus of stria terminalis, the strial extension of stria terminalis, and the cell sparse zone of stria terminalis. { database cross reference=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/CentralDirectory.aspx?ID=2754 }
    • - posterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis has exact synonym posterior nuclei of stria terminalis { database cross reference=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu }
  • Added
    • + posterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis definition The term posterior nuclei of stria terminalis refers to one of two divisions of the nuclei of stria terminalis based on topology, connectivity and multiple stains in the rat ( Swanson-2004 ) and the mouse ( Dong-2004 ). The other division consists of the anterior nuclei of stria terminalis. The posterior division includes the principal nucleus of stria terminalis, interfascicular nucleus of stria terminalis, transverse nucleus of stria terminalis, premedullary nucleus of stria terminalis, dorsal nucleus of stria terminalis, the strial extension of stria terminalis, and the cell sparse zone of stria terminalis. { database cross reference=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/CentralDirectory.aspx?ID=2754 }
    • + posterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis has exact synonym posterior nuclei of stria terminalis { database cross reference=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu }

Changes for: principal nucleus of stria terminalis

Changes for: transverse nucleus of stria terminalis

Changes for: blood plasma

Changes for: semen

Changes for: reticular lamina of epithelium

Changes for: substantia nigra pars reticulata

Changes for: substantia nigra pars compacta

Changes for: quadrate-articular joint

Changes for: jaw joint

Changes for: least splanchnic nerve

Changes for: bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue

Changes for: retrorubral area

Changes for: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Changes for: gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Changes for: elastic cartilage tissue

Changes for: olfactory epithelium

Changes for: sternocostal joint

Changes for: iliopsoas

Changes for: cruciate ligament of atlas

Changes for: synovial joint of pelvic girdle

Changes for: cervical ganglion

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + cervical ganglion database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_ganglion
    • + cervical ganglion database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181100007
    • + cervical ganglion definition The cervical ganglia are paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. They consist of three paravertebral ganglia: superior cervical ganglion middle cervical ganglion inferior cervical ganglion. The inferior ganglion may be fused with the first thoracic ganglion to form a single structure, the stellate ganglion. Nerves emerging from cervical sympathetic ganglia contribute to the cardiac plexus, among other things. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_ganglion }
    • + cervical ganglion depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray844.png/200px-Gray844.png

Changes for: middle cervical ganglion

Changes for: reticular layer of dermis

Changes for: papillary layer of dermis

Changes for: fibrocartilage

Changes for: hyaline cartilage tissue

Changes for: placenta

  • Deleted
    • - placenta database cross reference SCTID:181455002
    • - placenta database cross reference Wikipedia:Placenta
    • - placenta database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Placenta.svg
    • - placenta database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Placenta.jpg/200px-Placenta.jpg
    • - placenta definition organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Placenta , database cross reference=http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm }
    • - placenta homology notes Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated data set using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance based (neighbour joining) methods all converged on a nearly identical, well supported topology defining four principal eutherian lineages. The results affirm monophyly of traditional placental orders (except Artiodactyla and Insectivora), and also support some previously proposed, as well as new, superordinal clades.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001266 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/35054550 Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Zhang YP, Ryder OA, O’Brien SJ, Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + placenta database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta
    • + placenta database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0032043
    • + placenta database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181455002
    • + placenta definition organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta , database cross reference=http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm }
    • + placenta depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Placenta.svg
    • + placenta depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Placenta.jpg/200px-Placenta.jpg
    • + placenta homology notes Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated data set using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance based (neighbour joining) methods all converged on a nearly identical, well supported topology defining four principal eutherian lineages. The results affirm monophyly of traditional placental orders (except Artiodactyla and Insectivora), and also support some previously proposed, as well as new, superordinal clades.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001266 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/35054550 Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Zhang YP, Ryder OA, O’Brien SJ, Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature (2001) }

Changes for: feces

Changes for: corneal endothelium

Changes for: endothelium

Changes for: superior cervical ganglion

Changes for: tibiofibular joint

Changes for: humeroradial joint

  • Deleted
    • - humeroradial joint database cross reference SCTID:182171008
    • - humeroradial joint database cross reference Wikipedia:Humeroradial_joint
    • - humeroradial joint database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray329.png
    • - humeroradial joint definition The humeroradial joint, the joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus, is a hinge joint. The bony surfaces would of themselves constitute an enarthrosis and allow movement in all directions, were it not for the annular ligament, by which the head of the radius is bound to the radial notch of the ulna, and which prevents any separation of the two bones laterally. It is to the same ligament that the head of the radius owes its security from dislocation, which would otherwise tend to occur, from the shallowness of the cup-like surface on the head of the radius. In fact, but for this ligament, the tendon of the Biceps brachii would be liable to pull the head of the radius out of the joint. The head of the radius is not in complete contact with the capitulum of the humerus in all positions of the joint. The capitulum occupies only the anterior and inferior surfaces of the lower end of the humerus, so that in complete extension a part of the radial head can be plainly felt projecting at the back of the articulation. In full flexion the movement of the radial head is hampered by the compression of the surrounding soft parts, so that the freest rotatory movement of the radius on the humerus (pronation and supination) takes place in semiflexion, in which position the two articular surfaces are in most intimate contact. Flexion and extension of the elbow-joint are limited by the tension of the structures on the front and back of the joint; the limitation of flexion is also aided by the soft structures of the arm and forearm coming into contact. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Humeroradial_joint }
    • - humeroradial joint has exact synonym articulatio humeroradialis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Humeroradial_joint , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + humeroradial joint database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humeroradial_joint
    • + humeroradial joint database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/182171008
    • + humeroradial joint definition The humeroradial joint, the joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus, is a hinge joint. The bony surfaces would of themselves constitute an enarthrosis and allow movement in all directions, were it not for the annular ligament, by which the head of the radius is bound to the radial notch of the ulna, and which prevents any separation of the two bones laterally. It is to the same ligament that the head of the radius owes its security from dislocation, which would otherwise tend to occur, from the shallowness of the cup-like surface on the head of the radius. In fact, but for this ligament, the tendon of the Biceps brachii would be liable to pull the head of the radius out of the joint. The head of the radius is not in complete contact with the capitulum of the humerus in all positions of the joint. The capitulum occupies only the anterior and inferior surfaces of the lower end of the humerus, so that in complete extension a part of the radial head can be plainly felt projecting at the back of the articulation. In full flexion the movement of the radial head is hampered by the compression of the surrounding soft parts, so that the freest rotatory movement of the radius on the humerus (pronation and supination) takes place in semiflexion, in which position the two articular surfaces are in most intimate contact. Flexion and extension of the elbow-joint are limited by the tension of the structures on the front and back of the joint; the limitation of flexion is also aided by the soft structures of the arm and forearm coming into contact. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humeroradial_joint }
    • + humeroradial joint depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray329.png
    • + humeroradial joint has exact synonym articulatio humeroradialis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humeroradial_joint , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: inferior tibiofibular joint

Changes for: humeroulnar joint

  • Deleted
    • - humeroulnar joint database cross reference SCTID:303064006
    • - humeroulnar joint database cross reference Wikipedia:Humeroulnar_joint
    • - humeroulnar joint database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray329.png
    • - humeroulnar joint definition The humeroulnar joint, is part of the elbow-joint or the Olecron Joint, between the ulna and humerus bones is the simple hinge-joint, which allows for movements of flexion, extension and circumduction. The Humero-Ulnar Joint is the junction of trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus. Owing to the obliquity of the trochlea of the humerus, this movement does not take place in the antero-posterior plane of the body of the humerus. When the forearm is extended and supinated, the axis of the arm and forearm are not in the same line; the arm forms an obtuse angle with the forearm. During flexion, however, the forearm and the hand tend to approach the middle line of the body, and thus enable the hand to be easily carried to the face. The accurate adaptation of the trochlea of the humerus, with its prominences and depressions, to the semilunar notch of the ulna, prevents any lateral movement. Flexion is produced by the action of the Biceps brachii and Brachialis, assisted by the Brachioradialis, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Extension is produced by the Triceps brachii and AnconC&us, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, such as the Extensor digitorum communis. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Humeroulnar_joint }
  • Added
    • + humeroulnar joint database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humeroulnar_joint
    • + humeroulnar joint database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/303064006
    • + humeroulnar joint definition The humeroulnar joint, is part of the elbow-joint or the Olecron Joint, between the ulna and humerus bones is the simple hinge-joint, which allows for movements of flexion, extension and circumduction. The Humero-Ulnar Joint is the junction of trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus. Owing to the obliquity of the trochlea of the humerus, this movement does not take place in the antero-posterior plane of the body of the humerus. When the forearm is extended and supinated, the axis of the arm and forearm are not in the same line; the arm forms an obtuse angle with the forearm. During flexion, however, the forearm and the hand tend to approach the middle line of the body, and thus enable the hand to be easily carried to the face. The accurate adaptation of the trochlea of the humerus, with its prominences and depressions, to the semilunar notch of the ulna, prevents any lateral movement. Flexion is produced by the action of the Biceps brachii and Brachialis, assisted by the Brachioradialis, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Extension is produced by the Triceps brachii and AnconC&us, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, such as the Extensor digitorum communis. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humeroulnar_joint }
    • + humeroulnar joint depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray329.png

Changes for: carpometacarpal joint

Changes for: superior tibiofibular joint

Changes for: tarsometatarsal joint

Changes for: arteriole

Changes for: crypt of lieberkuhn of large intestine

Changes for: crypt of Lieberkuhn

Changes for: capillary

Changes for: blood vessel

Changes for: cricothyroid joint

Changes for: xiphisternal joint

Changes for: stifle joint

Changes for: cricoarytenoid joint

Changes for: intercarpal joint

Changes for: intermetacarpal joint

Changes for: intermetatarsal joint

Changes for: ligament of vertebral column

Changes for: axial skeletal system

Changes for: post-cranial axial skeletal system

Changes for: synovial limb joint

Changes for: longissimus lumborum muscle

Changes for: spinalis cervicis muscle

Changes for: serratus dorsalis muscle

Changes for: organ system subdivision

Changes for: iliocostalis lumborum

Changes for: rectovesical pouch

Changes for: hinge joint

Changes for: carpometacarpus

  • Deleted
    • - carpometacarpus database cross reference Wikipedia:Carpometacarpus
    • - carpometacarpus definition The carpometacarpus is the fusion of the carpal and metacarpal bone, essentially a single fused bone between the wrist and the knuckles. It is a smallish bone in most birds, generally flattened and with a large hole in the middle. In flightless birds, however, its shape may be slightly different, or it might be absent entirely. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Carpometacarpus }
  • Added
    • + carpometacarpus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpometacarpus
    • + carpometacarpus definition The carpometacarpus is the fusion of the carpal and metacarpal bone, essentially a single fused bone between the wrist and the knuckles. It is a smallish bone in most birds, generally flattened and with a large hole in the middle. In flightless birds, however, its shape may be slightly different, or it might be absent entirely. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpometacarpus }

Changes for: sacrococcygeal symphysis

Changes for: muscle layer of small intestine

Changes for: urachus epithelium

Changes for: inferior frontal gyrus

Changes for: oral pontine reticular nucleus

Changes for: nucleus of pretectal area

Changes for: nucleus of optic tract

Changes for: mammillothalamic tract of hypothalamus

Changes for: supramammillary commissure

Changes for: paratenial nucleus

Changes for: subserosal plexus

Changes for: subserosa

Changes for: palpebral fissure

Changes for: muscle layer of urinary bladder

Changes for: lacrimal gland

Changes for: retromolar triangle

Changes for: tarsal gland

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + tarsal gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meibomian_gland
    • + tarsal gland database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0025181
    • + tarsal gland database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280585003
    • + tarsal gland definition The meibomian glands (or tarsal glands) are a special kind of sebaceous glands at the rim of the eyelids, responsible for the supply of sebum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye’s tear film, prevents tear spillage onto the cheek, and makes the closed lids airtight. There are approximately 50 glands on the upper eyelids and 25 glands on the lower eyelids. The glands are named after Heinrich Meibom (1638-1700), a German physician. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meibomian_gland }
    • + tarsal gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Gray1205.png
    • + tarsal gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gray1205.png/200px-Gray1205.png

Changes for: muscle layer of jejunum

Changes for: lumbosacral nerve plexus

Changes for: autonomic nerve plexus

Changes for: somatic nerve plexus

Changes for: brachial nerve plexus

Changes for: conjunctiva

Changes for: palpebral conjunctiva

Changes for: nerve plexus

Changes for: sympathetic ganglion

Changes for: paravertebral ganglion

Changes for: parasympathetic ganglion

Changes for: enteric ganglion

Changes for: posterior segment of eyeball

Changes for: epithelium of lens

Changes for: capsule of lens

  • Deleted
    • - capsule of lens database cross reference SCTID:244500004
    • - capsule of lens database cross reference Lens capsule
    • - capsule of lens database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray883.png
    • - capsule of lens database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray883.png/200px-Gray883.png
    • - capsule of lens definition a smooth, transparent basement membrane that completely surrounds the lens. It is synthesized by the lens epithelium and its main components are Type IV collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Capsule_of_lens , database cross reference=Lens capsule }
    • - capsule of lens external definition The transparent membrane which surrounds the lens of the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000550 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - capsule of lens homology notes (…) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (…) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (…) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000550 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + capsule of lens database cross reference Lens capsule
    • + capsule of lens database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0229232
    • + capsule of lens database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244500004
    • + capsule of lens definition a smooth, transparent basement membrane that completely surrounds the lens. It is synthesized by the lens epithelium and its main components are Type IV collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_of_lens , database cross reference=Lens capsule }
    • + capsule of lens depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray883.png
    • + capsule of lens depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray883.png/200px-Gray883.png
    • + capsule of lens external definition The transparent membrane which surrounds the lens of the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000550 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + capsule of lens homology notes (…) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (…) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (…) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000550 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 }

Changes for: autonomic ganglion

Changes for: sensory ganglion

Changes for: anterior segment of eyeball

Changes for: pedal acropodium region

Changes for: digitopodium bone

Changes for: acropodium region

Changes for: manual acropodium region

Changes for: fin skeleton

Changes for: carpal pad

  • Deleted
    • - carpal pad definition An autopod pad found in the carpal region of a manus. Used for additional traction when stopping or descending a slope in digitigrade species. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + carpal pad definition An autopod pad found in the carpal region of a manus. Used for additional traction when stopping or descending a slope in digitigrade species. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: pedal digitopodium bone

Changes for: manual digitopodium bone

Changes for: thyroid follicle epithelium

  • Deleted
    • - thyroid follicle epithelium present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7955 { notes=As in mammals, the thyroid follicles of the zebrafish are usually round to oval, with low cuboidal epithelium. In contrast to mammals, the follicles are not concentrated together but are diffusely distributed along the ventral aorta. , source=doi:10.1177/0192623311409597 }
  • Added
    • + thyroid follicle epithelium present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7955 { notes=As in mammals, the thyroid follicles of the zebrafish are usually round to oval, with low cuboidal epithelium. In contrast to mammals, the follicles are not concentrated together but are diffusely distributed along the ventral aorta. , source=http://dx.doi.org//10.1177/0192623311409597 }

Changes for: colloid of thyroid follicle

Changes for: bone of jaw

Changes for: mesosalpinx

Changes for: nasal-associated lymphoid tissue

Changes for: navicular bursa of manus

Changes for: navicular bursa

Changes for: ovarian bursa

Changes for: broad ligament of uterus

Changes for: perianal skin

Changes for: cauda equina

  • Deleted
    • - cauda equina database cross reference SCTID:263377004
    • - cauda equina database cross reference Wikipedia:Cauda_equina
    • - cauda equina definition The cauda equina is a structure within the lower end of the spinal column of most vertebrates, that consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above. The space in which the cerebrospinal fluid is present is actually an extension of the subarachnoid space. In humans, because the spinal cord stops growing in infancy while the bones of the spine continue growing, the spinal cord in adults ends at about the level of the vertebra L1/L2, and at birth at L3. However there is some variation in adults and the cord may end anywhere between vertebrae T12 to L3. Individual spinal nerve roots arise from the spinal cord as they do closer to the head, but as the differential growth occurs the top end of the nerve stays attached to the spinal cord and the lower end of the nerve exits the spinal column at its proper level, this results in a ‘bundle’-like structure of nerve fibres that extends caudally from the end of the spinal cord, gradually declining in number further down as individual pairs leave the spinal column. At the base of the Cauda Equina, there are approximately 10 fiber pairs, 3-5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and the single coccygeal nerve. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cauda_equina }
  • Added
    • + cauda equina database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauda_equina
    • + cauda equina database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0007458
    • + cauda equina database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/263377004
    • + cauda equina definition The cauda equina is a structure within the lower end of the spinal column of most vertebrates, that consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above. The space in which the cerebrospinal fluid is present is actually an extension of the subarachnoid space. In humans, because the spinal cord stops growing in infancy while the bones of the spine continue growing, the spinal cord in adults ends at about the level of the vertebra L1/L2, and at birth at L3. However there is some variation in adults and the cord may end anywhere between vertebrae T12 to L3. Individual spinal nerve roots arise from the spinal cord as they do closer to the head, but as the differential growth occurs the top end of the nerve stays attached to the spinal cord and the lower end of the nerve exits the spinal column at its proper level, this results in a ‘bundle’-like structure of nerve fibres that extends caudally from the end of the spinal cord, gradually declining in number further down as individual pairs leave the spinal column. At the base of the Cauda Equina, there are approximately 10 fiber pairs, 3-5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and the single coccygeal nerve. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauda_equina }

Changes for: holocrine gland

Changes for: autopod pad

Changes for: deep anterior cervical lymph node

Changes for: deep lateral cervical lymph node

Changes for: anterior ethmoidal artery

Changes for: posterior ethmoidal artery

Changes for: primitive palate

  • Deleted
    • - primitive palate homology notes Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone[VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-11-28 , external class=VHOG:0000362 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + primitive palate homology notes Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone[VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-11-28 , external class=VHOG:0000362 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong }

Changes for: vagina orifice

Changes for: embryonic facial prominence

Changes for: incisive foramen

Changes for: ascending cervical artery

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + ascending cervical artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_cervical_artery
    • + ascending cervical artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/161846001
    • + ascending cervical artery definition The ascending cervical artery is a small branch which arises from the inferior thyroid artery as that vessel is passing behind the carotid sheath; it runs up on the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrC& in the interval between the Scalenus anterior and Longus capitis. To the muscles of the neck it gives twigs which anastomose with branches of the vertebral, and it sends one or two spinal branches into the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramina to be distributed to the medulla spinalis and its membranes, and to the bodies of the vertebrC&, in the same manner as the spinal branches from the vertebral. It anastomoses with the ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_cervical_artery }
    • + ascending cervical artery has related synonym ascending cervical { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_cervical_artery }

Changes for: deep cervical artery

Changes for: transverse cervical artery

Changes for: cervical artery

Changes for: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Changes for: gubernacular bulb

Changes for: pearly penile papule

Changes for: penile spine

Changes for: diencephalon

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + diencephalon database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diencephalon
    • + diencephalon database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0012144
    • + diencephalon database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279328001
    • + diencephalon definition Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus[FMA]. The more posterior and ventral of two forebrain neuromeres, the other being the telencephalon; major derivatives are the eye cups, the brain pretectal region, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (including the habenula and epiphysis). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diencephalon , database cross reference=FMA:62001 , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • + diencephalon depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg
    • + diencephalon depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png
    • + diencephalon has related synonym diencephalon { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diencephalon , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + diencephalon homology notes Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000318 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) }
    • + diencephalon present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7762 { notes=not well differentiated from the cerebrum. (Ariens, p. 868) , source=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8932866 }

Changes for: telencephalon

Changes for: medulla oblongata

Changes for: metencephalon

  • Deleted
    • - metencephalon database cross reference Wikipedia:Metencephalon
    • - metencephalon database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg
    • - metencephalon database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png
    • - metencephalon definition Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Metencephalon , database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/300 }
    • - metencephalon external definition The anterior of two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo. It gives rise to cerebellum and pons. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000741 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/metencephalon }
    • - metencephalon homology notes The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (…). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000741 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + metencephalon database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metencephalon
    • + metencephalon database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0376353
    • + metencephalon database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1516904
    • + metencephalon definition Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metencephalon , database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/300 }
    • + metencephalon depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg
    • + metencephalon depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png
    • + metencephalon external definition The anterior of two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo. It gives rise to cerebellum and pons. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000741 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/metencephalon }
    • + metencephalon homology notes The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (…). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000741 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 }

Changes for: forebrain

  • Deleted
    • - forebrain database cross reference SCTID:362291003
    • - forebrain database cross reference Wikipedia:Forebrain
    • - forebrain database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png
    • - forebrain definition The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Forebrain , database cross reference=ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 }
    • - forebrain homology notes In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (…). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000383 , ontology=VHOG , source=PMID:8787764 Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + forebrain database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forebrain
    • + forebrain database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0085140
    • + forebrain database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362291003
    • + forebrain definition The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forebrain , database cross reference=ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 }
    • + forebrain depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png
    • + forebrain homology notes In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (…). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000383 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=PMID:8787764 Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996) }

Changes for: rhombomere

  • Deleted
    • - rhombomere database cross reference Wikipedia:Rhombomere
    • - rhombomere definition A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure. In human embryonic development, the rhombomeres are present by day 29[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Rhombomere , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • - rhombomere homology notes Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000672 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + rhombomere database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombomere
    • + rhombomere definition A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure. In human embryonic development, the rhombomeres are present by day 29[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombomere , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • + rhombomere homology notes Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000672 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002) }

Changes for: midbrain

  • Deleted
    • - midbrain database cross reference SCTID:279099009
    • - midbrain database cross reference Wikipedia:Midbrain
    • - midbrain database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG
    • - midbrain database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG
    • - midbrain definition Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the tectum, cerebral peduncle, midbrain tegmentum and cerebral aqueduct[FMA]. The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally[ZFA]. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. { database cross reference=FMA:61993 , database cross reference=GO:0030901 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Midbrain , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • - midbrain has related synonym mesencephalon { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Midbrain , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - midbrain homology notes Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000069 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + midbrain database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain
    • + midbrain database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0025462
    • + midbrain database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279099009
    • + midbrain definition Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the tectum, cerebral peduncle, midbrain tegmentum and cerebral aqueduct[FMA]. The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally[ZFA]. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain , database cross reference=FMA:61993 , database cross reference=GO:0030901 , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • + midbrain depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG
    • + midbrain depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG
    • + midbrain has related synonym mesencephalon { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + midbrain homology notes Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000069 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) }

Changes for: appendicular skeletal system

Changes for: ethmoid region

Changes for: procoracoid bone

Changes for: infra-orbital canal of maxilla

Changes for: perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Changes for: dorsal plus ventral thalamus

Changes for: hypothalamus

  • Deleted
    • - hypothalamus database cross reference SCTID:264483005
    • - hypothalamus database cross reference Wikipedia:Hypothalamus
    • - hypothalamus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/LocationOfHypothalamus.jpg
    • - hypothalamus definition A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. [ZFA]. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).[Wikipedia]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hypothalamus , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • - hypothalamus has related synonym hypothalamus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hypothalamus , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - hypothalamus homology notes For instance, the vertebrate ventral diencephalon generates the hypothalamus which functions as a major endocrine center in cooperation with the hypophysis, the anterior part of the pituitary gland, located just ventral to the hypothalamus. In the amphioxus brain, the presence of a hypothalamus-like structure has been reported associated with the ventrally located Hatschek’s pit, the hypothetical hypophysial homologue. It is thus conceivable that a hypothalamus-like structure originally involved in endocrine functions may have already been present before the establishment of vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000179 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + hypothalamus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus
    • + hypothalamus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0020663
    • + hypothalamus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/264483005
    • + hypothalamus definition A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. [ZFA]. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).[Wikipedia]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • + hypothalamus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/LocationOfHypothalamus.jpg
    • + hypothalamus has related synonym hypothalamus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + hypothalamus homology notes For instance, the vertebrate ventral diencephalon generates the hypothalamus which functions as a major endocrine center in cooperation with the hypophysis, the anterior part of the pituitary gland, located just ventral to the hypothalamus. In the amphioxus brain, the presence of a hypothalamus-like structure has been reported associated with the ventrally located Hatschek’s pit, the hypothetical hypophysial homologue. It is thus conceivable that a hypothalamus-like structure originally involved in endocrine functions may have already been present before the establishment of vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000179 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) }

Changes for: epithalamus

  • Deleted
    • - epithalamus database cross reference SCTID:281487003
    • - epithalamus database cross reference Wikipedia:Epithalamus
    • - epithalamus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Epithalamus.png
    • - epithalamus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Epithalamus.png/200px-Epithalamus.png
    • - epithalamus definition The epithalamus is the small dorsomedial area of the thalamus including the habenular nuclei and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle[GO]. a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon (a segment in the middle of the brain also containing the hypothalamus and the thalamus) which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body. Its function is the connection between the limbic system to other parts of the brain[WP] Some functions of its components include the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Epithalamus }
    • - epithalamus external definition The roof of the diencephalon lying above the thalamus. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-11, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000178 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - epithalamus has related synonym epithalamus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Epithalamus , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - epithalamus homology notes The epithalamus has been historically conceived as a distinct neuroanatomical moiety within the diencephalon of all vertebrates. (…) The evolutionary origins of epithalamic structures are uncertain but asymmetry in this region is likely to have existed at the origin of the vertebrate, perhaps even the chordate, lineage.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000178 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910063.x Concha ML and Wilson SW, Asymmetry in the epithalamus of vertebrates. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + epithalamus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithalamus
    • + epithalamus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0152361
    • + epithalamus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/281487003
    • + epithalamus definition The epithalamus is the small dorsomedial area of the thalamus including the habenular nuclei and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle[GO]. a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon (a segment in the middle of the brain also containing the hypothalamus and the thalamus) which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body. Its function is the connection between the limbic system to other parts of the brain[WP] Some functions of its components include the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithalamus }
    • + epithalamus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Epithalamus.png
    • + epithalamus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Epithalamus.png/200px-Epithalamus.png
    • + epithalamus external definition The roof of the diencephalon lying above the thalamus. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-11, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000178 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + epithalamus has related synonym epithalamus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithalamus , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + epithalamus homology notes The epithalamus has been historically conceived as a distinct neuroanatomical moiety within the diencephalon of all vertebrates. (…) The evolutionary origins of epithalamic structures are uncertain but asymmetry in this region is likely to have existed at the origin of the vertebrate, perhaps even the chordate, lineage.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000178 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910063.x Concha ML and Wilson SW, Asymmetry in the epithalamus of vertebrates. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation

Changes for: phrenic nerve

Changes for: olfactory tubercle

Changes for: nucleus accumbens

Changes for: island of calleja

Changes for: bed nucleus of stria terminalis

Changes for: levator claviculae muscle

Changes for: autopod bone

Changes for: gland of anal sac

Changes for: scent gland

  • Deleted
    • - scent gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Scent_gland
    • - scent gland database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Civetglands.png
    • - scent gland definition Scent glands are exocrine glands found in most mammals. They produce semi-viscous secretions which contain pheromones and other semiochemical compounds. These odor-messengers indicate information such as status, territory marking, mood, and sexual power. The odor may be subliminal—not consciously detectable. Though it is not their primary function, the salivary glands may also function as scent glands in some animals. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Scent_gland }
  • Added
    • + scent gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent_gland
    • + scent gland definition Scent glands are exocrine glands found in most mammals. They produce semi-viscous secretions which contain pheromones and other semiochemical compounds. These odor-messengers indicate information such as status, territory marking, mood, and sexual power. The odor may be subliminal—not consciously detectable. Though it is not their primary function, the salivary glands may also function as scent glands in some animals. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent_gland }
    • + scent gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Civetglands.png

Changes for: Eimer’s organ

  • Deleted
    • - Eimer’s organ database cross reference Wikipedia:Eimer’s_organ
    • - Eimer’s organ definition sensory organs in which the epidermis is modified to form bulbous papillae. present in many moles, and are particularly common in the star-nosed mole, which bears 30,000 of them on its unique tentacled snout. The organs are formed from a stack of epidermal cells, which is innervated by nerve processes from myelinated fibers in the dermis, which form terminal swellings just below the outer keratinized layer of epidermis. They contain a Merkel cell-neurite complex in the epidermis and a lamellated corpuscle in the dermal connective tissue. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Eimer’s_organ }
  • Added
    • + Eimer’s organ database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimer’s_organ
    • + Eimer’s organ definition sensory organs in which the epidermis is modified to form bulbous papillae. present in many moles, and are particularly common in the star-nosed mole, which bears 30,000 of them on its unique tentacled snout. The organs are formed from a stack of epidermal cells, which is innervated by nerve processes from myelinated fibers in the dermis, which form terminal swellings just below the outer keratinized layer of epidermis. They contain a Merkel cell-neurite complex in the epidermis and a lamellated corpuscle in the dermal connective tissue. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimer’s_organ }

Changes for: rhinarium

Changes for: lateral olfactory tract

Changes for: choroid plexus

Changes for: internal capsule

Changes for: frontal cortex

Changes for: parietal lobe

Changes for: temporal lobe

Changes for: putamen

  • Deleted
    • - putamen database cross reference SCTID:281512002
    • - putamen database cross reference Wikipedia:Putamen
    • - putamen database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg
    • - putamen database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg/200px-BrainCaudatePutamen.svg.png
    • - putamen external definition Nucleus of brain which lies ventral to the caudate nucleus and internal capsule and medial to the external capsule. The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus. The main function of the putamen is to regulate movements and influence various types of learning. It employs dopamine to perform its functions. The putamen also plays a role in degenerative neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease[Wikipedia:Putamen]. { source=Wikipedia:Putamen }
    • - putamen homology notes All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001456 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.001 Stephenson-Jones M, Samuelsson E, Ericsson J, Robertson B, Grillner S, Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. Current Biology (2011) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + putamen database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putamen
    • + putamen database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0034169
    • + putamen database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/281512002
    • + putamen depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg
    • + putamen depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg/200px-BrainCaudatePutamen.svg.png
    • + putamen external definition Nucleus of brain which lies ventral to the caudate nucleus and internal capsule and medial to the external capsule. The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus. The main function of the putamen is to regulate movements and influence various types of learning. It employs dopamine to perform its functions. The putamen also plays a role in degenerative neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease[Wikipedia:Putamen]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putamen }
    • + putamen homology notes All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001456 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.001 Stephenson-Jones M, Samuelsson E, Ericsson J, Robertson B, Grillner S, Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. Current Biology (2011) }

Changes for: caudate nucleus

Changes for: ora serrata of retina

Changes for: mastoid process of temporal bone

Changes for: globus pallidus

Changes for: amygdala

Changes for: medial septal nucleus

Changes for: septofimbrial nucleus

Changes for: nucleus of diagonal band

Changes for: scala vestibuli

Changes for: vestibular labyrinth

Changes for: ductus reuniens

Changes for: endolymphatic duct

Changes for: deep fascia

Changes for: visceral fascia

  • Deleted
    • - visceral fascia database cross reference Wikipedia:Visceral_fascia
    • - visceral fascia definition Visceral fascia suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes. Each of the organs is covered in a double layer of fascia; these layers are separated by a thin serous membrane. The outermost wall of the organ is known as the parietal layer The skin of the organ is known as the visceral layer. The organs have specialized names for their visceral fasciae. In the brain, they are known as meninges; in the heart they are known as pericardia; in the lungs, they are known as pleura; and in the abdomen, they are known as peritonea. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Visceral_fascia }
    • - visceral fascia has related synonym parietal fascia { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Visceral_fascia }
  • Added
    • + visceral fascia database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visceral_fascia
    • + visceral fascia definition Visceral fascia suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes. Each of the organs is covered in a double layer of fascia; these layers are separated by a thin serous membrane. The outermost wall of the organ is known as the parietal layer The skin of the organ is known as the visceral layer. The organs have specialized names for their visceral fasciae. In the brain, they are known as meninges; in the heart they are known as pericardia; in the lungs, they are known as pleura; and in the abdomen, they are known as peritonea. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visceral_fascia }
    • + visceral fascia has related synonym parietal fascia { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visceral_fascia }

Changes for: synovial membrane of synovial tendon sheath

Changes for: sebum

Changes for: cartilage of external ear

Changes for: scala tympani

  • Deleted
    • - scala tympani database cross reference SCTID:362579008
    • - scala tympani database cross reference Wikipedia:Scala_tympani
    • - scala tympani database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray921.png
    • - scala tympani database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png
    • - scala tympani definition Scala tympani is one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth. It is separated from the scala media by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as scala vestibuli. The purpose of the perilymph-filled scala tympani and scala vestibuli is to transduce the movement of air that causes the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to vibrate, to movement of liquid and the basilar membrane. This movement is conveyed to the organ of Corti inside the scala media, composed of hair cells attached to the basilar membrane and their stereocilia embedded in the tectorial membrane. The movement of the basilar membrane compared to the tectorial membrane causes the sterocilia to bend. They then depolarise and send impulses to the brain via the cochlear nerve. This produces the sensation of sound. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Scala_tympani }
  • Added
    • + scala tympani database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_tympani
    • + scala tympani database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362579008
    • + scala tympani definition Scala tympani is one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth. It is separated from the scala media by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as scala vestibuli. The purpose of the perilymph-filled scala tympani and scala vestibuli is to transduce the movement of air that causes the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to vibrate, to movement of liquid and the basilar membrane. This movement is conveyed to the organ of Corti inside the scala media, composed of hair cells attached to the basilar membrane and their stereocilia embedded in the tectorial membrane. The movement of the basilar membrane compared to the tectorial membrane causes the sterocilia to bend. They then depolarise and send impulses to the brain via the cochlear nerve. This produces the sensation of sound. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_tympani }
    • + scala tympani depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray921.png
    • + scala tympani depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png

Changes for: skin of chest

Changes for: cerebral hemisphere

Changes for: lacrimal duct

Changes for: cortex

Changes for: endolymph

Changes for: posterior semicircular duct

  • Deleted
    • - posterior semicircular duct database cross reference SCTID:279835002
    • - posterior semicircular duct database cross reference Wikipedia:Semicircular_canal
    • - posterior semicircular duct database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png/200px-Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png
    • - posterior semicircular duct definition The semicircular canals are three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear. The three canals are the horizontal semicircular canal (also known as the lateral semicircular canal), superior semicircular canal (also known as the anterior semicircular canal), and the posterior semicircular canal. The canals are aligned approximately orthogonally to one another. The horizontal canal is aligned roughly horizontally in the head. The superior and anterior canals are aligned roughly at a 45 degree angle to a vertical plane drawn from the nose to the back of the skull. Thus, the horizontal canal detects horizontal head movements (such as when doing a pirouette), while the superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements. Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains a motion sensor with little hairs whose ends are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the cupula. As the skull twists in any direction, the endolymph is thrown into different sections of the canals. The cilia detect when the endolymph rushes past, and a signal is then sent to the brain. The semicircular canals are a component of the Labyrinth. Among species of mammals, the size of the semicircular canals is correlated with their type of locomotion. Specifically, species that are agile and have fast, jerky locomotion have larger canals relative to their body size than those that move more cautiously. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Semicircular_canal }
    • - posterior semicircular duct homology notes Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (…) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (…). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000248 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + posterior semicircular duct database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicircular_canal
    • + posterior semicircular duct database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279835002
    • + posterior semicircular duct definition The semicircular canals are three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear. The three canals are the horizontal semicircular canal (also known as the lateral semicircular canal), superior semicircular canal (also known as the anterior semicircular canal), and the posterior semicircular canal. The canals are aligned approximately orthogonally to one another. The horizontal canal is aligned roughly horizontally in the head. The superior and anterior canals are aligned roughly at a 45 degree angle to a vertical plane drawn from the nose to the back of the skull. Thus, the horizontal canal detects horizontal head movements (such as when doing a pirouette), while the superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements. Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains a motion sensor with little hairs whose ends are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the cupula. As the skull twists in any direction, the endolymph is thrown into different sections of the canals. The cilia detect when the endolymph rushes past, and a signal is then sent to the brain. The semicircular canals are a component of the Labyrinth. Among species of mammals, the size of the semicircular canals is correlated with their type of locomotion. Specifically, species that are agile and have fast, jerky locomotion have larger canals relative to their body size than those that move more cautiously. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicircular_canal }
    • + posterior semicircular duct depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png/200px-Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png
    • + posterior semicircular duct homology notes Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (…) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (…). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000248 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414 }

Changes for: anterior semicircular duct

Changes for: lateral semicircular duct

Changes for: saccule of membranous labyrinth

Changes for: nail of pedal digit 4

Changes for: utricle of membranous labyrinth

  • Deleted
    • - utricle of membranous labyrinth database cross reference SCTID:279817006
    • - utricle of membranous labyrinth database cross reference Wikipedia:Utricle_(ear)
    • - utricle of membranous labyrinth definition one of the two otolith organs located in the vertebrate inner ear. These use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation. The utricle is larger than the saccule and is of an oblong form, compressed transversely, and occupies the upper and back part of the vestibule, lying in contact with the recessus ellipticus and the part below it. The utricle contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head, thanks to their apical cilia set-up. These are covered by otolith which, due to gravity, pull on the cilia and tilt them. Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the kinocilium or not, the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory (depolarising) or inhibitory (hyperpolarisation), respectively. This signal to the vestibular nerve (which takes it to the brainstem) does not adapt with time. The effect of this is that, for example, an individual lying down to sleep will continue to detect that they are lying down hours later when they awaken[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Utricle_(ear) }
    • - utricle of membranous labyrinth external definition The portion of the membranous labyrinth of the ear into which the semicircular ducts find their outlet. [Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000289 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - utricle of membranous labyrinth homology notes In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000289 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + utricle of membranous labyrinth database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricle_(ear)
    • + utricle of membranous labyrinth database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0042158
    • + utricle of membranous labyrinth database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279817006
    • + utricle of membranous labyrinth definition one of the two otolith organs located in the vertebrate inner ear. These use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation. The utricle is larger than the saccule and is of an oblong form, compressed transversely, and occupies the upper and back part of the vestibule, lying in contact with the recessus ellipticus and the part below it. The utricle contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head, thanks to their apical cilia set-up. These are covered by otolith which, due to gravity, pull on the cilia and tilt them. Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the kinocilium or not, the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory (depolarising) or inhibitory (hyperpolarisation), respectively. This signal to the vestibular nerve (which takes it to the brainstem) does not adapt with time. The effect of this is that, for example, an individual lying down to sleep will continue to detect that they are lying down hours later when they awaken[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricle_(ear) }
    • + utricle of membranous labyrinth external definition The portion of the membranous labyrinth of the ear into which the semicircular ducts find their outlet. [Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000289 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + utricle of membranous labyrinth homology notes In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000289 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 }

Changes for: nail of pedal digit 5

Changes for: semicircular duct

  • Deleted
    • - semicircular duct database cross reference SCTID:279833009
    • - semicircular duct definition any of the three loop-shaped membranous inner tubular parts of the semicircular canals that are about one-fourth the diameter of the corresponding outer bony canals, that communicate at each end with the utricle, and that have near one end an expanded ampulla containing an area of sensory epithelium { database cross reference=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/semicircular+duct }
    • - semicircular duct homology notes In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus (…); Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000238 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 and p.58 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + semicircular duct database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1323109
    • + semicircular duct database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279833009
    • + semicircular duct definition any of the three loop-shaped membranous inner tubular parts of the semicircular canals that are about one-fourth the diameter of the corresponding outer bony canals, that communicate at each end with the utricle, and that have near one end an expanded ampulla containing an area of sensory epithelium { database cross reference=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/semicircular+duct }
    • + semicircular duct homology notes In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus (…); Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000238 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 and p.58 }

Changes for: cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth

Changes for: nail of pedal digit 3

Changes for: epoophoron

Changes for: pharyngobasilar fascia

Changes for: rostral organ

Changes for: stomochord

  • Deleted
    • - stomochord database cross reference Wikipedia:Stomochord
    • - stomochord definition A flexible, hollow tube found in hemichordates that arises in embryonic development as an outpocketing from the roof of the embryonic gut anterior to the pharynx. In adults, they extend dorsally from the pharynx into the probiscis, and serve to communicate with the oral cavity. Their walls are composed primarily of epithelial cells, but ciliated and glandular cells are also present { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Stomochord }
  • Added
    • + stomochord database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomochord
    • + stomochord definition A flexible, hollow tube found in hemichordates that arises in embryonic development as an outpocketing from the roof of the embryonic gut anterior to the pharynx. In adults, they extend dorsally from the pharynx into the probiscis, and serve to communicate with the oral cavity. Their walls are composed primarily of epithelial cells, but ciliated and glandular cells are also present { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomochord }

Changes for: semicircular canal

Changes for: anterior semicircular canal

Changes for: membranous labyrinth

Changes for: auricular cartilage

Changes for: lobule of pinna

  • Deleted
    • - lobule of pinna database cross reference SCTID:362544006
    • - lobule of pinna database cross reference Wikipedia:Ear_lobe
    • - lobule of pinna definition The earlobe is, in humans and many other animals, the soft lower part of the external ear. It is the lowermost portion of the human pinna, projecting below the antitragus. The earlobe is composed of tough areolar and adipose (fatty) connective tissues, lacking the firmness and elasticity of the rest of the pinna. Since the earlobe does not contain cartilage the earlobe has a large blood supply and may help to warm the ears and maintain balance but generally earlobes are not considered to have any major biological function. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ear_lobe }
  • Added
    • + lobule of pinna database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_lobe
    • + lobule of pinna database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0229315
    • + lobule of pinna database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362544006
    • + lobule of pinna definition The earlobe is, in humans and many other animals, the soft lower part of the external ear. It is the lowermost portion of the human pinna, projecting below the antitragus. The earlobe is composed of tough areolar and adipose (fatty) connective tissues, lacking the firmness and elasticity of the rest of the pinna. Since the earlobe does not contain cartilage the earlobe has a large blood supply and may help to warm the ears and maintain balance but generally earlobes are not considered to have any major biological function. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_lobe }

Changes for: internal ear

Changes for: perilymph

Changes for: cochlea

  • Deleted
    • - cochlea database cross reference SCTID:181187008
    • - cochlea database cross reference Wikipedia:Cochlea
    • - cochlea database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Cochlea-crosssection.svg
    • - cochlea database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cochlea-crosssection.png/200px-Cochlea-crosssection.png
    • - cochlea definition The cochlea is the auditory portion of the inner ear. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. The name is from the Latin for snail, which is from the Greek kokhlias ‘snail, screw,’ from kokhlos ‘spiral shell,’ in reference to its coiled shape; the cochlea is coiled in most mammals, monotremes being the exceptions. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cochlea }
    • - cochlea external definition A spiral-shaped cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone of the inner ear, containing the nerve endings essential for hearing and forming one of the divisions of the labyrinth. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000691 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cochlea }
    • - cochlea homology notes Because achieving high sensitivity is generally advantageous for auditory organs, it is not surprising that evidence for cochlear amplification is also seen in nonmammals. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are narrow-band sound signals emitted from the inner ear, and it is generally assumed that their energy derives from the hair-cell molecular motors underlying cochlear amplification. However, all terrestrial vertebrates studied so far (including amphibians) show very similar SOAEs. The most parsimonious explanation for the universality of this phenomena is that some kind of amplifying mechanism is at least as old as land vertebrates themselves.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000691 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80033-0 Manley GA, Koeppl C, Phylogenetic development of the cochlea and its innervation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1998) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + cochlea database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlea
    • + cochlea database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0009195
    • + cochlea database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1278895
    • + cochlea database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181187008
    • + cochlea definition The cochlea is the auditory portion of the inner ear. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. The name is from the Latin for snail, which is from the Greek kokhlias ‘snail, screw,’ from kokhlos ‘spiral shell,’ in reference to its coiled shape; the cochlea is coiled in most mammals, monotremes being the exceptions. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlea }
    • + cochlea depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Cochlea-crosssection.svg
    • + cochlea depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cochlea-crosssection.png/200px-Cochlea-crosssection.png
    • + cochlea external definition A spiral-shaped cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone of the inner ear, containing the nerve endings essential for hearing and forming one of the divisions of the labyrinth. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000691 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cochlea }
    • + cochlea homology notes Because achieving high sensitivity is generally advantageous for auditory organs, it is not surprising that evidence for cochlear amplification is also seen in nonmammals. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are narrow-band sound signals emitted from the inner ear, and it is generally assumed that their energy derives from the hair-cell molecular motors underlying cochlear amplification. However, all terrestrial vertebrates studied so far (including amphibians) show very similar SOAEs. The most parsimonious explanation for the universality of this phenomena is that some kind of amplifying mechanism is at least as old as land vertebrates themselves.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000691 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80033-0 Manley GA, Koeppl C, Phylogenetic development of the cochlea and its innervation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1998) }

Changes for: lateral semicircular canal

Changes for: posterior semicircular canal

Changes for: submucosa of uterine tube

Changes for: white matter of telencephalon

Changes for: minor salivary gland

Changes for: sublingual gland

Changes for: parotid gland

Changes for: upper lip

Changes for: lip

Changes for: saliva

Changes for: lower lip

Changes for: sublingual duct

  • Deleted
    • - sublingual duct database cross reference SCTID:281000009
    • - sublingual duct database cross reference Wikipedia:Sublingual_duct
    • - sublingual duct definition The excretory ducts of the sublingual gland are from eight to twenty in number. Of the smaller sublingual ducts (ducts of Rivinus), some join the submandibular duct; others open separately into the mouth, on the elevated crest of mucous membrane (plica sublingualis), caused by the projection of the gland, on either side of the frenulum linguae. One or more join to form the major sublingual duct (larger sublingual duct, duct of Bartholin), which opens into the submandibular duct. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Sublingual_duct }
  • Added
    • + sublingual duct database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublingual_duct
    • + sublingual duct database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/281000009
    • + sublingual duct definition The excretory ducts of the sublingual gland are from eight to twenty in number. Of the smaller sublingual ducts (ducts of Rivinus), some join the submandibular duct; others open separately into the mouth, on the elevated crest of mucous membrane (plica sublingualis), caused by the projection of the gland, on either side of the frenulum linguae. One or more join to form the major sublingual duct (larger sublingual duct, duct of Bartholin), which opens into the submandibular duct. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublingual_duct }

Changes for: duct of salivary gland

Changes for: quadratojugal bone

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + quadratojugal bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratojugal_bone
    • + quadratojugal bone definition The quadratojugal is a small jaw bone that is present in most amphibians, reptiles, and birds, but has been lost in mammals. It is connected to the jugal as well as other bones, though these may vary with species. The quadratojugal bone is a small bone between the cheek and otic notch (Lecointre 380). Squamates (lizards and snakes) lack a quadratojugal bone (Schwenk 193). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratojugal_bone }
    • + quadratojugal bone depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png
    • + quadratojugal bone depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Archaeopteryx_skull.png/800px-Archaeopteryx_skull.png

Changes for: bony labyrinth

  • Deleted
    • - bony labyrinth database cross reference SCTID:279727008
    • - bony labyrinth database cross reference Wikipedia:Bony_labyrinth
    • - bony labyrinth database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gray920.png
    • - bony labyrinth database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray920.png/200px-Gray920.png
    • - bony labyrinth definition A system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Bony_labyrinth }
    • - bony labyrinth has related synonym labyrinthus osseus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Bony_labyrinth , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + bony labyrinth database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_labyrinth
    • + bony labyrinth database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0458699
    • + bony labyrinth database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279727008
    • + bony labyrinth definition A system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_labyrinth }
    • + bony labyrinth depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gray920.png
    • + bony labyrinth depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray920.png/200px-Gray920.png
    • + bony labyrinth has related synonym labyrinthus osseus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_labyrinth , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: sublingua

Changes for: carpometacarpal joint of digit 1

Changes for: femoral pore

  • Deleted
    • - femoral pore database cross reference Wikipedia:Femoral_pore
    • - femoral pore definition Femoral pores are a part of a holocrine secretory gland found on the inside of the thighs of certain lizards and amphisbaenians which releases pheromones to attract mates or mark territory. In certain species only the male has these pores and in other species, both sexes have them, with the males being larger.[1] Femoral pores appear as a series of pits or holes within a row of scales on the ventral portion of the animal’s thigh. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Femoral_pore }
  • Added
    • + femoral pore database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_pore
    • + femoral pore definition Femoral pores are a part of a holocrine secretory gland found on the inside of the thighs of certain lizards and amphisbaenians which releases pheromones to attract mates or mark territory. In certain species only the male has these pores and in other species, both sexes have them, with the males being larger.[1] Femoral pores appear as a series of pits or holes within a row of scales on the ventral portion of the animal’s thigh. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_pore }

Changes for: nasal cartilage

Changes for: orbital septum

Changes for: sebaceous gland

Changes for: dorsal trunk

Changes for: sweat gland

  • Deleted
    • - sweat gland database cross reference SCTID:361700009
    • - sweat gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Sweat_gland
    • - sweat gland database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Skin.svg
    • - sweat gland database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skin.svg/200px-Skin.svg.png
    • - sweat gland definition Sweat glands are exocrine glands, found in the skin of all mammal species, that are used for body temperature regulation. In humans a system of apocrine - and merocrine sweat glands is the main method of cooling. Many other mammals rely on panting or other means as a primary source of cooling, but still use sweat glands to aid in body temperature regulation. Sweat also serves a purpose of increasing friction on the palms of hands or the pads of paws. Both apocrine and merocrine sweat glands contain myoepithelial cells (from Greek myo-, ‘muscle’), specialized epithelial cells located between the gland cells and the underlying basal lamina. Myoepithelial cell contractions squeeze the gland and discharge the accumulated secretions. The secretory activities of the gland cells and the contractions of myoepithelial cells are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the circulating hormones. Additionally, ceruminous glands, which produce ear wax, and mammary glands, which produce milk, are frequently considered to be modified sweat glands. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Sweat_gland }
    • - sweat gland external definition A gland that secretes sweat, found in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, opening by a duct on the body surface. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001467 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sweat+gland }
    • - sweat gland homology notes Sweat glands (also called sudoriferous glands) are unique to mammals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001467 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.101 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + sweat gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_gland
    • + sweat gland database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0038989
    • + sweat gland database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361700009
    • + sweat gland definition Sweat glands are exocrine glands, found in the skin of all mammal species, that are used for body temperature regulation. In humans a system of apocrine - and merocrine sweat glands is the main method of cooling. Many other mammals rely on panting or other means as a primary source of cooling, but still use sweat glands to aid in body temperature regulation. Sweat also serves a purpose of increasing friction on the palms of hands or the pads of paws. Both apocrine and merocrine sweat glands contain myoepithelial cells (from Greek myo-, ‘muscle’), specialized epithelial cells located between the gland cells and the underlying basal lamina. Myoepithelial cell contractions squeeze the gland and discharge the accumulated secretions. The secretory activities of the gland cells and the contractions of myoepithelial cells are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the circulating hormones. Additionally, ceruminous glands, which produce ear wax, and mammary glands, which produce milk, are frequently considered to be modified sweat glands. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_gland }
    • + sweat gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Skin.svg
    • + sweat gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skin.svg/200px-Skin.svg.png
    • + sweat gland external definition A gland that secretes sweat, found in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, opening by a duct on the body surface. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001467 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sweat+gland }
    • + sweat gland homology notes Sweat glands (also called sudoriferous glands) are unique to mammals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001467 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.101 }

Changes for: lacrimal gland secretion

Changes for: nasal cavity mucosa

Changes for: paranasal sinus

Changes for: mucosa of larynx

Changes for: nail of manual digit 4

Changes for: nail of manual digit 5

Changes for: major salivary gland

Changes for: nail of pedal digit 1

Changes for: gingiva

Changes for: nail of pedal digit 2

Changes for: nail of manual digit 1

Changes for: nail of manual digit 2

Changes for: nail of manual digit 3

Changes for: ligament of temporomandibular joint

Changes for: masseteric nerve

Changes for: mylohyoid nerve

Changes for: pharyngeal nerve plexus

Changes for: deep temporal nerve

Changes for: superior laryngeal nerve

Changes for: outer limiting layer of retina

Changes for: photoreceptor layer of retina

Changes for: outer nuclear layer of retina

  • Deleted
    • - outer nuclear layer of retina database cross reference SCTID:280678009
    • - outer nuclear layer of retina homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001170 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + outer nuclear layer of retina database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0229210
    • + outer nuclear layer of retina database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280678009
    • + outer nuclear layer of retina homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001170 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: hyoepiglottic ligament

Changes for: masseteric fossa

  • Deleted
    • - masseteric fossa definition .The fossa for the masseter. In some therapsids, the coronoid process of the dentary bears a large external depression which accommodates the masseter – an important muscle in closing and in grinding motions of the jaw. { database cross reference=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryM.html }
  • Added
    • + masseteric fossa definition .The fossa for the masseter. In some therapsids, the coronoid process of the dentary bears a large external depression which accommodates the masseter – an important muscle in closing and in grinding motions of the jaw. { database cross reference=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryM.html }

Changes for: nerve to stylohyoid from facial nerve

Changes for: digastric branch of facial nerve

Changes for: disk of temporomandibular joint

Changes for: capsule of temporomandibular joint

Changes for: nerve to stylopharyngeus from glossopharyngeal nerve

Changes for: optic disc

Changes for: cranial nerve

Changes for: fovea centralis

  • Deleted
    • - fovea centralis database cross reference SCTID:264479005
    • - fovea centralis database cross reference Wikipedia:Fovea_centralis_in_macula
    • - fovea centralis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png
    • - fovea centralis definition a part of the eye, located in the center of the macula region of the retina. [1] [2] The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision (also called foveal vision). The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea belt, and the perifovea outer region:[2] the parafovea is the intermediate belt where the ganglion cell layer is composed of more than five rows of cells; as well as the highest density of cones; the perifovea is the outermost region where the ganglion cell layer contains two to four rows of cells, and is where visual acuity is below the optimum. The perifovea contains an even more diminished density of cones, having 12 per 100 micrometres versus 50 per 100 micrometres in the most central fovea. This, in turn, is surrounded by a larger peripheral area that delivers highly compressed information of low resolution. Approximately 50% of the nerve fibers in the optic nerve carry information from the fovea, while the other 50% carry information from the rest of the retina. The parafovea extends to a distance of 1¼ mm from the central fovea, and the perifovea is found 2¾ mm away from the fovea centralis[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Fovea_centralis_in_macula }
    • - fovea centralis external definition A small pit in the center of the macula lutea, the area of clearest vision, where the retinal layers are spread aside, and light falls directly on the cones. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001572 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/fovea }
    • - fovea centralis has exact synonym fovea centralis in macula { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Fovea_centralis_in_macula }
    • - fovea centralis homology notes Definition of fovea centralis should be considered here as ‘an area centralis at the visual axis’ (reference 1). There is an uncertaincy of the relation, because: 1.-The fovea first appeared in evolution in the temporal retina of fishes. Then, in birds, the nasal fovea and bifoveal system with nasal and temporal foveas developed. The fovea disappeared in primitive mammals, and reappeared in primates. A residue of the fovea is conserved in the visual streak, and the disappearance and reappearance of the fovea, in primitive mammals and primates respectively, correlates with degeneration and restoration of cone pigment genes in photoreceptors (reference 2). 2.-Many retinal features (foveas, trichromacy, midget pathways and associated cell types) appear specific to primates. This has led to investigations in parallel with other mammalian models such as cat or rabbit. Correlation of the results often proves to be difficult, since an evolutionary scenario with transitions between the mammalian models is largely lacking (reference 3).[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001572 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1017/S095252380623342X Ahnelt PK, Schubert C, Kübber-Heiss A, Schiviz A, Anger E, Independent variation of retinal S and M cone photoreceptor topographies: A survey of four families of mammals. Visual neuroscience (2006), PMID:11193946 Azuma N, Molecular cell biology on morphogenesis of the fovea and evolution of the central vision. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi (2000), DOI:10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00012-4 Ahnelt PK, Kolb H, The mammalian photoreceptor mosaic-adaptive design. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (2000) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + fovea centralis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovea_centralis_in_macula
    • + fovea centralis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0016622
    • + fovea centralis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0450290
    • + fovea centralis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/264479005
    • + fovea centralis definition a part of the eye, located in the center of the macula region of the retina. [1] [2] The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision (also called foveal vision). The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea belt, and the perifovea outer region:[2] the parafovea is the intermediate belt where the ganglion cell layer is composed of more than five rows of cells; as well as the highest density of cones; the perifovea is the outermost region where the ganglion cell layer contains two to four rows of cells, and is where visual acuity is below the optimum. The perifovea contains an even more diminished density of cones, having 12 per 100 micrometres versus 50 per 100 micrometres in the most central fovea. This, in turn, is surrounded by a larger peripheral area that delivers highly compressed information of low resolution. Approximately 50% of the nerve fibers in the optic nerve carry information from the fovea, while the other 50% carry information from the rest of the retina. The parafovea extends to a distance of 1¼ mm from the central fovea, and the perifovea is found 2¾ mm away from the fovea centralis[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovea_centralis_in_macula }
    • + fovea centralis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png
    • + fovea centralis external definition A small pit in the center of the macula lutea, the area of clearest vision, where the retinal layers are spread aside, and light falls directly on the cones. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001572 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/fovea }
    • + fovea centralis has exact synonym fovea centralis in macula { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovea_centralis_in_macula }
    • + fovea centralis homology notes Definition of fovea centralis should be considered here as ‘an area centralis at the visual axis’ (reference 1). There is an uncertaincy of the relation, because: 1.-The fovea first appeared in evolution in the temporal retina of fishes. Then, in birds, the nasal fovea and bifoveal system with nasal and temporal foveas developed. The fovea disappeared in primitive mammals, and reappeared in primates. A residue of the fovea is conserved in the visual streak, and the disappearance and reappearance of the fovea, in primitive mammals and primates respectively, correlates with degeneration and restoration of cone pigment genes in photoreceptors (reference 2). 2.-Many retinal features (foveas, trichromacy, midget pathways and associated cell types) appear specific to primates. This has led to investigations in parallel with other mammalian models such as cat or rabbit. Correlation of the results often proves to be difficult, since an evolutionary scenario with transitions between the mammalian models is largely lacking (reference 3).[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001572 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1017/S095252380623342X Ahnelt PK, Schubert C, Kübber-Heiss A, Schiviz A, Anger E, Independent variation of retinal S and M cone photoreceptor topographies: A survey of four families of mammals. Visual neuroscience (2006), PMID:11193946 Azuma N, Molecular cell biology on morphogenesis of the fovea and evolution of the central vision. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi (2000), DOI:10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00012-4 Ahnelt PK, Kolb H, The mammalian photoreceptor mosaic-adaptive design. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (2000) }

Changes for: spinal nerve

Changes for: layer of retina

Changes for: pigmented layer of retina

Changes for: vitreous chamber of eyeball

Changes for: vitreous body

Changes for: lamprey sucker

Changes for: tunicate tunic

Changes for: body of mandible

Changes for: aqueous humor of eyeball

  • Deleted
    • - aqueous humor of eyeball database cross reference SCTID:280587006
    • - aqueous humor of eyeball database cross reference Wikipedia:Aqueous_humor
    • - aqueous humor of eyeball database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png
    • - aqueous humor of eyeball definition Body substance in liquid state contained in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball[FMA]. The aqueous humour is a thick watery substance filling the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. { database cross reference=FMA:58819 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Aqueous_humor }
    • - aqueous humor of eyeball external definition The fluid produced by the ciliary process in the eye and occupying the anterior and posterior chambers. It provides nourishment for the lens and cornea and maintains the ocular pressure, and hence the optical integrity of the eyeball. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000548 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aqueous+humour }
    • - aqueous humor of eyeball homology notes (…) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (…) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (…) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000548 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + aqueous humor of eyeball database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_humor
    • + aqueous humor of eyeball database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0003662
    • + aqueous humor of eyeball database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280587006
    • + aqueous humor of eyeball definition Body substance in liquid state contained in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball[FMA]. The aqueous humour is a thick watery substance filling the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_humor , database cross reference=FMA:58819 }
    • + aqueous humor of eyeball depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png
    • + aqueous humor of eyeball external definition The fluid produced by the ciliary process in the eye and occupying the anterior and posterior chambers. It provides nourishment for the lens and cornea and maintains the ocular pressure, and hence the optical integrity of the eyeball. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000548 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aqueous+humour }
    • + aqueous humor of eyeball homology notes (…) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (…) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (…) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000548 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 }

Changes for: vitreous humor

Changes for: inner limiting layer of retina

Changes for: inner plexiform layer of retina

Changes for: ganglionic layer of retina

Changes for: nerve fiber layer of retina

  • Deleted
    • - nerve fiber layer of retina database cross reference SCTID:280671003
    • - nerve fiber layer of retina database cross reference Wikipedia:Nervous_system_fiber_layer
    • - nerve fiber layer of retina definition Fiber layer adjacent the retinal ganglion cell layer which is comprised of their axons as they traverse to the optic nerve[ZFA]. The retinal nerve fiber layer (nerve fiber layer, stratum opticum, RNFL) is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the porus opticus, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders. When they reach the internal surface of the retina they radiate from their point of entrance over this surface grouped in bundles, and in many places arranged in plexuses. Most of the fibers are centripetal, and are the direct continuations of the axis-cylinder processes of the cells of the ganglionic layer, but a few of them are centrifugal and ramify in the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers, where they end in enlarged extremities. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nervous_system_fiber_layer , database cross reference=ZFA:0001619 }
    • - nerve fiber layer of retina has related synonym stratum neurofibrum retinae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nerve_fiber_layer , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - nerve fiber layer of retina homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001169 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + nerve fiber layer of retina database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system_fiber_layer
    • + nerve fiber layer of retina database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280671003
    • + nerve fiber layer of retina definition Fiber layer adjacent the retinal ganglion cell layer which is comprised of their axons as they traverse to the optic nerve[ZFA]. The retinal nerve fiber layer (nerve fiber layer, stratum opticum, RNFL) is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the porus opticus, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders. When they reach the internal surface of the retina they radiate from their point of entrance over this surface grouped in bundles, and in many places arranged in plexuses. Most of the fibers are centripetal, and are the direct continuations of the axis-cylinder processes of the cells of the ganglionic layer, but a few of them are centrifugal and ramify in the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers, where they end in enlarged extremities. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system_fiber_layer , database cross reference=ZFA:0001619 }
    • + nerve fiber layer of retina has related synonym stratum neurofibrum retinae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_fiber_layer , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + nerve fiber layer of retina homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001169 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: outer plexiform layer of retina

  • Deleted
    • - outer plexiform layer of retina database cross reference SCTID:280684007
    • - outer plexiform layer of retina homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001171 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + outer plexiform layer of retina database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0229217
    • + outer plexiform layer of retina database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280684007
    • + outer plexiform layer of retina homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001171 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: inner nuclear layer of retina

  • Deleted
    • - inner nuclear layer of retina database cross reference SCTID:362520009
    • - inner nuclear layer of retina homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001167 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + inner nuclear layer of retina database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0229211
    • + inner nuclear layer of retina database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362520009
    • + inner nuclear layer of retina homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001167 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: hemopoietic tissue

Changes for: brush border layer

Changes for: layer of microvilli

Changes for: urodeum

Changes for: taenia coli

Changes for: small intestine smooth muscle longitudinal layer

Changes for: small intestine smooth muscle circular layer

Changes for: dorsal part of neck

Changes for: skeleton of pectoral complex

Changes for: skeleton of pelvic complex

Changes for: oral cirrus

Changes for: hepatogastric ligament

Changes for: hepatoduodenal ligament

Changes for: muscle layer of duodenum

Changes for: muscle layer of colon

Changes for: muscle layer of anal canal

Changes for: muscularis mucosae of duodenum

Changes for: serosa of uterine tube

Changes for: muscularis mucosae of rectum

Changes for: serosa of appendix

Changes for: tunica fibrosa of eyeball

Changes for: epiploic foramen

Changes for: gastropege

Changes for: obsolete cloacal spur

Changes for: corpuscles of herbst

Changes for: mechanoreceptor

  • Deleted
    • - mechanoreceptor database cross reference Wikipedia:Mechanoreceptor
    • - mechanoreceptor definition a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion. Normally there are four main types in glabrous skin: Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel’s discs, and Ruffini endings. There are also mechanoreceptors in hairy skin, and the hair cells in the cochlea are the most sensitive mechanoreceptors, transducing air pressure waves into nerve signals sent to the brain. In the periodontal ligament, there are some mechanoreceptors, which allow the jaw to relax when biting down on hard objects; the mesencephalic nucleus is responsible for this reflex. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Mechanoreceptor }
  • Added
    • + mechanoreceptor database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor
    • + mechanoreceptor definition a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion. Normally there are four main types in glabrous skin: Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel’s discs, and Ruffini endings. There are also mechanoreceptors in hairy skin, and the hair cells in the cochlea are the most sensitive mechanoreceptors, transducing air pressure waves into nerve signals sent to the brain. In the periodontal ligament, there are some mechanoreceptors, which allow the jaw to relax when biting down on hard objects; the mesencephalic nucleus is responsible for this reflex. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor }

Changes for: sensory receptor

Changes for: Meissner’s corpuscle

Changes for: Merkel nerve ending

Changes for: antler pedicle

Changes for: Ruffini nerve ending

Changes for: antler velvet

Changes for: proctodeum portion of cloaca

Changes for: cloacal vent

Changes for: anal tooth

Changes for: raphe of soft palate

Changes for: pterygomandibular raphe

Changes for: palatine raphe

Changes for: raphe of hard palate

Changes for: dentine

Changes for: lacrimal apparatus

Changes for: cementum

Changes for: enamel

Changes for: dental pulp

  • Deleted
    • - dental pulp database cross reference SCTID:362110007
    • - dental pulp database cross reference Wikipedia:Dental_pulp
    • - dental pulp database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tooth_Section.svg/200px-Tooth_Section.svg.png
    • - dental pulp definition the part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dental_pulp }
    • - dental pulp homology notes The oral cavity of vertebrates is generally thought to arise as an ectodermal invagination. Consistent with this, oral teeth are proposed to arise exclusively from ectoderm, contributing to tooth enamel epithelium, and from neural crest derived mesenchyme, contributing to dentin and pulp (reference 1); Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001469 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/nature07304 Soukup V, Epperlein HH, Horacek I, Cerny R, Dual epithelial origin of vertebrate oral teeth. Nature (2008), DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + dental pulp database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_pulp
    • + dental pulp database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0011399
    • + dental pulp database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362110007
    • + dental pulp definition the part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_pulp }
    • + dental pulp depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tooth_Section.svg/200px-Tooth_Section.svg.png
    • + dental pulp homology notes The oral cavity of vertebrates is generally thought to arise as an ectodermal invagination. Consistent with this, oral teeth are proposed to arise exclusively from ectoderm, contributing to tooth enamel epithelium, and from neural crest derived mesenchyme, contributing to dentin and pulp (reference 1); Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001469 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/nature07304 Soukup V, Epperlein HH, Horacek I, Cerny R, Dual epithelial origin of vertebrate oral teeth. Nature (2008), DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011) }

Changes for: distal part of styloid process of temporal bone

  • Deleted
    • - distal part of styloid process of temporal bone definition A segment in the hyoidean arch between the epihyal and tympanohyal[biology-online]. The interhyal is a small rod-like element that connects the ventral and dorsal parts of the hyoid arch. It articulates laterally with the posterior end of the epihyal and medially at the cartilaginous junction between the hyomandibula and the symplectic. It remains cartilaginous in adult zebrafish and other cypriniforms[ZFA]. { database cross reference=http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Stylohyal }
  • Added
    • + distal part of styloid process of temporal bone definition A segment in the hyoidean arch between the epihyal and tympanohyal[biology-online]. The interhyal is a small rod-like element that connects the ventral and dorsal parts of the hyoid arch. It articulates laterally with the posterior end of the epihyal and medially at the cartilaginous junction between the hyomandibula and the symplectic. It remains cartilaginous in adult zebrafish and other cypriniforms[ZFA]. { database cross reference=http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Stylohyal }

Changes for: middle ear

  • Deleted
    • - middle ear database cross reference SCTID:181185000
    • - middle ear database cross reference Wikipedia:Middle_ear
    • - middle ear definition The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO]. { database cross reference=GO:0042474 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Middle_ear }
    • - middle ear external definition The intermediate portion of the ear which consists of a small air-filled and membrane-lined chamber. It is lodged in the temporal bone and continues with the nasopharynx through the Eustachian tube. It is separated from the external ear by the tympanic membrane and from the inner ear by the fenestrae. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000312 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - middle ear has related synonym auris media { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Middle_ear , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - middle ear homology notes The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000312 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + middle ear database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ear
    • + middle ear database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0013455
    • + middle ear database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1268972
    • + middle ear database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181185000
    • + middle ear definition The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ear , database cross reference=GO:0042474 }
    • + middle ear external definition The intermediate portion of the ear which consists of a small air-filled and membrane-lined chamber. It is lodged in the temporal bone and continues with the nasopharynx through the Eustachian tube. It is separated from the external ear by the tympanic membrane and from the inner ear by the fenestrae. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000312 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + middle ear has related synonym auris media { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ear , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + middle ear homology notes The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000312 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417 }

Changes for: pinna

  • Deleted
    • - pinna database cross reference SCTID:421159007
    • - pinna database cross reference Wikipedia:Pinna_(anatomy)
    • - pinna definition Visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head. The purpose of the pinna is to collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). The filtering effect of the human pinna preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech. In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pinna_(anatomy) }
    • - pinna external definition The external expanded part of the ear characterized by a funnel-shaped structure through which the sound vibrations are received. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000460 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - pinna has exact synonym auricula { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Auricula }
    • - pinna homology notes Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000460 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pinna database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)
    • + pinna database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0928075
    • + pinna database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/421159007
    • + pinna definition Visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head. The purpose of the pinna is to collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). The filtering effect of the human pinna preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech. In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy) }
    • + pinna external definition The external expanded part of the ear characterized by a funnel-shaped structure through which the sound vibrations are received. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000460 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + pinna has exact synonym auricula { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auricula }
    • + pinna homology notes Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000460 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420 }

Changes for: periodontium

Changes for: vagus nerve

Changes for: pharyngeal raphe

Changes for: Reissner’s fiber

Changes for: infundibular organ

Changes for: epiglottic cartilage

Changes for: corniculate cartilage

Changes for: arytenoid cartilage

Changes for: secondary nodular lymphoid tissue

Changes for: fibrous capsule of thyroid gland

Changes for: ligament of larynx

Changes for: lymphoid tissue

Changes for: parenchyma of thyroid gland

Changes for: capsule of parathyroid gland

Changes for: brachiocephalic muscle

  • Deleted
    • - brachiocephalic muscle definition The brachiocephalicus is a long and flat, complex of muscles that extends from the lower half of the humeral shaft to the head and neck. The muscle divides into two parts at the clavicular intersection. This is also the point of origin for all the muscles that make up the brachiocephalicus. This point is situated just cranial to the shoulder. The two main sections are the cleidobrachialis which is distal to the clavicular intersection and the cleidocephalicus which extends proximally to the clavivular intersection. The cleidocephalicus can also be divided into the pars cervicalis, which inserts on the broad aponeurosis, over the fibrous raphe of the cranial half of the neck. The other part, the pars mastoideus inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone via a strong tendon. The cleidobrachialis extends distally from the clavicular intersection and inserts on the cranial edge of the distal half of the humerus. The tendon that inserts the cleidobrachialis lies between the brachialis muscle and the biceps brachii. As a result of the brachiocephalicus spanning a large region it has the ability to provide a number of actions. These include extending the shoulder joint, protracts the limb, provides lateral movement of the head and allows the neck to be depressed. { database cross reference=http://ccg.murdoch.edu.au/museum/ }
  • Added
    • + brachiocephalic muscle definition The brachiocephalicus is a long and flat, complex of muscles that extends from the lower half of the humeral shaft to the head and neck. The muscle divides into two parts at the clavicular intersection. This is also the point of origin for all the muscles that make up the brachiocephalicus. This point is situated just cranial to the shoulder. The two main sections are the cleidobrachialis which is distal to the clavicular intersection and the cleidocephalicus which extends proximally to the clavivular intersection. The cleidocephalicus can also be divided into the pars cervicalis, which inserts on the broad aponeurosis, over the fibrous raphe of the cranial half of the neck. The other part, the pars mastoideus inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone via a strong tendon. The cleidobrachialis extends distally from the clavicular intersection and inserts on the cranial edge of the distal half of the humerus. The tendon that inserts the cleidobrachialis lies between the brachialis muscle and the biceps brachii. As a result of the brachiocephalicus spanning a large region it has the ability to provide a number of actions. These include extending the shoulder joint, protracts the limb, provides lateral movement of the head and allows the neck to be depressed. { database cross reference=http://ccg.murdoch.edu.au/museum/ }

Changes for: omotransversarius muscle

Changes for: sclera

  • Deleted
    • - sclera database cross reference SCTID:181163006
    • - sclera database cross reference Wikipedia:Sclera
    • - sclera database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg
    • - sclera database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png
    • - sclera definition Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Sclera , database cross reference=ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-050701-15 }
    • - sclera external definition The sclera, also known as the white part of the eye, is the opaque (usually white, though certain animals, such as horses and lizards, can have black sclera), fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. It is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. The sclera forms the posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea, and maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The sclera is perforated by plenty of nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the optic nerve. At the optic disk the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (fasciculi). The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera’s blood vessels are mainly on the surface, and together with the conjunctiva (which lies on top) This is a thin layer covering the sclera. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva, those of the sclera renders the inflamed eye bright red. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Sclera]. { source=Wikipedia:Sclera }
    • - sclera external definition The tough, usually white, outer coat of the eyeball, covering all the posterior surface and continuous anteriorly with the cornea. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001274 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sclera }
  • Added
    • + sclera database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclera
    • + sclera database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0036410
    • + sclera database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181163006
    • + sclera definition Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclera , database cross reference=ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-050701-15 }
    • + sclera depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg
    • + sclera depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png
    • + sclera external definition The sclera, also known as the white part of the eye, is the opaque (usually white, though certain animals, such as horses and lizards, can have black sclera), fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. It is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. The sclera forms the posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea, and maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The sclera is perforated by plenty of nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the optic nerve. At the optic disk the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (fasciculi). The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera’s blood vessels are mainly on the surface, and together with the conjunctiva (which lies on top) This is a thin layer covering the sclera. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva, those of the sclera renders the inflamed eye bright red. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Sclera]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclera }
    • + sclera external definition The tough, usually white, outer coat of the eyeball, covering all the posterior surface and continuous anteriorly with the cornea. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001274 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sclera }

Changes for: corneal epithelium

Changes for: ciliary body

  • Deleted
    • - ciliary body database cross reference SCTID:263340007
    • - ciliary body database cross reference Wikipedia:Ciliary_body
    • - ciliary body database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg
    • - ciliary body database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png
    • - ciliary body definition circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ciliary_body }
    • - ciliary body has related synonym corpus ciliare { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ciliary_body , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - ciliary body has related synonym corpus ciliare { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ciliary_body }
    • - ciliary body homology notes The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey’s camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000102 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + ciliary body database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_body
    • + ciliary body database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0008779
    • + ciliary body database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/263340007
    • + ciliary body definition circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_body }
    • + ciliary body depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg
    • + ciliary body depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png
    • + ciliary body has related synonym corpus ciliare { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_body , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + ciliary body has related synonym corpus ciliare { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_body }
    • + ciliary body homology notes The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey’s camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000102 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) }

Changes for: pupil

  • Deleted
    • - pupil database cross reference SCTID:35146001
    • - pupil database cross reference Wikipedia:Pupil
    • - pupil database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Eye_iris.jpg
    • - pupil database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Eye_iris.jpg/200px-Eye_iris.jpg
    • - pupil definition sphere that is located in the center of the iris of the eye and that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pupil }
    • - pupil external definition The circular orifice in the centre of the iris, through which light enters into the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000116 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - pupil homology notes The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey’s camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000116 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pupil database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil
    • + pupil database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0034121
    • + pupil database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/35146001
    • + pupil definition sphere that is located in the center of the iris of the eye and that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil }
    • + pupil depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Eye_iris.jpg
    • + pupil depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Eye_iris.jpg/200px-Eye_iris.jpg
    • + pupil external definition The circular orifice in the centre of the iris, through which light enters into the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000116 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + pupil homology notes The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey’s camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000116 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) }

Changes for: lacrimal canaliculus

  • Deleted
    • - lacrimal canaliculus database cross reference SCTID:263348000
    • - lacrimal canaliculus database cross reference Wikipedia:Lacrimal_canaliculi
    • - lacrimal canaliculus definition The lacrimal canaliculi, also known as the lacrimal canals or lacrimal ducts, are the small channels in each eyelid that commence at minute orifices, termed puncta lacrimalia, on the summits of the papillae lacrimales, seen on the margins of the lids at the lateral extremity of the lacus lacrimalis. The superior duct, the smaller and shorter of the two, at first ascends, and then bends at an acute angle, and passes medialward and downward to the lacrimal sac. The inferior duct at first descends, and then runs almost horizontally to the lacrimal sac. At the angles they are dilated into ampullæ. Microscopically, they are lined by nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by fibrous tissue. Outside the latter is a layer of striped muscle, continuous with the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi; at the base of each lacrimal papilla the muscular fibers are circularly arranged and form a kind of sphincter. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lacrimal_canaliculi }
    • - lacrimal canaliculus has related synonym canaliculus lacrimalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lacrimal_canaliculi , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + lacrimal canaliculus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_canaliculi
    • + lacrimal canaliculus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0459631
    • + lacrimal canaliculus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/263348000
    • + lacrimal canaliculus definition The lacrimal canaliculi, also known as the lacrimal canals or lacrimal ducts, are the small channels in each eyelid that commence at minute orifices, termed puncta lacrimalia, on the summits of the papillae lacrimales, seen on the margins of the lids at the lateral extremity of the lacus lacrimalis. The superior duct, the smaller and shorter of the two, at first ascends, and then bends at an acute angle, and passes medialward and downward to the lacrimal sac. The inferior duct at first descends, and then runs almost horizontally to the lacrimal sac. At the angles they are dilated into ampullæ. Microscopically, they are lined by nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by fibrous tissue. Outside the latter is a layer of striped muscle, continuous with the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi; at the base of each lacrimal papilla the muscular fibers are circularly arranged and form a kind of sphincter. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_canaliculi }
    • + lacrimal canaliculus has related synonym canaliculus lacrimalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_canaliculi , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: optic choroid

Changes for: substantia propria of cornea

  • Deleted
    • - substantia propria of cornea database cross reference SCTID:362511000
    • - substantia propria of cornea database cross reference Wikipedia:Corneal_stroma
    • - substantia propria of cornea database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray871.png/200px-Gray871.png
    • - substantia propria of cornea definition The substantia propria (or stroma of cornea) is fibrous, tough, unyielding, and perfectly transparent. It is composed of about 200 flattened lamellæ (plates of collagen fibrils), superimposed one on another. They are each about 1.5-2.5 micrometres in thickness. These fibrils run at different angles between the limbi. Fibres of the layers frequently interweave, the anterior lamellæ interweaving more than posterior lamellæ. The fibres of each lamella are parallel with one another, but at right angles to those of adjacent lamellæ. The lamellæ are produced by keratocytes (corneal corpuscles), which occupy about 10% of the substantia propria. These lamellæ are made up of bundles of modified connective tissue, the fibres of which are directly continuous with those of the sclera. More collagen fibres run in a temporal-nasal direction than run in the superior-inferior direction. This is often ignored by corneal transplant surgeons, leading to poor corneal mechanical strength in corneal transplant patients. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Corneal_stroma }
  • Added
    • + substantia propria of cornea database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_stroma
    • + substantia propria of cornea database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0010040
    • + substantia propria of cornea database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362511000
    • + substantia propria of cornea definition The substantia propria (or stroma of cornea) is fibrous, tough, unyielding, and perfectly transparent. It is composed of about 200 flattened lamellæ (plates of collagen fibrils), superimposed one on another. They are each about 1.5-2.5 micrometres in thickness. These fibrils run at different angles between the limbi. Fibres of the layers frequently interweave, the anterior lamellæ interweaving more than posterior lamellæ. The fibres of each lamella are parallel with one another, but at right angles to those of adjacent lamellæ. The lamellæ are produced by keratocytes (corneal corpuscles), which occupy about 10% of the substantia propria. These lamellæ are made up of bundles of modified connective tissue, the fibres of which are directly continuous with those of the sclera. More collagen fibres run in a temporal-nasal direction than run in the superior-inferior direction. This is often ignored by corneal transplant surgeons, leading to poor corneal mechanical strength in corneal transplant patients. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_stroma }
    • + substantia propria of cornea depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray871.png/200px-Gray871.png

Changes for: ciliary epithelium

Changes for: iris stroma

Changes for: cleidobrachialis muscle

Changes for: cleidocephalicus muscle

Changes for: male external urethral sphincter

Changes for: maxillary sinus

Changes for: odontogenic papilla

  • Deleted
    • - odontogenic papilla database cross reference Wikipedia:Dental_papilla
    • - odontogenic papilla database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gray1011.png
    • - odontogenic papilla database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray1011.png/200px-Gray1011.png
    • - odontogenic papilla definition Tissue of the developing tooth. It is composed of pre-odontoblast and undiffentiated mesnchyme cells and connects to the basal lamina[ZFA]. The dental papilla is a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called odontoblasts, seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. The dental papilla appears after 8-10 weeks intra uteral life. The dental papilla gives rise to the dentin and pulp of a tooth. The enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle together forms one unit, called the tooth germ. This is of importance because all the tissues of a tooth and its supporting structures form from these distinct cellular aggregations. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dental_papilla , database cross reference=ZFA:0005140 }
    • - odontogenic papilla has related synonym papilla dentis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dental_papilla , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - odontogenic papilla homology notes Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001465 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + odontogenic papilla database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_papilla
    • + odontogenic papilla definition Tissue of the developing tooth. It is composed of pre-odontoblast and undiffentiated mesnchyme cells and connects to the basal lamina[ZFA]. The dental papilla is a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called odontoblasts, seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. The dental papilla appears after 8-10 weeks intra uteral life. The dental papilla gives rise to the dentin and pulp of a tooth. The enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle together forms one unit, called the tooth germ. This is of importance because all the tissues of a tooth and its supporting structures form from these distinct cellular aggregations. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_papilla , database cross reference=ZFA:0005140 }
    • + odontogenic papilla depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gray1011.png
    • + odontogenic papilla depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray1011.png/200px-Gray1011.png
    • + odontogenic papilla has related synonym papilla dentis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_papilla , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + odontogenic papilla homology notes Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001465 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011) }

Changes for: nasal concha

Changes for: frontal sinus

Changes for: iris

  • Deleted
    • - iris database cross reference SCTID:181164000
    • - iris database cross reference Wikipedia:Iris_(anatomy)
    • - iris definition a membrane in the eye, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina. The iris consists of pigmented fibrovascular tissue known as a stroma. It is the most forward portion of the eye and the only one seen on superficial inspection. The stroma connects a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae) which open it. The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris and restricts it to the pupil. The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure, and indirectly on vision. Depending on the amount of light, the iris makes the pupil larger or smaller. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Iris_(anatomy) }
    • - iris external definition The opaque muscular contractile diaphragm suspended in the aqueous humour in front of the lens of the eye. The organ is perforated by the pupil and continues peripherally with the ciliary body. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000101 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - iris homology notes The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey’s camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000101 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + iris database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)
    • + iris database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0022077
    • + iris database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181164000
    • + iris definition a membrane in the eye, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina. The iris consists of pigmented fibrovascular tissue known as a stroma. It is the most forward portion of the eye and the only one seen on superficial inspection. The stroma connects a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae) which open it. The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris and restricts it to the pupil. The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure, and indirectly on vision. Depending on the amount of light, the iris makes the pupil larger or smaller. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(anatomy) }
    • + iris external definition The opaque muscular contractile diaphragm suspended in the aqueous humour in front of the lens of the eye. The organ is perforated by the pupil and continues peripherally with the ciliary body. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000101 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + iris homology notes The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey’s camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000101 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) }

Changes for: posterior chamber of eyeball

Changes for: uvea

Changes for: mammary duct

Changes for: transverse process of atlas

Changes for: anterior chamber of eyeball

Changes for: sternocephalicus muscle

Changes for: iliothoracic muscle

Changes for: skin of prepuce of clitoris

Changes for: femorothoracic muscle

Changes for: nucleus ambiguus

Changes for: male bulbospongiosus muscle

Changes for: mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: bulbospongiosus muscle

Changes for: facial modiolus

  • Deleted
    • - facial modiolus database cross reference Wikipedia:Modiolus_%28face%29
    • - facial modiolus definition In facial anatomy, the modiolus is a chiasma of facial muscles held together by fibrous tissue, located lateral and slightly superior to each angle of the mouth. It is important in moving the mouth, facial expression and in dentistry. It derives its motor nerve supply from the facial nerve, and its blood supply from labial branches of the facial artery. It is contributed to by the following muscles: orbicularis oris, buccinator, levator anguli oris, depressor anguli oris, zygomaticus major, risorius quadratus labii superioris, quadratus labii inferioris. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Modiolus_%28face%29 }
  • Added
    • + facial modiolus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modiolus_%28face%29
    • + facial modiolus definition In facial anatomy, the modiolus is a chiasma of facial muscles held together by fibrous tissue, located lateral and slightly superior to each angle of the mouth. It is important in moving the mouth, facial expression and in dentistry. It derives its motor nerve supply from the facial nerve, and its blood supply from labial branches of the facial artery. It is contributed to by the following muscles: orbicularis oris, buccinator, levator anguli oris, depressor anguli oris, zygomaticus major, risorius quadratus labii superioris, quadratus labii inferioris. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modiolus_%28face%29 }

Changes for: constrictor vulvae muscle

  • Deleted
    • - constrictor vulvae muscle database cross reference SCTID:244961006
    • - constrictor vulvae muscle external definition The constrictor muscle of the labia is weakly developed in the female dog which blends dorsally with the external anal sphincter muscle and attaches to the coccygeal fascia at the level of the first and second coccygeal vertebrae. It encircles the vulva and vestibule for a distance of about 1 cm. caudal to the area where the urethra enters the vestibule. Its action is to lift the labia dorsally to facilitate intromission of the penis into the vagina. The constrictor vestibuli and vulvae are homologous to the bulbospogiosus (bulbocavernosus) muscle in the male. { source=http://compepid.tuskegee.edu/syllabi/biomedical/Anatomy/grossanat301/chapter11.html }
    • - constrictor vulvae muscle has related synonym sphincter vaginae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Bulbospongiosus_muscle }
  • Added

Changes for: parotidoauricular muscle

Changes for: inferior pancreaticoduodenal vein

Changes for: eyelid

  • Deleted
    • - eyelid database cross reference SCTID:265782007
    • - eyelid database cross reference Wikipedia:Eyelid
    • - eyelid database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg
    • - eyelid database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg/200px-Eye_makeup.jpg
    • - eyelid definition An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an eyeball. With the exception of the prepuce and the labia minora, it has the thinnest skin of the whole body. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts the eyelid to ‘open’ the eye. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily. The human eyelid features a row of eyelashes which serve to heighten the protection of the eye from dust and foreign debris, as well as from perspiration. ‘Palpebral’ (and ‘blepharo’) means relating to the eyelids. Its key function is to regularly spread the tears and other secretion on the eye surface to keep it moist, since the cornea must be continuously moist. They keep the eyes from drying out when asleep. Moreover, the blink reflex protects the eye from foreign bodies. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Eyelid }
  • Added
    • + eyelid database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyelid
    • + eyelid database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0015426
    • + eyelid database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/265782007
    • + eyelid definition An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an eyeball. With the exception of the prepuce and the labia minora, it has the thinnest skin of the whole body. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts the eyelid to ‘open’ the eye. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily. The human eyelid features a row of eyelashes which serve to heighten the protection of the eye from dust and foreign debris, as well as from perspiration. ‘Palpebral’ (and ‘blepharo’) means relating to the eyelids. Its key function is to regularly spread the tears and other secretion on the eye surface to keep it moist, since the cornea must be continuously moist. They keep the eyes from drying out when asleep. Moreover, the blink reflex protects the eye from foreign bodies. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyelid }
    • + eyelid depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg
    • + eyelid depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg/200px-Eye_makeup.jpg

Changes for: female external urethral sphincter

Changes for: lower jaw region

Changes for: lower eyelid

Changes for: upper eyelid

Changes for: oculomotor nuclear complex

  • Deleted
    • - oculomotor nuclear complex database cross reference SCTID:362457000
    • - oculomotor nuclear complex database cross reference Wikipedia:Nucleus_of_oculomotor_nerve
    • - oculomotor nuclear complex database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png
    • - oculomotor nuclear complex definition The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle. From this nucleus the fibers pass forward through the tegmentum, the red nucleus, and the medial part of the substantia nigra, forming a series of curves with a lateral convexity, and emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle. The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve does not consist of a continuous column of cells, but is broken up into a number of smaller nuclei, which are arranged in two groups, anterior and posterior. Those of the posterior group are six in number, five of which are symmetrical on the two sides of the middle line, while the sixth is centrally placed and is common to the nerves of both sides. The anterior group consists of two nuclei, an antero-medial and an antero-lateral . The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, considered from a physiological standpoint, can be subdivided into several smaller groups of cells, each group controlling a particular muscle. A nearby nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, is responsible for the autonomic functions of the oculomotor nerve, including pupillary constriction and lens accommodation. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nucleus_of_oculomotor_nerve }
    • - oculomotor nuclear complex has exact synonym nucleus of oculomotor nuclear complex { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
  • Added
    • + oculomotor nuclear complex database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_of_oculomotor_nerve
    • + oculomotor nuclear complex database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0228686
    • + oculomotor nuclear complex database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362457000
    • + oculomotor nuclear complex definition The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle. From this nucleus the fibers pass forward through the tegmentum, the red nucleus, and the medial part of the substantia nigra, forming a series of curves with a lateral convexity, and emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle. The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve does not consist of a continuous column of cells, but is broken up into a number of smaller nuclei, which are arranged in two groups, anterior and posterior. Those of the posterior group are six in number, five of which are symmetrical on the two sides of the middle line, while the sixth is centrally placed and is common to the nerves of both sides. The anterior group consists of two nuclei, an antero-medial and an antero-lateral . The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, considered from a physiological standpoint, can be subdivided into several smaller groups of cells, each group controlling a particular muscle. A nearby nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, is responsible for the autonomic functions of the oculomotor nerve, including pupillary constriction and lens accommodation. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_of_oculomotor_nerve }
    • + oculomotor nuclear complex depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png
    • + oculomotor nuclear complex has exact synonym nucleus of oculomotor nuclear complex { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: cranial ganglion

Changes for: spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: secondary palate

Changes for: upper jaw region

Changes for: jaw skeleton

Changes for: nasal cavity

Changes for: eyelash

Changes for: glossopharyngeal ganglion

  • Deleted
    • - glossopharyngeal ganglion database cross reference SCTID:244451008
    • - glossopharyngeal ganglion homology notes These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (…) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000702 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + glossopharyngeal ganglion database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244451008
    • + glossopharyngeal ganglion homology notes These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (…) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000702 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: pudendal nerve

Changes for: geniculate ganglion

Changes for: perineal nerve

Changes for: internal elastic membrane

Changes for: nasal septum

Changes for: nail

Changes for: obsolete viscerocranium

Changes for: neurocranium

Changes for: extrinsic ligament of larynx

Changes for: cavity of pharynx

Changes for: larynx

  • Deleted
    • - larynx database cross reference SCTID:181212004
    • - larynx database cross reference Wikipedia:Larynx
    • - larynx database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg
    • - larynx definition Heterogeneous cluster that connects the pharynx to the tracheobronchial tree[FMA]. { database cross reference=FMA:55097 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Larynx }
    • - larynx homology notes (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (…), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (…). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (…) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (…) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001279 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + larynx database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx
    • + larynx database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0023078
    • + larynx database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181212004
    • + larynx definition Heterogeneous cluster that connects the pharynx to the tracheobronchial tree[FMA]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx , database cross reference=FMA:55097 }
    • + larynx depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg
    • + larynx homology notes (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (…), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (…). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (…) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (…) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001279 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241 }

Changes for: submandibular gland

Changes for: laryngeal cartilage

  • Deleted
    • - laryngeal cartilage database cross reference SCTID:263482005
    • - laryngeal cartilage homology notes (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (…), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (…). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (…) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (…) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001550 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + laryngeal cartilage database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0023050
    • + laryngeal cartilage database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/263482005
    • + laryngeal cartilage homology notes (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (…), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (…). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (…) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (…) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001550 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241 }

Changes for: thyroid cartilage

Changes for: soft palate

Changes for: pharyngeal tonsil

Changes for: tonsillar ring

  • Deleted
    • - tonsillar ring database cross reference SCTID:56411004
    • - tonsillar ring database cross reference Wikipedia:Waldeyer’s_ring
    • - tonsillar ring definition lymphoid tissue ring located in the pharynx and to the back of the oral cavity. The ring consists of (from superior to inferior): Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as ‘adenoids’ when infected) Tubal tonsil (where Eustachian tube opens in the nasopharynx) Palatine tonsils (commonly called ‘the tonsils’ in the vernacular, less commonly termed ‘faucial tonsils’) Lingual tonsils Some animals, but not humans, have one or two additional tonsils: Soft palate tonsil Paraepiglottic tonsil[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Waldeyer’s_ring }
  • Added
    • + tonsillar ring database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldeyer’s_ring
    • + tonsillar ring database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0459892
    • + tonsillar ring database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/56411004
    • + tonsillar ring definition lymphoid tissue ring located in the pharynx and to the back of the oral cavity. The ring consists of (from superior to inferior): Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as ‘adenoids’ when infected) Tubal tonsil (where Eustachian tube opens in the nasopharynx) Palatine tonsils (commonly called ‘the tonsils’ in the vernacular, less commonly termed ‘faucial tonsils’) Lingual tonsils Some animals, but not humans, have one or two additional tonsils: Soft palate tonsil Paraepiglottic tonsil[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldeyer’s_ring }

Changes for: palatine uvula

Changes for: cochlear nucleus

Changes for: oropharynx

Changes for: nasopharynx

Changes for: taste bud

Changes for: papilla of tongue

Changes for: cranial synchondrosis

Changes for: sphenoidal sinus

Changes for: tongue

Changes for: medial vestibular nucleus

Changes for: inferior vestibular nucleus

Changes for: tibialis posterior

Changes for: flexor digitorum longus

Changes for: superior cerebellar vein

Changes for: cerebellar vein

Changes for: anterior auricular vein

Changes for: cerebral vein

Changes for: inferior cerebral vein

Changes for: triceps surae

Changes for: maxillary vein

Changes for: deep temporal vein

Changes for: ethmoid bone

Changes for: temporal bone

Changes for: sphenoid bone

Changes for: trigeminal ganglion

Changes for: occipital bone

Changes for: central retinal vein

Changes for: masseteric vein

Changes for: temporal vein

Changes for: anterior cerebral vein

Changes for: inferior cerebellar vein

Changes for: malleus bone

Changes for: incus bone

  • Deleted
    • - incus bone database cross reference SCTID:272649008
    • - incus bone database cross reference Wikipedia:Incus
    • - incus bone database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gray917.png
    • - incus bone database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray917.png/200px-Gray917.png
    • - incus bone definition The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear. It connects the malleus to the stapes. It was first described by Alessandro Achillin of Bologna. The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. The incus only exists in mammals, and is derived from a reptilian upper jaw bone, the quadrate bone. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Incus }
    • - incus bone homology notes According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000689 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + incus bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incus
    • + incus bone database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0021181
    • + incus bone database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/272649008
    • + incus bone definition The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear. It connects the malleus to the stapes. It was first described by Alessandro Achillin of Bologna. The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. The incus only exists in mammals, and is derived from a reptilian upper jaw bone, the quadrate bone. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incus }
    • + incus bone depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gray917.png
    • + incus bone depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray917.png/200px-Gray917.png
    • + incus bone homology notes According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000689 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948 }

Changes for: lacrimal bone

  • Deleted
    • - lacrimal bone database cross reference SCTID:272675007
    • - lacrimal bone database cross reference Wikipedia:Lacrimal_bone
    • - lacrimal bone database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray164.png
    • - lacrimal bone definition the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders. In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lacrimal_bone }
    • - lacrimal bone has related synonym os lacrimale { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lacrimal_bone , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - lacrimal bone homology notes The infraorbital bone 1 of actinopterygians is homologous with the lacrimal bone (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001149 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-3899370805 Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + lacrimal bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_bone
    • + lacrimal bone database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0222733
    • + lacrimal bone database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/272675007
    • + lacrimal bone definition the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders. In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_bone }
    • + lacrimal bone depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray164.png
    • + lacrimal bone has related synonym os lacrimale { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_bone , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + lacrimal bone homology notes The infraorbital bone 1 of actinopterygians is homologous with the lacrimal bone (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001149 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-3899370805 Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48 }

Changes for: nasal bone

Changes for: palatine bone

Changes for: jugal bone

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + jugal bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugal_bone
    • + jugal bone database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/272683001
    • + jugal bone definition The zygomatic bone is a paired dermal bone which articulates with the maxilla. In humans it also articulates with the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders[WP,modified]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugal_bone , database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_bone }
    • + jugal bone depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray164.png
    • + jugal bone depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray164.png/200px-Gray164.png
    • + jugal bone external definition The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the malar or Zygomatic. It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species. This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, in the case of creatures, as with dinosaurs in paleontology, whose entire skull has not been found[Wikipedia:Jugal_bone]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugal_bone }
    • + jugal bone external definition The zygomatic bone is a paired dermal bone which articulates with the maxilla. In humans it also articulates with the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders[WP,modified][Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_bone }
    • + jugal bone has related synonym jugal bone { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_bone , database cross reference=GAID:225 }
    • + jugal bone has related synonym jugal { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_bone }
    • + jugal bone has related synonym os zygomaticum { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_bone , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + jugal bone has related synonym os zygomaticus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_bone }
    • + jugal bone has related synonym zygoma { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_bone }
    • + jugal bone homology notes (…) and the infraorbital bone 3 of advanced actinopterygians (is homologous) with the jugal bone of sarcopterygians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001638 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-3899370805 Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48 }

Changes for: mandible

Changes for: hyoid bone

Changes for: auditory ossicle

Changes for: stapes bone

Changes for: sensory root of facial nerve

Changes for: exoccipital bone

Changes for: petrous part of temporal bone

Changes for: external ear

  • Deleted
    • - external ear database cross reference SCTID:181176000
    • - external ear database cross reference Wikipedia:External_ear
    • - external ear database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gray907.png/200px-Gray907.png
    • - external ear definition Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO]. { database cross reference=GO:0042473 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:External_ear }
    • - external ear external definition The external part of the organ, which consists of an outer portion (external auditory meatus) which leads to the tympanum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000311 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - external ear homology notes Some species, like Amolops tormotus (Feng et al. 2006), have a cavity in front of the tympanic membrane which is considered to be an ear canal and thus an outer ear. (…) The ancestral lineage of amphibians separated from the mammalian lineage, approximately 350 million years ago, in the paleozoic era. Many of the important developments in the auditory systems emerged after the ancestral paths separated (Manley and Clack 2003). This implies that shared features, like the tympanic middle ear, developed independently in different vertebrate lineages.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000311 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1007/s00359-008-0327-1 Schoffelen RLM, Segenhout JM, Van Dijk P, Mechanics of the exceptional anuran ear. Journal of Comparative Physiology A (2008) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + external ear database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_ear
    • + external ear database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0013453
    • + external ear database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1269548
    • + external ear database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181176000
    • + external ear definition Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_ear , database cross reference=GO:0042473 }
    • + external ear depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gray907.png/200px-Gray907.png
    • + external ear external definition The external part of the organ, which consists of an outer portion (external auditory meatus) which leads to the tympanum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000311 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + external ear homology notes Some species, like Amolops tormotus (Feng et al. 2006), have a cavity in front of the tympanic membrane which is considered to be an ear canal and thus an outer ear. (…) The ancestral lineage of amphibians separated from the mammalian lineage, approximately 350 million years ago, in the paleozoic era. Many of the important developments in the auditory systems emerged after the ancestral paths separated (Manley and Clack 2003). This implies that shared features, like the tympanic middle ear, developed independently in different vertebrate lineages.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000311 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1007/s00359-008-0327-1 Schoffelen RLM, Segenhout JM, Van Dijk P, Mechanics of the exceptional anuran ear. Journal of Comparative Physiology A (2008) }

Changes for: basioccipital bone

Changes for: orbital region

Changes for: foramen ovale of skull

Changes for: squamous part of temporal bone

Changes for: ear

  • Deleted
    • - ear database cross reference SCTID:1910005
    • - ear database cross reference Wikipedia:Ear
    • - ear database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Ear.jpg
    • - ear definition Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. { database cross reference=GO:0042471 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ear }
    • - ear external definition The organ of hearing and of equilibrium. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000330 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ear }
    • - ear homology notes Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000330 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20207 Boekhoff-Falk G, Hearing in Drosophila: Development of Johnston’s organ and emerging parallels to vertebrate ear development. Developmental Dynamics (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + ear database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear
    • + ear database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0013443
    • + ear database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0521421
    • + ear database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/1910005
    • + ear definition Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear , database cross reference=GO:0042471 }
    • + ear depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Ear.jpg
    • + ear external definition The organ of hearing and of equilibrium. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000330 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ear }
    • + ear homology notes Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000330 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20207 Boekhoff-Falk G, Hearing in Drosophila: Development of Johnston’s organ and emerging parallels to vertebrate ear development. Developmental Dynamics (2005) }

Changes for: forelimb epitrochlearis muscle

Changes for: adventitia of esophagus

Changes for: urogenital sinus epithelium

Changes for: lower digestive tract

Changes for: supraoptic crest

Changes for: epithelium of gonad

Changes for: upper digestive tract

Changes for: anteroventral nucleus

Changes for: angular gyrus

Changes for: area X of ventral lateral nucleus

Changes for: supramarginal gyrus

Changes for: anteromedial nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: abducens nucleus

Changes for: rhinal sulcus

Changes for: nucleus raphe obscurus

Changes for: anterodorsal nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: regional part of medulla oblongata

Changes for: ventral supraoptic decussation

Changes for: diagonal sulcus

Changes for: vestibular nuclear complex

Changes for: anterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus

Changes for: pallidotegmental fasciculus

Changes for: submucosa of appendix

Changes for: submucosa of laryngopharynx

Changes for: submucosa of pharynx

Changes for: postnatal subventricular zone

Changes for: subdivision of digestive tract

Changes for: sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla

Changes for: internal urethral sphincter

Changes for: urethral sphincter

Changes for: biliary bud

Changes for: duodenal papilla

Changes for: hepatopancreatic ampulla

Changes for: external urethral sphincter

Changes for: anteroventral periventricular nucleus

Changes for: ventral tegmental area

Changes for: fenestrated capillary

Changes for: anterior hypothalamic commissure

Changes for: parieto-occipital sulcus

Changes for: medullary raphe nuclear complex

Changes for: occipitotemporal sulcus

Changes for: preoccipital notch

Changes for: supraopticohypophysial tract

Changes for: cuneiform nucleus

Changes for: dorsal supraoptic decussation

Changes for: dorsolateral fasciculus of medulla

Changes for: densocellular part of medial dorsal nucleus

Changes for: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of medulla

Changes for: magnocellular part of medial dorsal nucleus

Changes for: anterior median eminence

Changes for: cuneate fasciculus of medulla

Changes for: oral pulvinar nucleus

Changes for: decussation of medial lemniscus

Changes for: cuneocerebellar tract

  • Deleted
    • - cuneocerebellar tract database cross reference Wikipedia:Cuneocerebellar_tract
    • - cuneocerebellar tract database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gray699.png/200px-Gray699.png
    • - cuneocerebellar tract definition The posterior external arcuate fibers (dorsal external arcuate fibers) take origin in the gracile and cuneate nuclei; they pass to the inferior peduncle of the same side. It is uncertain whether fibers are continued directly from the gracile and cuneate fasciculi into the inferior peduncle. The term ‘cuneocerebellar tract’ is sometimes used to collectively refer to the posterior external arcuate fibers. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cuneocerebellar_tract }
  • Added

Changes for: medial pulvinar nucleus

Changes for: midbrain reticular formation

Changes for: lateral pulvinar nucleus

Changes for: ventral anterior nucleus

Changes for: anterior nucleus of hypothalamus

Changes for: motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: medial part of medial mammillary nucleus

Changes for: cerebral crus

Changes for: body of caudate nucleus

Changes for: lateral septal nucleus

Changes for: oculomotor nerve fibers

Changes for: anterior horizontal limb of lateral sulcus

Changes for: medial longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain

Changes for: medial pes lemniscus

Changes for: superior frontal gyrus

Changes for: lateral part of medial mammillary nucleus

Changes for: septal nuclear complex

  • Deleted
    • - septal nuclear complex database cross reference Wikipedia:Septal_nuclei
    • - septal nuclear complex external definition The septal nuclei are structures in the middle anteroventral cerebrum that are composed of medium-size neurons grouped into medial, lateral, and posterior groups. The septal nuclei receive reciprocal connections from the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, habenula, cingulate gyrus, and thalamus. The septal nuclei play a role in reward and reinforcement along with the nucleus accumbens. In the 1950s, Olds & Milner showed that rats with electrodes implanted in this area will self-stimulate repeatedly in order to experience a euphoric feeling (i.e. press a bar to receive electrical current that will stimulate the neurons). [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Septal_nuclei]. { source=Wikipedia:Septal_nuclei }
    • - septal nuclear complex has related synonym nuclei septales { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Septal_nuclei , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + septal nuclear complex database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septal_nuclei
    • + septal nuclear complex database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0036687
    • + septal nuclear complex external definition The septal nuclei are structures in the middle anteroventral cerebrum that are composed of medium-size neurons grouped into medial, lateral, and posterior groups. The septal nuclei receive reciprocal connections from the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, habenula, cingulate gyrus, and thalamus. The septal nuclei play a role in reward and reinforcement along with the nucleus accumbens. In the 1950s, Olds & Milner showed that rats with electrodes implanted in this area will self-stimulate repeatedly in order to experience a euphoric feeling (i.e. press a bar to receive electrical current that will stimulate the neurons). [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Septal_nuclei]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septal_nuclei }
    • + septal nuclear complex has related synonym nuclei septales { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septal_nuclei , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: supracallosal gyrus

  • Deleted
    • - supracallosal gyrus database cross reference SCTID:369231001
    • - supracallosal gyrus database cross reference Wikipedia:Supracallosal_gyrus
    • - supracallosal gyrus definition The supracallosal gyrus (indusium griseum; gyrus epicallosus) consists of a thin layer of grey matter in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and continuous laterally with the grey matter of the cingulate gyrus. It contains two longitudinally directed strands of fibers termed respectively the medial and lateral longitudinal striae. The supracallosal gyrus is prolonged around the splenium of the corpus callosum as a delicate lamina, the fasciola cinerea, which is continuous below with the fascia dentata hippocampi. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Supracallosal_gyrus }
  • Added
    • + supracallosal gyrus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supracallosal_gyrus
    • + supracallosal gyrus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0152333
    • + supracallosal gyrus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/369231001
    • + supracallosal gyrus definition The supracallosal gyrus (indusium griseum; gyrus epicallosus) consists of a thin layer of grey matter in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and continuous laterally with the grey matter of the cingulate gyrus. It contains two longitudinally directed strands of fibers termed respectively the medial and lateral longitudinal striae. The supracallosal gyrus is prolonged around the splenium of the corpus callosum as a delicate lamina, the fasciola cinerea, which is continuous below with the fascia dentata hippocampi. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supracallosal_gyrus }

Changes for: medial lemniscus of midbrain

Changes for: superior medullary velum

Changes for: periamygdaloid area

Changes for: posterior parahippocampal gyrus

Changes for: anterior horn of lateral ventricle

Changes for: paralaminar part of medial dorsal nucleus

Changes for: body of lateral ventricle

Changes for: parvicellular part of medial dorsal nucleus

Changes for: gracile fasciculus of medulla

Changes for: posterior median eminence

Changes for: inferior nasal meatus

Changes for: circulatory organ

  • Deleted
    • - circulatory organ definition A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
  • Added
    • + circulatory organ definition A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: medial tarsal artery

Changes for: kidney arcuate artery

Changes for: peristaltic circulatory vessel

Changes for: digestive tract

  • Deleted
    • - digestive tract definition Tube extending from the mouth to the anus. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Human_gastrointestinal_tract , database cross reference=http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=2991587&group_id=36855 }
    • - digestive tract homology notes The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000309 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + digestive tract database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0017189
    • + digestive tract definition Tube extending from the mouth to the anus. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Human_gastrointestinal_tract , database cross reference=http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=2991587&group_id=36855 }
    • + digestive tract homology notes The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000309 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 }

Changes for: bulbar spiral septum

Changes for: skin of hip

Changes for: lower urinary tract

Changes for: upper respiratory tract

Changes for: lower respiratory tract

Changes for: popliteal vein

Changes for: popliteal lymph node

Changes for: inguinal lymph node

Changes for: medial plantar artery

Changes for: pineal complex

  • Deleted
    • - pineal complex definition A cluster in the epithalamus that consists of the pineal body and any associated structures, such as the parapineal gland or the parietal organ. The complex is poorly developed in mammals. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
  • Added
    • + pineal complex definition A cluster in the epithalamus that consists of the pineal body and any associated structures, such as the parapineal gland or the parietal organ. The complex is poorly developed in mammals. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: peroneal artery

Changes for: dorsal metatarsal vein

Changes for: small saphenous vein

Changes for: anterior tibial vein

Changes for: posterior tibial vein

Changes for: genioglossus muscle

  • Deleted
    • - genioglossus muscle database cross reference SCTID:244784007
    • - genioglossus muscle database cross reference Wikipedia:Genioglossus_muscle
    • - genioglossus muscle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Genioglossus.png/200px-Genioglossus.png
    • - genioglossus muscle definition Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. { database cross reference=VHOG:0000847 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Genioglossus_muscle }
    • - genioglossus muscle external definition Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000847 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/genioglossus }
    • - genioglossus muscle homology notes The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (…) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (…) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000847 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587, DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 Table 7 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + genioglossus muscle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genioglossus_muscle
    • + genioglossus muscle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0224194
    • + genioglossus muscle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244784007
    • + genioglossus muscle definition Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genioglossus_muscle , database cross reference=VHOG:0000847 }
    • + genioglossus muscle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Genioglossus.png/200px-Genioglossus.png
    • + genioglossus muscle external definition Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000847 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/genioglossus }
    • + genioglossus muscle homology notes The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (…) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (…) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000847 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587, DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 Table 7 }

Changes for: inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Changes for: septal olfactory organ

Changes for: styloglossus

Changes for: hyoglossus muscle

  • Deleted
    • - hyoglossus muscle database cross reference SCTID:244785008
    • - hyoglossus muscle database cross reference Wikipedia:Hyoglossus_muscle
    • - hyoglossus muscle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hyoglossus.png/200px-Hyoglossus.png
    • - hyoglossus muscle definition The Hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior. The hyoglossus depresses and retracts the tongue makes the dorsum more convex The fibers arising from the body of the hyoid bone overlap those from the greater cornu. It is important in singing. Structures passing medially to the hyoglossus muscle are the lingual vein and lingual artery. Laterally, in between the hyoglossus muscle and the mylohyoid muscle lay several important structures (from superior in inferior): submandibular gland, submandibular duct, lingual nerve, vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve. Note, posteriorly, the lingual nerve is superior to the submandibular duct and a portion of the submandibular salivary gland protrudes into the space between the hyoglossus and mylohyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hyoglossus_muscle }
    • - hyoglossus muscle has exact synonym hyoglossus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hyoglossus }
  • Added
    • + hyoglossus muscle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoglossus_muscle
    • + hyoglossus muscle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0224196
    • + hyoglossus muscle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244785008
    • + hyoglossus muscle definition The Hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior. The hyoglossus depresses and retracts the tongue makes the dorsum more convex The fibers arising from the body of the hyoid bone overlap those from the greater cornu. It is important in singing. Structures passing medially to the hyoglossus muscle are the lingual vein and lingual artery. Laterally, in between the hyoglossus muscle and the mylohyoid muscle lay several important structures (from superior in inferior): submandibular gland, submandibular duct, lingual nerve, vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve. Note, posteriorly, the lingual nerve is superior to the submandibular duct and a portion of the submandibular salivary gland protrudes into the space between the hyoglossus and mylohyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoglossus_muscle }
    • + hyoglossus muscle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hyoglossus.png/200px-Hyoglossus.png
    • + hyoglossus muscle has exact synonym hyoglossus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoglossus }

Changes for: lower part of vagina

Changes for: extrinsic muscle of tongue

  • Deleted
    • - extrinsic muscle of tongue database cross reference SCTID:244782006
    • - extrinsic muscle of tongue definition A muscle organ that attaches the tongue to some other structure. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscles_of_tongue , database cross reference=https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/331 }
    • - extrinsic muscle of tongue homology notes The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (…) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (…) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000825 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + extrinsic muscle of tongue database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244782006
    • + extrinsic muscle of tongue definition A muscle organ that attaches the tongue to some other structure. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscles_of_tongue , database cross reference=https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/331 }
    • + extrinsic muscle of tongue homology notes The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (…) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (…) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000825 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005) }

Changes for: palatoglossus muscle

Changes for: facial nerve muscle

Changes for: intrinsic muscle of tongue

  • Deleted
    • - intrinsic muscle of tongue database cross reference SCTID:244788005
    • - intrinsic muscle of tongue definition The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue and completely contained within the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII. { database cross reference=http://www.feedexp.org/wiki/Mammalian_Muscle_Ontology_Workshop }
    • - intrinsic muscle of tongue homology notes The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (…) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (…) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000748 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + intrinsic muscle of tongue database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244788005
    • + intrinsic muscle of tongue definition The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue and completely contained within the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII. { database cross reference=http://www.feedexp.org/wiki/Mammalian_Muscle_Ontology_Workshop }
    • + intrinsic muscle of tongue homology notes The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (…) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (…) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000748 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005) }

Changes for: bifurcation of trachea

Changes for: orbicularis oculi

  • Deleted
    • - orbicularis oculi database cross reference SCTID:244726006
    • - orbicularis oculi database cross reference Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oculi_muscle
    • - orbicularis oculi database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Gray379.png
    • - orbicularis oculi database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray379.png/200px-Gray379.png
    • - orbicularis oculi definition A circumorbital muscle in the face that closes the eyelid[HP]. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament. From this origin, the fibers are directed lateralward, forming a broad and thin layer, which occupies the eyelids or palpebræ, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads over the temple, and downward on the cheek. The palpebral portion of the muscle is thin and pale; it arises from the bifurcation of the medial palpebral ligament, forms a series of concentric curves, and is inserted into the lateral palpebral raphé. The orbital portion is thicker and of a reddish color; its fibers form a complete ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure; the upper fibers of this portion blend with the Frontalis and Corrugator. The lacrimal part (Tensor tarsi) is a small, thin muscle, about 6 mm. in breadth and 12 mm. in length, situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac. It arises from the posterior crest and adjacent part of the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, and passing behind the lacrimal sac, divides into two slips, upper and lower, which are inserted into the superior and inferior tarsi medial to the puncta lacrimalia; occasionally it is very indistinct. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oculi_muscle }
    • - orbicularis oculi has exact synonym orbicularis oculi muscle { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oculi_muscle }
    • - orbicularis oculi has related synonym musculus orbicularis oculi { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oculi_muscle , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - orbicularis oculi has related synonym tensor tarsi { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oculi_muscle }
  • Added
    • + orbicularis oculi database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oculi_muscle
    • + orbicularis oculi database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0224122
    • + orbicularis oculi database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244726006
    • + orbicularis oculi definition A circumorbital muscle in the face that closes the eyelid[HP]. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament. From this origin, the fibers are directed lateralward, forming a broad and thin layer, which occupies the eyelids or palpebræ, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads over the temple, and downward on the cheek. The palpebral portion of the muscle is thin and pale; it arises from the bifurcation of the medial palpebral ligament, forms a series of concentric curves, and is inserted into the lateral palpebral raphé. The orbital portion is thicker and of a reddish color; its fibers form a complete ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure; the upper fibers of this portion blend with the Frontalis and Corrugator. The lacrimal part (Tensor tarsi) is a small, thin muscle, about 6 mm. in breadth and 12 mm. in length, situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac. It arises from the posterior crest and adjacent part of the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, and passing behind the lacrimal sac, divides into two slips, upper and lower, which are inserted into the superior and inferior tarsi medial to the puncta lacrimalia; occasionally it is very indistinct. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oculi_muscle }
    • + orbicularis oculi depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Gray379.png
    • + orbicularis oculi depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray379.png/200px-Gray379.png
    • + orbicularis oculi has exact synonym orbicularis oculi muscle { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oculi_muscle }
    • + orbicularis oculi has related synonym musculus orbicularis oculi { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oculi_muscle , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + orbicularis oculi has related synonym tensor tarsi { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oculi_muscle }

Changes for: olfactory nerve

Changes for: digastric muscle

Changes for: subcostal artery

  • Deleted
    • - subcostal artery database cross reference SCTID:244243008
    • - subcostal artery database cross reference Wikipedia:Subcostal_artery
    • - subcostal artery definition The subcostal arteries, so named because they lie below the last ribs, constitute the lowest pair of branches derived from the thoracic aorta, and are in series with the intercostal arteries. Each passes along the lower border of the twelfth rib behind the kidney and in front of the Quadratus lumborum muscle, and is accompanied by the twelfth thoracic nerve. It then pierces the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis, and, passing forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus, anastomoses with the superior epigastric, lower intercostal, and lumbar arteries. Each subcostal artery gives off a posterior branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Subcostal_artery }
  • Added
    • + subcostal artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcostal_artery
    • + subcostal artery database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226293
    • + subcostal artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244243008
    • + subcostal artery definition The subcostal arteries, so named because they lie below the last ribs, constitute the lowest pair of branches derived from the thoracic aorta, and are in series with the intercostal arteries. Each passes along the lower border of the twelfth rib behind the kidney and in front of the Quadratus lumborum muscle, and is accompanied by the twelfth thoracic nerve. It then pierces the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis, and, passing forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus, anastomoses with the superior epigastric, lower intercostal, and lumbar arteries. Each subcostal artery gives off a posterior branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcostal_artery }

Changes for: cricothyroid muscle

Changes for: geniohyoid muscle

Changes for: mylohyoid muscle

Changes for: longus capitis muscle

Changes for: constrictor muscle of pharynx

Changes for: cheek

  • Deleted
    • - cheek database cross reference SCTID:182325008
    • - cheek database cross reference Wikipedia:Cheek
    • - cheek database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chica_cachetona.jpg/200px-Chica_cachetona.jpg
    • - cheek definition Cheeks constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear. It is fleshy in humans and other mammals, the skin being suspended by the chin and the jaws, and forming the lateral wall of the human mouth, visibly touching the cheekbone below the eye. In vertebrates, markings on the cheek area (malar stripes/spots/… ), particularly immediately beneath the eye, often serve as important distinguishing features between species or individuals. ‘Buccal’ means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve. The inside of the cheek (forming part of the mouth cavity) is lined with a mucous membrane. It is the most common location from which a DNA sample can be taken (during a cheek swab). The cheeks are covered externally by hairy skin, and internally by stratified squamous epithelium. This is mostly smooth, but may have aborally directed papillae . The mucosa is supplied with secretions from the Buccal glands, which are arranged in superior and inferior groups. In carnivores, the superior buccal gland is large and discrete: the Zygomatic gland. During mastication (chewing), the cheeks and tongue between them serve to keep the food between the teeth. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cheek }
    • - cheek has related synonym buccae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cheek , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - cheek has related synonym jowl { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cheek }
  • Added
    • + cheek database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheek
    • + cheek database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0007966
    • + cheek database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/182325008
    • + cheek definition Cheeks constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear. It is fleshy in humans and other mammals, the skin being suspended by the chin and the jaws, and forming the lateral wall of the human mouth, visibly touching the cheekbone below the eye. In vertebrates, markings on the cheek area (malar stripes/spots/… ), particularly immediately beneath the eye, often serve as important distinguishing features between species or individuals. ‘Buccal’ means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve. The inside of the cheek (forming part of the mouth cavity) is lined with a mucous membrane. It is the most common location from which a DNA sample can be taken (during a cheek swab). The cheeks are covered externally by hairy skin, and internally by stratified squamous epithelium. This is mostly smooth, but may have aborally directed papillae . The mucosa is supplied with secretions from the Buccal glands, which are arranged in superior and inferior groups. In carnivores, the superior buccal gland is large and discrete: the Zygomatic gland. During mastication (chewing), the cheeks and tongue between them serve to keep the food between the teeth. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheek }
    • + cheek depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chica_cachetona.jpg/200px-Chica_cachetona.jpg
    • + cheek has related synonym buccae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheek , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + cheek has related synonym jowl { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheek }

Changes for: muscle of larynx

Changes for: intrinsic auricular muscle

Changes for: continuous capillary

Changes for: masseter muscle

Changes for: temporalis muscle

Changes for: stapedius muscle

Changes for: bronchial vein

  • Deleted
    • - bronchial vein database cross reference SCTID:198293000
    • - bronchial vein database cross reference Wikipedia:Bronchial_veins
    • - bronchial vein definition The bronchial veins are small vessels that return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the roots of the lungs. The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein. The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries. The veins, however, do not return all of the blood supplied by the arteries; much of the blood that is carried in the bronchial arteries is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Bronchial_veins }
  • Added
    • + bronchial vein database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchial_veins
    • + bronchial vein database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226650
    • + bronchial vein database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/198293000
    • + bronchial vein definition The bronchial veins are small vessels that return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the roots of the lungs. The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein. The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries. The veins, however, do not return all of the blood supplied by the arteries; much of the blood that is carried in the bronchial arteries is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchial_veins }

Changes for: venous plexus

Changes for: azygos vein

Changes for: auricular muscle

Changes for: pericardiacophrenic vein

Changes for: thymic vein

Changes for: adductor hallucis muscle

Changes for: hypothenar muscle

Changes for: thenar muscle

Changes for: intrinsic muscle of manus

Changes for: embryoid body

Changes for: fibroelastic membrane of larynx

Changes for: subclavian vein

Changes for: vertebral vein

  • Deleted
    • - vertebral vein database cross reference SCTID:303961000
    • - vertebral vein database cross reference Wikipedia:Vertebral_vein
    • - vertebral vein database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Gray563.png
    • - vertebral vein database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gray563.png/200px-Gray563.png
    • - vertebral vein definition The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas. They unite with small veins from the deep muscles at the upper part of the back of the neck, and form a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process of the atlas, and descends, forming a dense plexus around the vertebral artery, in the canal formed by the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae. This plexus ends in a single trunk, which emerges from the foramen transversarium of the sixth cervical vertebra, and opens at the root of the neck into the back part of the innominate vein near its origin, its mouth being guarded by a pair of valves. On the right side, it crosses the first part of the subclavian artery. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vertebral_vein }
    • - vertebral vein has related synonym vena vertebralis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vertebral_vein , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + vertebral vein database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_vein
    • + vertebral vein database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226560
    • + vertebral vein database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/303961000
    • + vertebral vein definition The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas. They unite with small veins from the deep muscles at the upper part of the back of the neck, and form a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process of the atlas, and descends, forming a dense plexus around the vertebral artery, in the canal formed by the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae. This plexus ends in a single trunk, which emerges from the foramen transversarium of the sixth cervical vertebra, and opens at the root of the neck into the back part of the innominate vein near its origin, its mouth being guarded by a pair of valves. On the right side, it crosses the first part of the subclavian artery. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_vein }
    • + vertebral vein depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Gray563.png
    • + vertebral vein depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gray563.png/200px-Gray563.png
    • + vertebral vein has related synonym vena vertebralis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_vein , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: anterior vena cava

Changes for: internal jugular vein

Changes for: extrinsic auricular muscle

Changes for: left subclavian artery

  • Deleted
    • - left subclavian artery database cross reference SCTID:244245001
    • - left subclavian artery database cross reference Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery
    • - left subclavian artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png
    • - left subclavian artery definition In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery }
  • Added
    • + left subclavian artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclavian_artery
    • + left subclavian artery database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226262
    • + left subclavian artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244245001
    • + left subclavian artery definition In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclavian_artery }
    • + left subclavian artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png

Changes for: depressor labii inferioris

Changes for: buccinator muscle

Changes for: levator labii superioris

  • Deleted
    • - levator labii superioris database cross reference Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris
    • - levator labii superioris database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Levator_labii_superioris.png
    • - levator labii superioris database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Levator_labii_superioris.png/200px-Levator_labii_superioris.png
    • - levator labii superioris definition The levator labii superioris (or quadratus labii superioris) is a broad sheet, the origin of which extends from the side of the nose to the zygomatic bone. Its medial fibers form the angular head, which arises by a pointed extremity from the upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla and passing obliquely downward and lateralward divides into two slips. One of these is inserted into the greater alar cartilage and skin of the nose; the other is prolonged into the lateral part of the upper lip, blending with the infraorbital head and with the Orbicularis oris. The intermediate portion or infraorbital head arises from the lower margin of the orbit immediately above the infraorbital foramen, some of its fibers being attached to the maxilla, others to the zygomatic bone. Its fibers converge, to be inserted into the muscular substance of the upper lip between the angular head and the Caninus. The lateral fibers, forming the zygomatic head, arise from the malar surface of the zygomatic bone immediately behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture and pass downward and medialward to the upper lip. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris }
    • - levator labii superioris has related synonym musculus levator labii superioris { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + levator labii superioris database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_labii_superioris
    • + levator labii superioris database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1704248
    • + levator labii superioris definition The levator labii superioris (or quadratus labii superioris) is a broad sheet, the origin of which extends from the side of the nose to the zygomatic bone. Its medial fibers form the angular head, which arises by a pointed extremity from the upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla and passing obliquely downward and lateralward divides into two slips. One of these is inserted into the greater alar cartilage and skin of the nose; the other is prolonged into the lateral part of the upper lip, blending with the infraorbital head and with the Orbicularis oris. The intermediate portion or infraorbital head arises from the lower margin of the orbit immediately above the infraorbital foramen, some of its fibers being attached to the maxilla, others to the zygomatic bone. Its fibers converge, to be inserted into the muscular substance of the upper lip between the angular head and the Caninus. The lateral fibers, forming the zygomatic head, arise from the malar surface of the zygomatic bone immediately behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture and pass downward and medialward to the upper lip. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_labii_superioris }
    • + levator labii superioris depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Levator_labii_superioris.png
    • + levator labii superioris depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Levator_labii_superioris.png/200px-Levator_labii_superioris.png
    • + levator labii superioris has related synonym musculus levator labii superioris { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_labii_superioris , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: vertebral endplate

Changes for: aryepiglottic fold

Changes for: whorl of hair

Changes for: flexor digitorum brevis muscle

Changes for: internal thoracic vein

Changes for: esophagus muscle

Changes for: lymph heart

Changes for: respiratory muscle

Changes for: lateral process of malleus

Changes for: palmar/plantar sweat gland

Changes for: forelimb joint

Changes for: muscle layer of ileum

Changes for: sweat of axilla

Changes for: sweat of palm

Changes for: prostate bud

Changes for: lateral structure

Changes for: metapodium bone

Changes for: median arcuate ligament

Changes for: nasal meatus

Changes for: thoracic segment bone

Changes for: middle nasal meatus

  • Deleted
    • - middle nasal meatus database cross reference SCTID:361925009
    • - middle nasal meatus database cross reference Wikipedia:Middle_nasal_meatus
    • - middle nasal meatus definition The middle meatus is a nasal opening or canal situated between the middle and inferior conchae, and extends from the anterior to the posterior end of the latter. The lateral wall of this meatus can be satisfactorily studied only after the removal of the middle concha. On it is a curved fissure, the hiatus semilunaris, limited below by the edge of the uncinate process of the ethmoid and above by an elevation named the bulla ethmoidalis; the middle ethmoidal cells are contained within this bulla and open on or near to it. Through the hiatus semilunaris the meatus communicates with a curved passage termed the infundibulum, which communicates in front with the anterior ethmoidal cells and in rather more than fifty percent of skulls is continued upward as the frontonasal duct into the frontal air-sinus; when this continuity fails, the frontonasal duct opens directly into the anterior part of the meatus. Below the bulla ethmoidalis and hidden by the uncinate process of the ethmoid is the opening of the maxillary sinus (ostium maxillare); an accessory opening is frequently present above the posterior part of the inferior nasal concha. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Middle_nasal_meatus }
    • - middle nasal meatus has related synonym middle meatus of the nose { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Middle_nasal_meatus }
    • - middle nasal meatus has related synonym middle meatus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Middle_nasal_meatus }
  • Added
    • + middle nasal meatus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_nasal_meatus
    • + middle nasal meatus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361925009
    • + middle nasal meatus definition The middle meatus is a nasal opening or canal situated between the middle and inferior conchae, and extends from the anterior to the posterior end of the latter. The lateral wall of this meatus can be satisfactorily studied only after the removal of the middle concha. On it is a curved fissure, the hiatus semilunaris, limited below by the edge of the uncinate process of the ethmoid and above by an elevation named the bulla ethmoidalis; the middle ethmoidal cells are contained within this bulla and open on or near to it. Through the hiatus semilunaris the meatus communicates with a curved passage termed the infundibulum, which communicates in front with the anterior ethmoidal cells and in rather more than fifty percent of skulls is continued upward as the frontonasal duct into the frontal air-sinus; when this continuity fails, the frontonasal duct opens directly into the anterior part of the meatus. Below the bulla ethmoidalis and hidden by the uncinate process of the ethmoid is the opening of the maxillary sinus (ostium maxillare); an accessory opening is frequently present above the posterior part of the inferior nasal concha. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_nasal_meatus }
    • + middle nasal meatus has related synonym middle meatus of the nose { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_nasal_meatus }
    • + middle nasal meatus has related synonym middle meatus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_nasal_meatus }

Changes for: upper leg bone

Changes for: hindlimb zeugopod

Changes for: forelimb stylopod

Changes for: nerve of thoracic segment

Changes for: mouth mucosa

Changes for: dorsal part of pharyngeal pouch 3

Changes for: intercostal nerve

  • Deleted
    • - intercostal nerve database cross reference SCTID:279568001
    • - intercostal nerve database cross reference Wikipedia:Intercostal_nerves
    • - intercostal nerve database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gray819.png
    • - intercostal nerve database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gray819.png/200px-Gray819.png
    • - intercostal nerve definition The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions (rami anteriores; ventral divisions) of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior divisions of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation. The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the parietes of the thorax; the lower five supply the parietes of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus. The twelfth thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Intercostal_nerves }
    • - intercostal nerve has related synonym nervi intercostales { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Intercostal_nerves , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + intercostal nerve database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal_nerves
    • + intercostal nerve database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1285089
    • + intercostal nerve database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279568001
    • + intercostal nerve definition The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions (rami anteriores; ventral divisions) of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior divisions of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation. The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the parietes of the thorax; the lower five supply the parietes of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus. The twelfth thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal_nerves }
    • + intercostal nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gray819.png
    • + intercostal nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gray819.png/200px-Gray819.png
    • + intercostal nerve has related synonym nervi intercostales { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal_nerves , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: mediastinum

  • Deleted
    • - mediastinum database cross reference SCTID:181217005
    • - mediastinum database cross reference Wikipedia:Mediastinum
    • - mediastinum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Mediastinum.png
    • - mediastinum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mediastinum.png/200px-Mediastinum.png
    • - mediastinum definition The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest. The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleura in and near the median sagittal plane of the chest. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts:an upper portion, above the upper level of the pericardium, which is named the superior mediastinum with its superior limit at the superior thoracic opening and its inferior limit at the plane from the sternal angle to the disc of T4-T5 (Plane of Ludwig at Angle of Louis); and a lower portion, below the upper level of the pericardium. This lower portion is again subdivided into three parts, viz. that in front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum; that containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum; and that behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinum. It is surrounded by the chest wall anteriorly, the lungs laterally and the spine posteriorly. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck, and extends inferiorly onto the diaphragm. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Mediastinum }
  • Added
    • + mediastinum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediastinum
    • + mediastinum database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0025066
    • + mediastinum database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181217005
    • + mediastinum definition The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest. The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleura in and near the median sagittal plane of the chest. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts:an upper portion, above the upper level of the pericardium, which is named the superior mediastinum with its superior limit at the superior thoracic opening and its inferior limit at the plane from the sternal angle to the disc of T4-T5 (Plane of Ludwig at Angle of Louis); and a lower portion, below the upper level of the pericardium. This lower portion is again subdivided into three parts, viz. that in front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum; that containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum; and that behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinum. It is surrounded by the chest wall anteriorly, the lungs laterally and the spine posteriorly. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck, and extends inferiorly onto the diaphragm. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediastinum }
    • + mediastinum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Mediastinum.png
    • + mediastinum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mediastinum.png/200px-Mediastinum.png

Changes for: cervical plexus

Changes for: tubotympanic recess epithelium

Changes for: thoracic nerve

Changes for: vestibular nerve

Changes for: musculocutaneous nerve

Changes for: buccal fat pad

  • Deleted
    • - buccal fat pad database cross reference SCTID:25930004
    • - buccal fat pad database cross reference Wikipedia:Buccal_fat_pad
    • - buccal fat pad definition The Buccal fat pad is one of several encapsulated fat masses in the cheek. It is a deep fat pad located on either side of the face between the buccinator muscle and several more superficial muscles. It should not be confused with the malar fat pad, which is directly below the skin of the cheek. It should also not be confused with jowl fat pads. It is implicated in the formation of hollow cheeks and the nasolabial fold, but not in the formation of jowls. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Buccal_fat_pad }
  • Added
    • + buccal fat pad database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccal_fat_pad
    • + buccal fat pad database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/25930004
    • + buccal fat pad definition The Buccal fat pad is one of several encapsulated fat masses in the cheek. It is a deep fat pad located on either side of the face between the buccinator muscle and several more superficial muscles. It should not be confused with the malar fat pad, which is directly below the skin of the cheek. It should also not be confused with jowl fat pads. It is implicated in the formation of hollow cheeks and the nasolabial fold, but not in the formation of jowls. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccal_fat_pad }

Changes for: umbilical cord blood

Changes for: root of sacral nerve

Changes for: parachordal cartilage

Changes for: prechordal cartilage

Changes for: body of sphenoid

Changes for: middle cranial fossa

  • Deleted
    • - middle cranial fossa database cross reference Wikipedia:Middle_cranial_fossa
    • - middle cranial fossa database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray193.png
    • - middle cranial fossa definition The compartment containing the anterior extremities and half the inferior surface of the temporal lobes (TEMPORAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. Lying posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, ANTERIOR), it is formed by part of the TEMPORAL BONE and SPHENOID BONE. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) by crests formed by the superior borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones[MESH]. The middle fossa, deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest. It is bounded in front by the posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior clinoid processes, and the ridge forming the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove; behind, by the superior angles of the petrous portions of the temporal bones and the dorsum sellC&; laterally by the temporal squamC&, sphenoidal angles of the parietals, and greater wings of the sphenoid. It is traversed by the squamosal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and sphenopetrosal sutures[WP]. { database cross reference=MESH:A01.456.830.165 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Middle_cranial_fossa }
    • - middle cranial fossa has broad synonym middle fossa { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Middle_cranial_fossa }
    • - middle cranial fossa has related synonym fossa cranii media { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Middle_cranial_fossa , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + middle cranial fossa database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cranial_fossa
    • + middle cranial fossa database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0230045
    • + middle cranial fossa definition The compartment containing the anterior extremities and half the inferior surface of the temporal lobes (TEMPORAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. Lying posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, ANTERIOR), it is formed by part of the TEMPORAL BONE and SPHENOID BONE. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) by crests formed by the superior borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones[MESH]. The middle fossa, deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest. It is bounded in front by the posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior clinoid processes, and the ridge forming the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove; behind, by the superior angles of the petrous portions of the temporal bones and the dorsum sellC&; laterally by the temporal squamC&, sphenoidal angles of the parietals, and greater wings of the sphenoid. It is traversed by the squamosal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and sphenopetrosal sutures[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cranial_fossa , database cross reference=MESH:A01.456.830.165 }
    • + middle cranial fossa depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray193.png
    • + middle cranial fossa has broad synonym middle fossa { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cranial_fossa }
    • + middle cranial fossa has related synonym fossa cranii media { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cranial_fossa , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: lingual nerve

Changes for: anterior cranial fossa

Changes for: root of lumbar spinal nerve

Changes for: root of cervical nerve

Changes for: ventral part of pharyngeal pouch 3

Changes for: collection of basal ganglia

Changes for: skeleton of manual digitopodium

Changes for: epigonal organ

  • Deleted
    • - epigonal organ definition An elongate paired tissue ventral to the kidneys and partialy enveloping the anterior gonads in Elasmobranchii. Apparently important to the immune system { database cross reference=http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=epigonal+organ }
  • Added
    • + epigonal organ definition An elongate paired tissue ventral to the kidneys and partialy enveloping the anterior gonads in Elasmobranchii. Apparently important to the immune system { database cross reference=http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=epigonal+organ }

Changes for: basal nucleus of telencephalon

Changes for: skeleton of pedal digitopodium

Changes for: lumbar nerve

Changes for: sacral nerve

Changes for: spinal nerve root

Changes for: coccygeal nerve

Changes for: spiracle

Changes for: spiral valve of intestine

Changes for: spiral valve of conus arteriosus

Changes for: spiral valve of cystic duct

Changes for: levator palpebrae superioris

Changes for: ciliary muscle

Changes for: muscle of iris

Changes for: stomach non-glandular epithelium

Changes for: sphincter pupillae

Changes for: head or neck skin

Changes for: tensor tympani

Changes for: entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme

Changes for: tonsil crypt

Changes for: extra-ocular muscle

Changes for: oral gland

Changes for: medial rectus extraocular muscle

Changes for: lateral rectus extra-ocular muscle

Changes for: obsolete tunica vasculosa plexus

Changes for: ovary growing follicle

Changes for: frontal artery

Changes for: dilatator pupillae

Changes for: isthmus of thyroid gland

Changes for: spermatic artery

Changes for: auricular artery

Changes for: labial artery

Changes for: pancreaticoduodenal artery

Changes for: nephron tubule basement membrane

Changes for: bronchus basement membrane

Changes for: trachea basement membrane

Changes for: supralabial gland

Changes for: alveolar artery

Changes for: Duvernoy’s gland

Changes for: cortical arch of kidney

Changes for: mental artery

Changes for: buccal artery

Changes for: transverse facial artery

Changes for: maxillary artery

Changes for: anterior part of tongue

Changes for: occipital artery

Changes for: posterior part of tongue

Changes for: stomach primordium

Changes for: superficial temporal artery

Changes for: copula linguae

Changes for: middle suprarenal artery

Changes for: sublingual artery

Changes for: facial artery

Changes for: anterior tegmental nucleus

Changes for: comb

  • Deleted
    • - comb database cross reference SCTID:3643003
    • - comb definition a vascular, red cutaneous structure attached in a sagittal plane to the dorsum of the skull of domestic fowl. It consists of a base attached to the skull, a central mass called the body, a backward projecting blade and upward projecting points { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pea+comb }
  • Added
    • + comb database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/3643003
    • + comb definition a vascular, red cutaneous structure attached in a sagittal plane to the dorsum of the skull of domestic fowl. It consists of a base attached to the skull, a central mass called the body, a backward projecting blade and upward projecting points { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pea+comb }

Changes for: obsolete geniculate nucleus

Changes for: ophthalmic artery

Changes for: eyelid subcutaneous connective tissue

Changes for: lumbar sympathetic nerve trunk

Changes for: tympanic membrane epithelium

Changes for: ampullary gland

Changes for: lingual artery

Changes for: fundic gastric gland

Changes for: central tegmental tract

  • Deleted
    • - central tegmental tract database cross reference SCTID:369034000
    • - central tegmental tract database cross reference Wikipedia:Central_tegmental_tract
    • - central tegmental tract database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Midbrainsuperiorcolliculus.png
    • - central tegmental tract external definition The central tegmental tract is a structure in the midbrain and pons. The central tegmental tract includes ascending axonal fibers which arise from the rostral nucleus solitarius and terminate in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of thalamus. Information from the thalamus will go to cortical taste area, namely the insula and frontal operculum. It also contains descending axonal fibers from the parvocellular red nucleus. The descending axons will project to the inferior olivary nucleus. This latter pathway will be used to connect the contralateral cerebellum[Wikipedia:Central_tegmental_tract]. { source=Wikipedia:Central_tegmental_tract }
  • Added
    • + central tegmental tract database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract
    • + central tegmental tract database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/369034000
    • + central tegmental tract depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Midbrainsuperiorcolliculus.png
    • + central tegmental tract external definition The central tegmental tract is a structure in the midbrain and pons. The central tegmental tract includes ascending axonal fibers which arise from the rostral nucleus solitarius and terminate in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of thalamus. Information from the thalamus will go to cortical taste area, namely the insula and frontal operculum. It also contains descending axonal fibers from the parvocellular red nucleus. The descending axons will project to the inferior olivary nucleus. This latter pathway will be used to connect the contralateral cerebellum[Wikipedia:Central_tegmental_tract]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract }

Changes for: food storage organ

Changes for: ansa lenticularis

Changes for: pharyngeal opening of pharyngotympanic tube

Changes for: dorsal nasal artery

Changes for: outer epithelial layer of tympanic membrane

Changes for: lacrimal artery

Changes for: right coronary artery

Changes for: anterior cerebral artery

Changes for: tympanic plate

Changes for: middle cerebral artery

Changes for: left coronary artery

Changes for: carotid body

Changes for: posterior communicating artery

Changes for: pharyngotympanic tube epithelium

Changes for: interalveolar septum

Changes for: central retinal artery

Changes for: alveolar wall

Changes for: coronary artery

Changes for: infralabial gland

Changes for: posterior intercostal vein

  • Deleted
    • - posterior intercostal vein database cross reference SCTID:89209000
    • - posterior intercostal vein database cross reference Wikipedia:Posterior_intercostal_veins
    • - posterior intercostal vein definition The posterior intercostal veins are veins that drain the intercostal spaces posteriorly. They run with their corresponding posterior intercostal artery on the underside of the rib, the vein superior to the artery. Each vein also gives off a dorsal branch that drains blood from the muscles of the back. There are eleven posterior intercostal veins on each side. Their patterns are variable, but they are commonly arranged as: The 1st posterior intercostal vein, supreme intercostal vein, drains into the brachiocephalic vein or the vertebral vein. The 2nd and 3rd (and often 4th) posterior intercostal veins drain into the superior intercostal vein. The remaining posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygos vein on the right, or the hemiazygos vein on the left. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Posterior_intercostal_veins }
  • Added
    • + posterior intercostal vein database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_intercostal_veins
    • + posterior intercostal vein database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/89209000
    • + posterior intercostal vein definition The posterior intercostal veins are veins that drain the intercostal spaces posteriorly. They run with their corresponding posterior intercostal artery on the underside of the rib, the vein superior to the artery. Each vein also gives off a dorsal branch that drains blood from the muscles of the back. There are eleven posterior intercostal veins on each side. Their patterns are variable, but they are commonly arranged as: The 1st posterior intercostal vein, supreme intercostal vein, drains into the brachiocephalic vein or the vertebral vein. The 2nd and 3rd (and often 4th) posterior intercostal veins drain into the superior intercostal vein. The remaining posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygos vein on the right, or the hemiazygos vein on the left. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_intercostal_veins }

Changes for: intercostal space

Changes for: intercostal vein

Changes for: right superior intercostal vein

Changes for: posterior cerebral artery

Changes for: left superior intercostal vein

Changes for: superior cerebellar artery

Changes for: superior intercostal vein

Changes for: mesencephalic artery

Changes for: phrenic vein

Changes for: basilar artery

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + basilar artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilar_artery
    • + basilar artery database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0004811
    • + basilar artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244215004
    • + basilar artery definition In human anatomy, the basilar artery is one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilar_artery }
    • + basilar artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg
    • + basilar artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg/200px-Circle_of_Willis_en.svg.png
    • + basilar artery homology notes The major artery supplying the hindbrain, the basilar artery, runs along the ventral keel of the hindbrain in all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000237 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1242/dev.058776 Fujita M, Cha YR, Pham VN, Sakurai A, Roman BL, Gutkind JS, Weinstein BM, Assembly and patterning of the vascular network of the vertebrate hindbrain. Development (2011) }

Changes for: hypopharyngeal eminence

Changes for: mucosa of dorsum of tongue

Changes for: hepatic portal vein

  • Deleted
    • - hepatic portal vein database cross reference Wikipedia:Hepatic_portal_vein
    • - hepatic portal vein database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png
    • - hepatic portal vein database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png
    • - hepatic portal vein definition A portal vein that transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver[Kardong]. A vein in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen. It is usually formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins, and also receives blood from the inferior mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein is a major component of the hepatic portal system, one of the main portal venous systems in the body. Conditions involving the hepatic portal vein cause considerable illness and death. An important example of such a condition is elevated blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein. This condition, called portal hypertension, is a major complication of cirrhosis worldwide. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=ISBN10:0073040584 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hepatic_portal_vein , database cross reference=http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3091300&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 }
    • - hepatic portal vein has related synonym vena portae hepatis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hepatic_portal_vein , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - hepatic portal vein homology notes Adults of all vertebrates lose the vitelline veins and establish a single large hepatic portal vein (…) by the selective retention of parts of the left and right subintestinals and of several anastomoses that occur between them within and just posterior to the liver.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000642 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.265 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + hepatic portal vein database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_vein
    • + hepatic portal vein definition A portal vein that transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver[Kardong]. A vein in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen. It is usually formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins, and also receives blood from the inferior mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein is a major component of the hepatic portal system, one of the main portal venous systems in the body. Conditions involving the hepatic portal vein cause considerable illness and death. An important example of such a condition is elevated blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein. This condition, called portal hypertension, is a major complication of cirrhosis worldwide. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_vein , database cross reference=http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3091300&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 , database cross reference=ISBN10:0073040584 }
    • + hepatic portal vein depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png
    • + hepatic portal vein depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png
    • + hepatic portal vein has related synonym vena portae hepatis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_vein , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + hepatic portal vein homology notes Adults of all vertebrates lose the vitelline veins and establish a single large hepatic portal vein (…) by the selective retention of parts of the left and right subintestinals and of several anastomoses that occur between them within and just posterior to the liver.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000642 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.265 }

Changes for: vein

Changes for: artery

  • Deleted
    • - artery database cross reference SCTID:362877004
    • - artery homology notes The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001251 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + artery database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0003842
    • + artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362877004
    • + artery homology notes The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001251 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) }

Changes for: thoracic duct

Changes for: temporal artery

Changes for: muscle organ

  • Deleted
    • - muscle organ database cross reference SCTID:71616004
    • - muscle organ homology notes It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001245 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.75 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + muscle organ database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/71616004
    • + muscle organ homology notes It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001245 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.75 }

Changes for: glossopharyngeal nerve

Changes for: vestibulocochlear nerve

Changes for: trigeminal nerve

Changes for: trochlear nerve

Changes for: facial nerve

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + facial nerve database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_nerve
    • + facial nerve database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0015462
    • + facial nerve database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362460007
    • + facial nerve definition Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_nerve , database cross reference=ISBN:0471209627 }
    • + facial nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Cranial_nerve_VII.svg
    • + facial nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cranial_nerve_VII.svg/200px-Cranial_nerve_VII.svg.png
    • + facial nerve has related synonym nervus facialis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_nerve , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + facial nerve homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (…) (5) cranial nerves (…) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000706 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 }

Changes for: abducens nerve

Changes for: celiac artery

Changes for: transverse sinus

  • Deleted
    • - transverse sinus database cross reference SCTID:279262004
    • - transverse sinus database cross reference Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses
    • - transverse sinus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray488_blue.gif/200px-Gray488_blue.gif
    • - transverse sinus definition The transverse sinuses (left and right lateral sinuses), within a human head, are two areas beneath the brain, which allow blood veins to span the area, from the back of the head towards the nose. They drain from the straight sinus and superior sagittal sinus (along the top and back of the brain) to the sigmoid sinuses (at the center of the head), at the internal jugular vein. See diagram (at right): labeled under the brain as ‘’ . The transverse sinuses are of large size and begin at the internal occipital protuberance; one, generally the right, being the direct continuation of the superior sagittal sinus, the other of the straight sinus. Each transverse sinus passes lateralward and forward, describing a slight curve with its convexity upward, to the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and lies, in this part of its course, in the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli; it then leaves the tentorium and curves downward and medialward to reach the jugular foramen, where it ends in the internal jugular vein. In its course it rests upon the squama of the occipital, the mastoid angle of the parietal, the mastoid part of the temporal, and, just before its termination, the jugular process of the occipital; the portion which occupies the groove on the mastoid part of the temporal is sometimes termed the sigmoid sinus. The transverse sinuses are frequently of unequal size, with the one formed by the superior sagittal sinus being the larger; they increase in size as they proceed, from back to center. On transverse section, the horizontal portion exhibits a prismatic form, the curved portion has a semicylindrical form. They receive the blood from the superior petrosal sinuses at the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; they communicate with the veins of the pericranium by means of the mastoid and condyloid emissary veins; and they receive some of the inferior cerebral and inferior cerebellar veins, and some veins from the diploë. The petrosquamous sinus, when present, runs backward along the junction of the squama and petrous portion of the temporal, and opens into the transverse sinus. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses }
    • - transverse sinus has exact synonym sinus transversus durae matris { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - transverse sinus has related synonym groove for right and left transverse sinuses { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses }
    • - transverse sinus has related synonym sinus transversus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses }
    • - transverse sinus has related synonym transverse sinus vein { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses }
    • - transverse sinus has related synonym transverse sinus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses }
  • Added
    • + transverse sinus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_sinuses
    • + transverse sinus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279262004
    • + transverse sinus definition The transverse sinuses (left and right lateral sinuses), within a human head, are two areas beneath the brain, which allow blood veins to span the area, from the back of the head towards the nose. They drain from the straight sinus and superior sagittal sinus (along the top and back of the brain) to the sigmoid sinuses (at the center of the head), at the internal jugular vein. See diagram (at right): labeled under the brain as ‘’ . The transverse sinuses are of large size and begin at the internal occipital protuberance; one, generally the right, being the direct continuation of the superior sagittal sinus, the other of the straight sinus. Each transverse sinus passes lateralward and forward, describing a slight curve with its convexity upward, to the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and lies, in this part of its course, in the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli; it then leaves the tentorium and curves downward and medialward to reach the jugular foramen, where it ends in the internal jugular vein. In its course it rests upon the squama of the occipital, the mastoid angle of the parietal, the mastoid part of the temporal, and, just before its termination, the jugular process of the occipital; the portion which occupies the groove on the mastoid part of the temporal is sometimes termed the sigmoid sinus. The transverse sinuses are frequently of unequal size, with the one formed by the superior sagittal sinus being the larger; they increase in size as they proceed, from back to center. On transverse section, the horizontal portion exhibits a prismatic form, the curved portion has a semicylindrical form. They receive the blood from the superior petrosal sinuses at the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; they communicate with the veins of the pericranium by means of the mastoid and condyloid emissary veins; and they receive some of the inferior cerebral and inferior cerebellar veins, and some veins from the diploë. The petrosquamous sinus, when present, runs backward along the junction of the squama and petrous portion of the temporal, and opens into the transverse sinus. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_sinuses }
    • + transverse sinus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray488_blue.gif/200px-Gray488_blue.gif
    • + transverse sinus has exact synonym sinus transversus durae matris { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_sinuses , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + transverse sinus has related synonym groove for right and left transverse sinuses { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_sinuses }
    • + transverse sinus has related synonym sinus transversus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_sinuses }
    • + transverse sinus has related synonym transverse sinus vein { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_sinuses }
    • + transverse sinus has related synonym transverse sinus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_sinuses }

Changes for: superior sagittal sinus

Changes for: oculomotor nerve

Changes for: presumptive midbrain

Changes for: midbrain hindbrain boundary neural plate

Changes for: head paraxial mesoderm

Changes for: intermediate layer of tympanic membrane

Changes for: transverse facial vein

Changes for: sacral neural crest

  • Deleted
    • - sacral neural crest definition One of the 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest. The vagal and sacral neural crest cells develop into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system, also known as the parasympathetic ganglia. { database cross reference=XB:curator , database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10065/ }
  • Added
    • + sacral neural crest definition One of the 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest. The vagal and sacral neural crest cells develop into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system, also known as the parasympathetic ganglia. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10065/ , database cross reference=XB:curator }

Changes for: middle temporal vein

Changes for: optic choroid vascular plexus

Changes for: superficial temporal vein

Changes for: cuboidal epithelium

Changes for: retromandibular vein

Changes for: submental vein

Changes for: facial vein

Changes for: supra-orbital vein

  • Deleted
    • - supra-orbital vein database cross reference SCTID:152006005
    • - supra-orbital vein database cross reference Wikipedia:Supra-orbital_vein
    • - supra-orbital vein database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png
    • - supra-orbital vein definition The supraorbital vein begins on the forehead where it communicates with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal vein. It runs downward superficial to the Frontalis muscle, and joins the frontal vein at the medial angle of the orbit to form the angular vein. Previous to its junction with the frontal vein, it sends through the supraorbital notch into the orbit a branch which communicates with the ophthalmic vein; as this vessel passes through the notch, it receives the frontal diploic vein through a foramen at the bottom of the notch. The areas drained by this vessel are the forehead, eyebrow and upper eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Supra-orbital_vein }
  • Added
    • + supra-orbital vein database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supra-orbital_vein
    • + supra-orbital vein database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226535
    • + supra-orbital vein database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/152006005
    • + supra-orbital vein definition The supraorbital vein begins on the forehead where it communicates with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal vein. It runs downward superficial to the Frontalis muscle, and joins the frontal vein at the medial angle of the orbit to form the angular vein. Previous to its junction with the frontal vein, it sends through the supraorbital notch into the orbit a branch which communicates with the ophthalmic vein; as this vessel passes through the notch, it receives the frontal diploic vein through a foramen at the bottom of the notch. The areas drained by this vessel are the forehead, eyebrow and upper eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supra-orbital_vein }
    • + supra-orbital vein depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png

Changes for: right pulmonary artery

Changes for: left pulmonary artery

Changes for: hypoglossal nerve

Changes for: cardiovascular system endothelium

Changes for: aorta endothelium

Changes for: cingulate sulcus

Changes for: premammillary nucleus

Changes for: nucleus of posterior commissure

Changes for: rubrospinal tract

Changes for: circular sulcus of insula

Changes for: eye gland

  • Deleted
    • - eye gland definition A gland that is part of a eye. The eye is a compound unit which depending on the species may consist of an eyeballs plus associated ducts and integumentary structures. Eye glands therefore include the various types of lacrimal gland, the various types of apocrine and sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
    • - eye gland has exact synonym eye-associated gland { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
  • Added
    • + eye gland definition A gland that is part of a eye. The eye is a compound unit which depending on the species may consist of an eyeballs plus associated ducts and integumentary structures. Eye glands therefore include the various types of lacrimal gland, the various types of apocrine and sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + eye gland has exact synonym eye-associated gland { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: collateral sulcus

Changes for: cellular cartilage

Changes for: spinal trigeminal tract of medulla

Changes for: solitary tract

Changes for: rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus

Changes for: spino-olivary tract

Changes for: thoracic sympathetic nerve trunk

Changes for: actinopterygian parietal bone

  • Deleted
    • - actinopterygian parietal bone homology notes The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (…) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms ‘frontal’ and ‘parietal’ bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001327 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-3899370805 Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + actinopterygian parietal bone homology notes The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (…) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms ‘frontal’ and ‘parietal’ bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001327 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-3899370805 Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48 }

Changes for: mammillary peduncle

Changes for: lateral sulcus

Changes for: right lung alveolus

Changes for: left lung alveolus

Changes for: limen of insula

Changes for: mammillary princeps fasciculus

Changes for: trochlear nucleus

Changes for: tapetum lucidum of camera-type eye

  • Deleted
    • - tapetum lucidum of camera-type eye database cross reference Wikipedia:Tapetum_lucidum
    • - tapetum lucidum of camera-type eye database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/TapetumLucidum.JPG
    • - tapetum lucidum of camera-type eye definition a layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrate animals, that lies immediately behind or sometimes within the retina. It reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors { database cross reference=PMID:14738502 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Tapetum_lucidum }
    • - tapetum lucidum of camera-type eye external definition The tapetum lucidum is a biologic reflector system that is a common feature in the eyes of vertebrates. Typically absent in diurnal animals. In vertebrates, the tapetum lucidum exhibits diverse structure, organization and composition. The tapetum lucidum represents a remarkable example of neural cell and tissue specialization as an adaptation to a dim light environment and, despite these differences, all tapetal variants act to increase retinal sensitivity by reflecting light back through the photoreceptor layer. These variations regarding both its location and structure, as well as the choice of reflective material, may represent selective visual adaptations associated with their feeding behavior, in response to the use of specific wavelengths and amount of reflectance required.[PMID:14738502]. { source=PMID:14738502 }
    • - tapetum lucidum of camera-type eye taxon notes Two morphologic types of tapetum lucidum can be observed in the eyes of fish: one in the choroid that occurs in elasmobranchs, and the other which occurs in teleosts and lies in the pigment epithelium of the retina { source=PMID:14738502 }
  • Added
    • + tapetum lucidum of camera-type eye database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum
    • + tapetum lucidum of camera-type eye definition a layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrate animals, that lies immediately behind or sometimes within the retina. It reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum , database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14738502 }
    • + tapetum lucidum of camera-type eye depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/TapetumLucidum.JPG
    • + tapetum lucidum of camera-type eye external definition The tapetum lucidum is a biologic reflector system that is a common feature in the eyes of vertebrates. Typically absent in diurnal animals. In vertebrates, the tapetum lucidum exhibits diverse structure, organization and composition. The tapetum lucidum represents a remarkable example of neural cell and tissue specialization as an adaptation to a dim light environment and, despite these differences, all tapetal variants act to increase retinal sensitivity by reflecting light back through the photoreceptor layer. These variations regarding both its location and structure, as well as the choice of reflective material, may represent selective visual adaptations associated with their feeding behavior, in response to the use of specific wavelengths and amount of reflectance required.[PMID:14738502]. { source=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14738502 }
    • + tapetum lucidum of camera-type eye taxon notes Two morphologic types of tapetum lucidum can be observed in the eyes of fish: one in the choroid that occurs in elasmobranchs, and the other which occurs in teleosts and lies in the pigment epithelium of the retina { source=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14738502 }

Changes for: claustral amygdaloid area

Changes for: orbital cavity

Changes for: entorhinal area

Changes for: medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus

Changes for: parietal organ

  • Deleted
    • - parietal organ database cross reference Wikipedia:Parietal_eye
    • - parietal organ definition A part of the epithalamus present in some animal species. The eye may be photoreceptive and is usually associated with the pineal gland, regulating circadian rhythmicity and hormone production for thermoregulation. The parietal eye is a part of the epithalamus, which can be divided into two major parts; the epiphysis (the pineal organ, or pineal gland if mostly endocrine) and the parietal organ (often called the parietal eye, or third eye if it is photoreceptive). It arises as an anterior evagination of the pineal organ or as a separate outgrowth of the roof of the diencephalon. In some species, it protrudes through the skull.[4] The parietal eye uses a different biochemical method of detecting light than rod cells or cone cells in a normal vertebrate eye[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Parietal_eye }
    • - parietal organ has exact synonym parietal eye { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Parietal_eye }
    • - parietal organ has related synonym third eye { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Parietal_eye }
  • Added
    • + parietal organ database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_eye
    • + parietal organ definition A part of the epithalamus present in some animal species. The eye may be photoreceptive and is usually associated with the pineal gland, regulating circadian rhythmicity and hormone production for thermoregulation. The parietal eye is a part of the epithalamus, which can be divided into two major parts; the epiphysis (the pineal organ, or pineal gland if mostly endocrine) and the parietal organ (often called the parietal eye, or third eye if it is photoreceptive). It arises as an anterior evagination of the pineal organ or as a separate outgrowth of the roof of the diencephalon. In some species, it protrudes through the skull.[4] The parietal eye uses a different biochemical method of detecting light than rod cells or cone cells in a normal vertebrate eye[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_eye }
    • + parietal organ has exact synonym parietal eye { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_eye }
    • + parietal organ has related synonym third eye { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_eye }

Changes for: cervical spinal cord

Changes for: postorbital bar

Changes for: baleen plate bristle

Changes for: baleen plate

Changes for: zygomatic process of frontal bone

Changes for: splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

Changes for: splanchnopleure

Changes for: superficial cervical lymph node

Changes for: somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

Changes for: longitudinal pontine fibers

Changes for: urogenital ridge

Changes for: visceral endoderm

  • Deleted
    • - visceral endoderm definition Visceral endoderm, a population of extraembyonic endoderm, is an extraembryonic tissue that functions in a regulatory capacity but does not contribute directly to the formation of any adult organs[PMID:15905405]. primitive endoderm-derived tissue which remains in contact with and surrounds the extra-embryonic ectoderm and the epiblast and provides signals for the differentiation and patterning of the epiblast; a small number of visceral endoderm cells also contribute to the endoderm of the embryonic gut[MP]. { database cross reference=MP:0011186 , database cross reference=PMID:15905405 }
  • Added
    • + visceral endoderm definition Visceral endoderm, a population of extraembyonic endoderm, is an extraembryonic tissue that functions in a regulatory capacity but does not contribute directly to the formation of any adult organs[PMID:15905405]. primitive endoderm-derived tissue which remains in contact with and surrounds the extra-embryonic ectoderm and the epiblast and provides signals for the differentiation and patterning of the epiblast; a small number of visceral endoderm cells also contribute to the endoderm of the embryonic gut[MP]. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905405 , database cross reference=MP:0011186 }

Changes for: somatopleure

Changes for: nephrogenic cord

Changes for: isthmus of cingulate gyrus

Changes for: marginal zone of embryo

Changes for: medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: superior temporal sulcus

Changes for: intralaminar nuclear group

Changes for: lateral nuclear group of thalamus

Changes for: transverse pontine fibers

Changes for: appendicocostalis muscle

Changes for: suspensory ligament of breast

Changes for: sesamoid bone of the peroneus longus muscle

Changes for: sciatic lymph node

Changes for: chordamesoderm

Changes for: lamina of septum pellucidum

Changes for: eponychium

  • Deleted
    • - eponychium database cross reference SCTID:24631007
    • - eponychium database cross reference Wikipedia:Eponychium
    • - eponychium database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Fingernail_label.jpg
    • - eponychium database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fingernail_label.jpg/200px-Fingernail_label.jpg
    • - eponychium definition Thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails. Beneath the cuticle is a thin layer of a membrane known as the pterygium. The function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to harmful bacteria. The vascularization pattern is similar to that of perionychium. The eponychium is the end of the proximal fold that folds back upon itself to shed an epidermal layer of skin onto the newly formed nail plate. This layer of non-living, almost invisible skin is the cuticle that ‘rides out’ on the surface of the nail plate. Together, the eponychium and the cuticle form a protective seal. The cuticle on the nail plate is dead cells and is often removed during manicure, but the eponychium is living cells and should not be touched.[6] The perionyx is the projecting edge of the eponychium covering the proximal strip of the lunula[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Eponychium }
  • Added
    • + eponychium database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponychium
    • + eponychium database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/24631007
    • + eponychium definition Thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails. Beneath the cuticle is a thin layer of a membrane known as the pterygium. The function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to harmful bacteria. The vascularization pattern is similar to that of perionychium. The eponychium is the end of the proximal fold that folds back upon itself to shed an epidermal layer of skin onto the newly formed nail plate. This layer of non-living, almost invisible skin is the cuticle that ‘rides out’ on the surface of the nail plate. Together, the eponychium and the cuticle form a protective seal. The cuticle on the nail plate is dead cells and is often removed during manicure, but the eponychium is living cells and should not be touched.[6] The perionyx is the projecting edge of the eponychium covering the proximal strip of the lunula[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponychium }
    • + eponychium depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Fingernail_label.jpg
    • + eponychium depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fingernail_label.jpg/200px-Fingernail_label.jpg

Changes for: basal forebrain

  • Deleted
    • - basal forebrain database cross reference Wikipedia:Basal_forebrain
    • - basal forebrain database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Basal_Forebrain_Monakhos_2007.png
    • - basal forebrain database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Basal_Forebrain_Monakhos_2007.png/200px-Basal_Forebrain_Monakhos_2007.png
    • - basal forebrain definition The basal forebrain is a collection of structures located ventrally to the striatum. It is considered to be the major cholinergic output of the CNS. It includes a group of structures that lie near the bottom of the front of the brain, including the nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, and medial septal nuclei. These structures are important in the production of acetylcholine, which is then distributed widely throughout the brain. Acetylcholine affects the ability of brain cells to transmit information to one another, and also encourages plasticity, or learning. Thus, damage to the basal forebrain can reduce the amount of acetylcholine in the brain and impair learning. This may be one reason why basal forebrain damage can result in memory impairments such as amnesia and confabulation. One common cause of basal forebrain damage is aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. Research, conducted by investigators from Children’s Hospital Boston and the University of Helsinki, ties together previous observations about sleep and finds that nitric oxide production in the basal forebrain is both necessary and sufficient to produce sleep. This structure is defined, in part, as the place where adenosine acts on A1 receptors of cholinergic neurons. This results in hyperpolarization of cholinergic neurons, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is known to promote wakefulness in the basal forebrain. Inhibition of acetylcholine release in the basal forebrain by adenosine causes slow wave sleep. The basal forebrain and adjacent areas are a focus for sleep research. Stimulating the basal forebrain gives rise to EEG sychrony and sleep. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Basal_forebrain }
    • - basal forebrain has related synonym pars basalis telencephali { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Basal_forebrain , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + basal forebrain database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_forebrain
    • + basal forebrain definition The basal forebrain is a collection of structures located ventrally to the striatum. It is considered to be the major cholinergic output of the CNS. It includes a group of structures that lie near the bottom of the front of the brain, including the nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, and medial septal nuclei. These structures are important in the production of acetylcholine, which is then distributed widely throughout the brain. Acetylcholine affects the ability of brain cells to transmit information to one another, and also encourages plasticity, or learning. Thus, damage to the basal forebrain can reduce the amount of acetylcholine in the brain and impair learning. This may be one reason why basal forebrain damage can result in memory impairments such as amnesia and confabulation. One common cause of basal forebrain damage is aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. Research, conducted by investigators from Children’s Hospital Boston and the University of Helsinki, ties together previous observations about sleep and finds that nitric oxide production in the basal forebrain is both necessary and sufficient to produce sleep. This structure is defined, in part, as the place where adenosine acts on A1 receptors of cholinergic neurons. This results in hyperpolarization of cholinergic neurons, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is known to promote wakefulness in the basal forebrain. Inhibition of acetylcholine release in the basal forebrain by adenosine causes slow wave sleep. The basal forebrain and adjacent areas are a focus for sleep research. Stimulating the basal forebrain gives rise to EEG sychrony and sleep. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_forebrain }
    • + basal forebrain depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Basal_Forebrain_Monakhos_2007.png
    • + basal forebrain depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Basal_Forebrain_Monakhos_2007.png/200px-Basal_Forebrain_Monakhos_2007.png
    • + basal forebrain has related synonym pars basalis telencephali { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_forebrain , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: posterior cingulate gyrus

Changes for: diagonal band of Broca

Changes for: hilum

Changes for: lung hilus

Changes for: left lung hilus

Changes for: right lung hilus

Changes for: medial lemniscus of medulla

Changes for: neodentate part of dentate nucleus

Changes for: intermediate periventricular nucleus

Changes for: ventral amygdalofugal projection

Changes for: hilum of dentate nucleus

Changes for: endometrium epithelium

Changes for: oronasal membrane

  • Deleted
    • - oronasal membrane definition The oronasal membrane separates the oral cavity and nasal cavity. In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity { database cross reference=http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter24/custom3/deluxe-content.html }
  • Added
    • + oronasal membrane definition The oronasal membrane separates the oral cavity and nasal cavity. In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity { database cross reference=http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter24/custom3/deluxe-content.html }

Changes for: nephron tubule epithelium

Changes for: rectal lumen

Changes for: accessory XI nerve spinal component

Changes for: accessory XI nerve cranial component

Changes for: tooth row

Changes for: nose tip

Changes for: dermatological-muscosal system

Changes for: respiratory velum

Changes for: vinculum of tendon

Changes for: larynx epithelium

Changes for: male prepuce epithelium

Changes for: seminiferous tubule epithelium

Changes for: bile duct epithelium

Changes for: lymph node of upper limb

Changes for: lymph node of lower limb

Changes for: extrahepatic bile duct epithelium

Changes for: midbrain nucleus

Changes for: auricular lymph node

Changes for: deep parotid lymph node

Changes for: ventral mesentery

Changes for: mastoid lymph node

Changes for: nutrient foramen conduit

Changes for: infra-auricular lymph node

Changes for: lumen of nutrient foramen

Changes for: anterior auricular lymph node

Changes for: submental lymph node

Changes for: vinculum tendon of wing

  • Deleted
    • - vinculum tendon of wing definition a tendon which emerges from the distal end of the humerus and follows the posterior margin of the wing, attaching at the distal end of digit 2. The raches of the remiges (i.e., the stems of the flight feathers) are stabilized by passing through the vinculum. { database cross reference=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryUV.html }
  • Added
    • + vinculum tendon of wing definition a tendon which emerges from the distal end of the humerus and follows the posterior margin of the wing, attaching at the distal end of digit 2. The raches of the remiges (i.e., the stems of the flight feathers) are stabilized by passing through the vinculum. { database cross reference=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryUV.html }

Changes for: bolus of food

Changes for: dental comb

Changes for: cud

Changes for: diastema

Changes for: frontal process of zygomatic bone

Changes for: intrahepatic bile duct epithelium

Changes for: dental lamina

  • Deleted
    • - dental lamina database cross reference SCTID:362862007
    • - dental lamina database cross reference Wikipedia:Dental_lamina
    • - dental lamina database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Dentallamina11-17-05.jpg
    • - dental lamina definition a band of epithelial tissue seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. The dental lamina is first evidence of tooth development and begins at the sixth week in utero or three weeks after the rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It is formed when cells of the oral ectoderm proliferate faster than cells of other areas. Best described as an in-growth of oral ectoderm, the dental lamina is frequently distinguished from the vestibular lamina, which develops concurrently. This dividing tissue is surrounded by and, some would argue, stimulated by ectomysenchymal growth. When it is present, the dental lamina connects the developing tooth bud to the epithelium of the oral cavity. Eventually, the dental lamina disintegrates into small clusters of epithelium and is resorbed. In situations when the clusters are not resorbed, (this remanent of the dental lamina is sometimes known as the glands of Serres) eruption cysts are formed over the developing tooth and delay its eruption into the oral cavity. This invagination of ectodermal tissues is the progenitor to the later ameloblasts and enamel while the ectomysenchyme is responsible for the odontogenic papilla and later odontoblasts. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dental_lamina }
    • - dental lamina has related synonym lamina dentalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dental_lamina , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + dental lamina database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_lamina
    • + dental lamina database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362862007
    • + dental lamina definition a band of epithelial tissue seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. The dental lamina is first evidence of tooth development and begins at the sixth week in utero or three weeks after the rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It is formed when cells of the oral ectoderm proliferate faster than cells of other areas. Best described as an in-growth of oral ectoderm, the dental lamina is frequently distinguished from the vestibular lamina, which develops concurrently. This dividing tissue is surrounded by and, some would argue, stimulated by ectomysenchymal growth. When it is present, the dental lamina connects the developing tooth bud to the epithelium of the oral cavity. Eventually, the dental lamina disintegrates into small clusters of epithelium and is resorbed. In situations when the clusters are not resorbed, (this remanent of the dental lamina is sometimes known as the glands of Serres) eruption cysts are formed over the developing tooth and delay its eruption into the oral cavity. This invagination of ectodermal tissues is the progenitor to the later ameloblasts and enamel while the ectomysenchyme is responsible for the odontogenic papilla and later odontoblasts. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_lamina }
    • + dental lamina depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Dentallamina11-17-05.jpg
    • + dental lamina has related synonym lamina dentalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_lamina , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: middle cardiac vein

Changes for: anterior inferior cerebellar artery

Changes for: posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Changes for: olecranon fossa

Changes for: intercuneiform joint

Changes for: posterior periventricular nucleus

Changes for: posterior nuclear complex of thalamus

Changes for: posterior nucleus of hypothalamus

Changes for: pyramidal tract

  • Deleted
    • - pyramidal tract database cross reference SCTID:362325000
    • - pyramidal tract database cross reference Wikipedia:Pyramidal_tracts
    • - pyramidal tract database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/200px-Gray684.png
    • - pyramidal tract definition The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract mostly contains motor axons. It actually consists of two separate tracts in the spinal cord: the lateral corticospinal tract and the medial corticospinal tract. An understanding of these tracts leads to an understanding of why for the most part, one side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain. Also the corticobulbar tract is considered to be a pyramidal tract. The corticobulbar tract carries signals that control motor neurons located in cranial nerve brain nuclei rather than motor neurons located in the spinal cord. The neurons of the pyramidal tracts are pyramidal neurons, but that is not how the pyramidal tract got its name, as most of the pyramidal neurons send their axons elsewhere. Instead, it got its name from the shape of the corticospinal axon tracts: when the pyramidal tract passes the medulla, it forms a dense bundle of nerve fibres that is shaped somewhat like a pyramid. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pyramidal_tract }
    • - pyramidal tract has exact synonym tractus corticospinalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Corticospinal_tract , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + pyramidal tract database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts
    • + pyramidal tract database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0034229
    • + pyramidal tract database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362325000
    • + pyramidal tract definition The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract mostly contains motor axons. It actually consists of two separate tracts in the spinal cord: the lateral corticospinal tract and the medial corticospinal tract. An understanding of these tracts leads to an understanding of why for the most part, one side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain. Also the corticobulbar tract is considered to be a pyramidal tract. The corticobulbar tract carries signals that control motor neurons located in cranial nerve brain nuclei rather than motor neurons located in the spinal cord. The neurons of the pyramidal tracts are pyramidal neurons, but that is not how the pyramidal tract got its name, as most of the pyramidal neurons send their axons elsewhere. Instead, it got its name from the shape of the corticospinal axon tracts: when the pyramidal tract passes the medulla, it forms a dense bundle of nerve fibres that is shaped somewhat like a pyramid. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidal_tract }
    • + pyramidal tract depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/200px-Gray684.png
    • + pyramidal tract has exact synonym tractus corticospinalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticospinal_tract , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: metathalamus

Changes for: midline nuclear group

Changes for: middle frontal gyrus

Changes for: precentral gyrus

  • Deleted
    • - precentral gyrus database cross reference Wikipedia:Precentral_gyrus
    • - precentral gyrus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ba4.png/200px-Ba4.png
    • - precentral gyrus definition The primary motor cortex (or M1) is a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto alpha motor neurons which connect to the muscles. Pre-motor areas are involved in planning actions (in concert with the basal ganglia) and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum). [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Precentral_gyrus }
  • Added
    • + precentral gyrus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precentral_gyrus
    • + precentral gyrus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0152299
    • + precentral gyrus definition The primary motor cortex (or M1) is a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto alpha motor neurons which connect to the muscles. Pre-motor areas are involved in planning actions (in concert with the basal ganglia) and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum). [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precentral_gyrus }
    • + precentral gyrus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ba4.png/200px-Ba4.png

Changes for: subcuneiform nucleus

Changes for: anterior median oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: vas deferens epithelium

Changes for: nasion

  • Deleted
    • - nasion database cross reference Wikipedia:Nasion
    • - nasion definition The nasion (nDb2zD C$nb2) is the intersection of the frontal and two nasal bones of the human skull. Its manifestation on the visible surface of the face is a distinctly depressed area directly between the eyes, just superior to the bridge of the nose. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nasion }
  • Added
    • + nasion database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasion
    • + nasion definition The nasion (nDb2zD C$nb2) is the intersection of the frontal and two nasal bones of the human skull. Its manifestation on the visible surface of the face is a distinctly depressed area directly between the eyes, just superior to the bridge of the nose. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasion }

Changes for: seminal vesicle epithelium

Changes for: respiratory tract epithelium

Changes for: cervix epithelium

Changes for: anterior calcarine sulcus

Changes for: bronchus basal lamina

Changes for: commissure of superior colliculus

Changes for: central tegmental tract of midbrain

Changes for: male breast

Changes for: calcarine sulcus

Changes for: nucleus subceruleus

Changes for: decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle

Changes for: lateral corticospinal tract

Changes for: brachium of superior colliculus

Changes for: postcentral gyrus

  • Deleted
    • - postcentral gyrus database cross reference SCTID:279167001
    • - postcentral gyrus database cross reference Wikipedia:Postcentral_gyrus
    • - postcentral gyrus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Postcentral_gyrus.png
    • - postcentral gyrus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Postcentral_gyrus.png/200px-Postcentral_gyrus.png
    • - postcentral gyrus definition The lateral postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the parietal lobe of the human brain and an important landmark. It was initially defined from surface stimulation studies of Penfield, and parallel surface potential studies of Bard, Woolsey, and Marshall. Although initially defined to be roughly the same as Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2, more recent work by Kaas has suggested that for homogeny with other sensory fields only area 3 should be referred to as ‘primary somatosensory cortex’, as it received the bulk of the thalamocortical projection from the sensory input fields. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Postcentral_gyrus }
  • Added
    • + postcentral gyrus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus
    • + postcentral gyrus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0152302
    • + postcentral gyrus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279167001
    • + postcentral gyrus definition The lateral postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the parietal lobe of the human brain and an important landmark. It was initially defined from surface stimulation studies of Penfield, and parallel surface potential studies of Bard, Woolsey, and Marshall. Although initially defined to be roughly the same as Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2, more recent work by Kaas has suggested that for homogeny with other sensory fields only area 3 should be referred to as ‘primary somatosensory cortex’, as it received the bulk of the thalamocortical projection from the sensory input fields. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus }
    • + postcentral gyrus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Postcentral_gyrus.png
    • + postcentral gyrus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Postcentral_gyrus.png/200px-Postcentral_gyrus.png

Changes for: pontine reticular formation

Changes for: external nucleus of inferior colliculus

Changes for: principal pretectal nucleus

Changes for: pericentral nucleus of inferior colliculus

Changes for: posterior orbital gyrus

Changes for: temporal pole

Changes for: nauplius stage

  • Deleted
    • - nauplius stage definition The free-swimming first stage of the larva of certain crustaceans, having an unsegmented body with three pairs of appendages and a single median eye. The eye is known for that reason as the ‘naupliar eye’, and is often absent in later developmental stages, although it is retained into the adult form in some groups, such as the Notostraca. { database cross reference=Nauplius }
  • Added
    • + nauplius stage definition The free-swimming first stage of the larva of certain crustaceans, having an unsegmented body with three pairs of appendages and a single median eye. The eye is known for that reason as the ‘naupliar eye’, and is often absent in later developmental stages, although it is retained into the adult form in some groups, such as the Notostraca. { database cross reference=Nauplius }

Changes for: nymph stage

Changes for: medial orbital gyrus

Changes for: metacromion

Changes for: transverse temporal sulcus

Changes for: amiculum of dentate nucleus

Changes for: lateral orbital gyrus

Changes for: olivary pretectal nucleus

Changes for: superior precentral sulcus

Changes for: basal part of pons

Changes for: temporal operculum

Changes for: neuraxis cavity

  • Deleted
    • - neuraxis cavity definition The cavity that is enclosed by the central nervous system. In vertebrates this is the cavity that includes as parts ventricular cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord that develops from the lumen of the neura tube { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + neuraxis cavity definition The cavity that is enclosed by the central nervous system. In vertebrates this is the cavity that includes as parts ventricular cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord that develops from the lumen of the neura tube { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: superior frontal sulcus

Changes for: central nucleus of inferior colliculus

Changes for: medullary reticular formation

Changes for: organ cavity

Changes for: linear nucleus

Changes for: corona of glans penis

Changes for: intermediate hypothalamic region

  • Deleted
    • - intermediate hypothalamic region definition the portion of the hypothalamus located generally internal to the region of the infundibulum. In humans it contains the following nuclei: dorsal nucleus [TA] (nucleus dorsalis hypothalami [TA]), parts of the dorsomedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus dorsomedialis [TA]), arcuate nucleus [TA] (nucleus arcuatus [TA]), posterior periventricular nucleus [TA] (nucleus periventricularis posterior [TA]), retrochiasmatic area [TA] (area retrochiasmatica [TA]), lateral tuberal nuclei [TA] (nuclei tuberales laterales [TA]), and ventromedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami [TA]). { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com }
  • Added
    • + intermediate hypothalamic region database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0020669
    • + intermediate hypothalamic region definition the portion of the hypothalamus located generally internal to the region of the infundibulum. In humans it contains the following nuclei: dorsal nucleus [TA] (nucleus dorsalis hypothalami [TA]), parts of the dorsomedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus dorsomedialis [TA]), arcuate nucleus [TA] (nucleus arcuatus [TA]), posterior periventricular nucleus [TA] (nucleus periventricularis posterior [TA]), retrochiasmatic area [TA] (area retrochiasmatica [TA]), lateral tuberal nuclei [TA] (nuclei tuberales laterales [TA]), and ventromedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami [TA]). { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com }

Changes for: colic lymph node

Changes for: corticotectal tract

Changes for: thoracic wall

Changes for: interstitial nucleus of Cajal

Changes for: vestibulocerebellar tract

Changes for: infrapatellar fat pad

Changes for: anterior hypothalamic region

Changes for: pancreaticoduodenal lymph node

Changes for: cranial placode

Changes for: tadpole

Changes for: larva

Changes for: ventral trigeminal tract

Changes for: sciatic notch

Changes for: lesser sciatic notch

Changes for: iliac crest

Changes for: superior pubic ramus

Changes for: inferior pubic ramus

Changes for: germ ring

  • Deleted
    • - germ ring definition The thickend rim of the blastoderm evident during late blastula and gastrula stages[FishBase]. Embryonic structure which is a uniform thickened annulus at the blastoderm margin, consisting of two layers in addition to the EVL, the epiblast and the hypoblast. The germ ring is formed by the involution of the blastoderm back upon itself[ZFA] { database cross reference=http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=germ%20ring }
  • Added
    • + germ ring definition The thickend rim of the blastoderm evident during late blastula and gastrula stages[FishBase]. Embryonic structure which is a uniform thickened annulus at the blastoderm margin, consisting of two layers in addition to the EVL, the epiblast and the hypoblast. The germ ring is formed by the involution of the blastoderm back upon itself[ZFA] { database cross reference=http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=germ%20ring }

Changes for: lateral line system

Changes for: scale

  • Deleted
    • - scale database cross reference Wikipedia:Scale_(zoology)
    • - scale definition A small rigid plate that grows out of an animal’s skin to provide protection. In lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) species, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing, and provide coloration. Scales are quite common and have evolved multiple times with varying structure and function. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Scale_(zoology) }
  • Added
    • + scale database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(zoology)
    • + scale definition A small rigid plate that grows out of an animal’s skin to provide protection. In lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) species, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing, and provide coloration. Scales are quite common and have evolved multiple times with varying structure and function. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(zoology) }

Changes for: posterior pole of lens

Changes for: digit

  • Deleted
    • - digit database cross reference SCTID:361367007
    • - digit database cross reference Wikipedia:Digit_(anatomy)
    • - digit definition one of several most distal parts of a limb, such as fingers or toes, present in many vertebrates[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Digit_(anatomy) }
    • - digit homology notes Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000944 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/nature07339 Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + digit database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)
    • + digit database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0582802
    • + digit database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361367007
    • + digit definition one of several most distal parts of a limb, such as fingers or toes, present in many vertebrates[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit_(anatomy) }
    • + digit homology notes Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000944 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/nature07339 Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008) }

Changes for: hermaphrodite gonad

Changes for: gill

  • Deleted
    • - gill database cross reference Wikipedia:Gill
    • - gill definition Anatomical surface structure found in many aquatic organisms. It is a respiration organ whose function is the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide. The microscopic structure of a gill is such that it presents a very large surface area to the external environment. Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender tufted processes which have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms as water contains only 1/20 parts dissolved Oxygen compared to air. With the exception of some aquatic insects, the filaments and lamellae (folds) contain blood or coelomic fluid, from which gases are exchanged through the thin walls. Oxygen is carried by the blood to other parts of the body. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood through the thin gill tissue into the water. Gills or gill-like organs, located in different parts of the body, are found in various groups of aquatic animals, including mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fish, and amphibians. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Gill }
  • Added
    • + gill database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill
    • + gill definition Anatomical surface structure found in many aquatic organisms. It is a respiration organ whose function is the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide. The microscopic structure of a gill is such that it presents a very large surface area to the external environment. Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender tufted processes which have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms as water contains only 1/20 parts dissolved Oxygen compared to air. With the exception of some aquatic insects, the filaments and lamellae (folds) contain blood or coelomic fluid, from which gases are exchanged through the thin walls. Oxygen is carried by the blood to other parts of the body. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood through the thin gill tissue into the water. Gills or gill-like organs, located in different parts of the body, are found in various groups of aquatic animals, including mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fish, and amphibians. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill }

Changes for: arthropod sensillum

Changes for: pharyngeal arch

Changes for: inferior ischial ramus

  • Deleted
    • - inferior ischial ramus database cross reference SCTID:361324004
    • - inferior ischial ramus database cross reference Wikipedia:Inferior_ramus_of_the_ischium
    • - inferior ischial ramus definition The Inferior Ramus of the ischium (ascending ramus) is the thin, flattened part of the ischium, which ascends from the superior ramus, and joins the inferior ramus of the pubisbthe junction being indicated in the adult by a raised line. The outer surface is uneven for the origin of the obturator externus and some of the fibers of the adductor magnus; its inner surface forms part of the anterior wall of the pelvis. Its medial border is thick, rough, slightly everted, forms part of the outlet of the pelvis, and presents two ridges and an intervening space. The ridges are continuous with similar ones on the inferior ramus of the pubis: to the outer is attached the deep layer of the superficial perineal fascia (fascia of Colles), and to the inner the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm. If these two ridges be traced downward, they will be found to join with each other just behind the point of origin of the transversus perinC&i; here the two layers of fascia are continuous behind the posterior border of the muscle. To the intervening space, just in front of the point of junction of the ridges, the transversus perinC&i is attached, and in front of this a portion of the crus penis vel clitoridis and the ischiocavernosus. Its lateral border is thin and sharp, and forms part of the medial margin of the obturator foramen. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Inferior_ramus_of_the_ischium }
    • - inferior ischial ramus has related synonym inferior rami of the pubis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Inferior_ramus_of_the_ischium }
  • Added
    • + inferior ischial ramus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_ramus_of_the_ischium
    • + inferior ischial ramus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361324004
    • + inferior ischial ramus definition The Inferior Ramus of the ischium (ascending ramus) is the thin, flattened part of the ischium, which ascends from the superior ramus, and joins the inferior ramus of the pubisbthe junction being indicated in the adult by a raised line. The outer surface is uneven for the origin of the obturator externus and some of the fibers of the adductor magnus; its inner surface forms part of the anterior wall of the pelvis. Its medial border is thick, rough, slightly everted, forms part of the outlet of the pelvis, and presents two ridges and an intervening space. The ridges are continuous with similar ones on the inferior ramus of the pubis: to the outer is attached the deep layer of the superficial perineal fascia (fascia of Colles), and to the inner the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm. If these two ridges be traced downward, they will be found to join with each other just behind the point of origin of the transversus perinC&i; here the two layers of fascia are continuous behind the posterior border of the muscle. To the intervening space, just in front of the point of junction of the ridges, the transversus perinC&i is attached, and in front of this a portion of the crus penis vel clitoridis and the ischiocavernosus. Its lateral border is thin and sharp, and forms part of the medial margin of the obturator foramen. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_ramus_of_the_ischium }
    • + inferior ischial ramus has related synonym inferior rami of the pubis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_ramus_of_the_ischium }

Changes for: superior ischial ramus

  • Deleted
    • - superior ischial ramus database cross reference SCTID:292625002
    • - superior ischial ramus database cross reference Wikipedia:Superior_ramus_of_the_ischium
    • - superior ischial ramus definition The superior ramus of the ischium (descending ramus) projects downward and backward from the body and presents for examination three surfaces: external, internal, and posterior. The external surface is quadrilateral in shape. It is bounded above by a groove which lodges the tendon of the Obturator externus; below, it is continuous with the inferior ramus; in front it is limited by the posterior margin of the obturator foramen; behind, a prominent margin separates it from the posterior surface. In front of this margin the surface gives origin to the Quadratus femoris, and anterior to this to some of the fibers of origin of the Obturator externus; the lower part of the surface gives origin to part of the Adductor magnus. The internal surface forms part of the bony wall of the lesser pelvis. In front it is limited by the posterior margin of the obturator foramen. Below, it is bounded by a sharp ridge which gives attachment to a falciform prolongation of the sacrotuberous ligament, and, more anteriorly, gives origin to the Transversus perinC&i and Ischiocavernosus. Posteriorly the ramus forms a large swelling, the tuberosity of the ischium { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Superior_ramus_of_the_ischium }
  • Added
    • + superior ischial ramus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_ramus_of_the_ischium
    • + superior ischial ramus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/292625002
    • + superior ischial ramus definition The superior ramus of the ischium (descending ramus) projects downward and backward from the body and presents for examination three surfaces: external, internal, and posterior. The external surface is quadrilateral in shape. It is bounded above by a groove which lodges the tendon of the Obturator externus; below, it is continuous with the inferior ramus; in front it is limited by the posterior margin of the obturator foramen; behind, a prominent margin separates it from the posterior surface. In front of this margin the surface gives origin to the Quadratus femoris, and anterior to this to some of the fibers of origin of the Obturator externus; the lower part of the surface gives origin to part of the Adductor magnus. The internal surface forms part of the bony wall of the lesser pelvis. In front it is limited by the posterior margin of the obturator foramen. Below, it is bounded by a sharp ridge which gives attachment to a falciform prolongation of the sacrotuberous ligament, and, more anteriorly, gives origin to the Transversus perinC&i and Ischiocavernosus. Posteriorly the ramus forms a large swelling, the tuberosity of the ischium { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_ramus_of_the_ischium }

Changes for: male membranous urethra

Changes for: ischial ramus

Changes for: ischiopubic ramus

Changes for: feathered facial disc

Changes for: acetabular notch

  • Deleted
    • - acetabular notch database cross reference SCTID:289767000
    • - acetabular notch database cross reference Wikipedia:Acetabular_notch
    • - acetabular notch definition The acetabulum presents below a deep notch, the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular non-articular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity: this depression is perforated by numerous apertures, and lodges a mass of fat. The notch is converted into a by the transverse ligament; through the foramen nutrient vessels and nerves enter the joint; the margins of the notch serve for the attachment of the ligament of the head of the femur. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Acetabular_notch }
  • Added
    • + acetabular notch database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabular_notch
    • + acetabular notch database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/289767000
    • + acetabular notch definition The acetabulum presents below a deep notch, the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular non-articular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity: this depression is perforated by numerous apertures, and lodges a mass of fat. The notch is converted into a by the transverse ligament; through the foramen nutrient vessels and nerves enter the joint; the margins of the notch serve for the attachment of the ligament of the head of the femur. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabular_notch }

Changes for: acetabular fossa

Changes for: pubic ramus

Changes for: anterior cervical lymph node

Changes for: superficial lateral cervical lymph node

Changes for: superficial anterior cervical lymph node

Changes for: feathered ear tuft

Changes for: ureteral orifice

Changes for: lateral cervical lymph node

Changes for: periorbital skin

Changes for: gland

Changes for: dorsum of nose

Changes for: antitragus

Changes for: antihelix

Changes for: paired fin

Changes for: post-anal tail bud

  • Deleted
    • - post-anal tail bud homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (5) a larva or embryo with a postanal tail.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000201 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + post-anal tail bud homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (5) a larva or embryo with a postanal tail.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000201 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 }

Changes for: epiblast (generic)

  • Deleted
    • - epiblast (generic) database cross reference Wikipedia:Epiblast
    • - epiblast (generic) database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Gray21.png
    • - epiblast (generic) definition In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA] { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Epiblast , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • - epiblast (generic) has related synonym epiblastus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Epiblast , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - epiblast (generic) homology notes In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (…) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000243 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344 Zorn AM, Wells JM, Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation. Annual Review of Cell Developmental Biology (2009) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + epiblast (generic) database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiblast
    • + epiblast (generic) definition In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA] { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiblast , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • + epiblast (generic) depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Gray21.png
    • + epiblast (generic) has related synonym epiblastus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiblast , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + epiblast (generic) homology notes In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (…) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000243 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344 Zorn AM, Wells JM, Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation. Annual Review of Cell Developmental Biology (2009) }

Changes for: paired fin bud

Changes for: sacral lymph node

Changes for: limb segment

  • Deleted
    • - limb segment definition A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + limb segment database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1268195
    • + limb segment definition A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: mediastinal lymph node

  • Deleted
    • - mediastinal lymph node database cross reference SCTID:181760002
    • - mediastinal lymph node database cross reference Lymph nodes of the thorax
    • - mediastinal lymph node definition A lymph node that is part of a mediastinum. Each consists of several lymph node groups, especially along the trachea (5 groups), along the esophagus and between the lung and the diaphragm. In the mediastinal lymph nodes arises lymphatic ducts, which draines the lymph to the left subclavian vein (to the venous angle in the confluence of the subclavian and deep jugular veins). The mediastinal lymph nodes along the esophagus are in tight connection with the abdominal lymph nodes along the esophagus and the stomach. That fact facilitates spreading of tumors cells through these lymphatics in cases of cancers of the stomach and particularly of the esophagus. Through the mediastinum, the main lymphatic drainage from the abdominal organs goes via the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus), which drains majority of the lymph from the abdomen to the above mentioned left venous angle. { database cross reference=OBOL:automatic , database cross reference=Lymph nodes of the thorax }
  • Added

Changes for: brachial lymph node

Changes for: lumbar lymph node

Changes for: pancreatic lymph node

Changes for: greater sciatic notch

Changes for: fibularis quartus

Changes for: elastic tissue

Changes for: submandibular lymph node

  • Deleted
    • - submandibular lymph node database cross reference SCTID:245319003
    • - submandibular lymph node database cross reference Wikipedia:Submandibular_lymph_node
    • - submandibular lymph node database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Illu_quiz_hn_03.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_hn_03.jpg
    • - submandibular lymph node definition The submandibular lymph nodes (submaxillary glands in older texts), three to six in number, are placed beneath the body of the mandible in the submaxillary triangle, and rest on the superficial surface of the submaxillary salivary gland. One gland, the middle gland of Stahr, which lies on the external maxillary artery as it turns over the mandible, is the most constant of the series; small lymph glands are sometimes found on the deep surface of the submaxillary salivary glands. The afferents of the submaxillary glands drain the medial palpebral commissure, the cheek, the side of the nose, the upper lip, the lateral part of the lower lip, the gums, and the anterior part of the margin of the tongue. Efferent vessels from the facial and submental glands also enter the submaxillary glands. Their efferent vessels pass to the superior deep cervical glands. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Submandibular_lymph_node }
  • Added
    • + submandibular lymph node database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_lymph_node
    • + submandibular lymph node database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0229722
    • + submandibular lymph node database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/245319003
    • + submandibular lymph node definition The submandibular lymph nodes (submaxillary glands in older texts), three to six in number, are placed beneath the body of the mandible in the submaxillary triangle, and rest on the superficial surface of the submaxillary salivary gland. One gland, the middle gland of Stahr, which lies on the external maxillary artery as it turns over the mandible, is the most constant of the series; small lymph glands are sometimes found on the deep surface of the submaxillary salivary glands. The afferents of the submaxillary glands drain the medial palpebral commissure, the cheek, the side of the nose, the upper lip, the lateral part of the lower lip, the gums, and the anterior part of the margin of the tongue. Efferent vessels from the facial and submental glands also enter the submaxillary glands. Their efferent vessels pass to the superior deep cervical glands. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_lymph_node }
    • + submandibular lymph node depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Illu_quiz_hn_03.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_hn_03.jpg

Changes for: tunica intima

  • Deleted
    • - tunica intima database cross reference SCTID:8361002
    • - tunica intima database cross reference SCTID:87483006
    • - tunica intima database cross reference Wikipedia:Tunica_intima
    • - tunica intima database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg
    • - tunica intima database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg/200px-Illu_artery.jpg
    • - tunica intima definition The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong]. { database cross reference=ISBN10:0073040584 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Tunica_intima }
    • - tunica intima external definition The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow. The inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, on account of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles. The inner coat consists of: A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with silver nitrate. A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm. in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size. An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a net-work of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforations may be seen, giving it a fenestrated appearance. It was therefore called by Henle the fenestrated membrane. This membrane forms the chief thickness of the inner coat, and can be separated into several layers, some of which present the appearance of a network of longitudinal elastic fibers, and others a more membranous character, marked by pale lines having a longitudinal direction. In minute arteries the fenestrated membrane is a very thin layer; but in the larger arteries, and especially in the aorta, it has a very considerable thickness. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] { ontology=Wikipedia , source=Wikipedia:Tunica_intima }
  • Added
    • + tunica intima database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica_intima
    • + tunica intima database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0162864
    • + tunica intima database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/8361002
    • + tunica intima database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/87483006
    • + tunica intima definition The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica_intima , database cross reference=ISBN10:0073040584 }
    • + tunica intima depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg
    • + tunica intima depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg/200px-Illu_artery.jpg
    • + tunica intima external definition The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow. The inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, on account of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles. The inner coat consists of: A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with silver nitrate. A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm. in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size. An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a net-work of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforations may be seen, giving it a fenestrated appearance. It was therefore called by Henle the fenestrated membrane. This membrane forms the chief thickness of the inner coat, and can be separated into several layers, some of which present the appearance of a network of longitudinal elastic fibers, and others a more membranous character, marked by pale lines having a longitudinal direction. In minute arteries the fenestrated membrane is a very thin layer; but in the larger arteries, and especially in the aorta, it has a very considerable thickness. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] { ontology=Wikipedia , source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica_intima }

Changes for: tunica media

Changes for: chest wall

Changes for: otolithic membrane

  • Deleted
    • - otolithic membrane database cross reference SCTID:362571006
    • - otolithic membrane database cross reference Wikipedia:Otolithic_membrane
    • - otolithic membrane definition a gelatinous membrane located in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, and plays an essential role in the brain’s interpretation of equilibrium. Both the saccular macula and utricular macula are covered by an otolithic membrane. The membrane is composed of crystalline particles of calcium carbonate called otoliths. When the head is moved the otoliths shift, causing cilia in the nearby saccule and utricle to distort. This produces nerve signals which are sent to the brain, which then uses them to establish its sense of balance. The embedded crystals are very and dense and make the density of the otolithic membrane higher than that of the endolymph surrounding it. When the head accelerates along a line or tilts to change its orientation to gravity, the otolithic membrane shifts relative to the bone supporting the maculae. This shift bends the hair cells whose processes are embedded in the otolithic membrane.[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Otolithic_membrane }
  • Added
    • + otolithic membrane database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolithic_membrane
    • + otolithic membrane database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362571006
    • + otolithic membrane definition a gelatinous membrane located in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, and plays an essential role in the brain’s interpretation of equilibrium. Both the saccular macula and utricular macula are covered by an otolithic membrane. The membrane is composed of crystalline particles of calcium carbonate called otoliths. When the head is moved the otoliths shift, causing cilia in the nearby saccule and utricle to distort. This produces nerve signals which are sent to the brain, which then uses them to establish its sense of balance. The embedded crystals are very and dense and make the density of the otolithic membrane higher than that of the endolymph surrounding it. When the head accelerates along a line or tilts to change its orientation to gravity, the otolithic membrane shifts relative to the bone supporting the maculae. This shift bends the hair cells whose processes are embedded in the otolithic membrane.[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolithic_membrane }

Changes for: basicranium

Changes for: otolith organ

  • Deleted
    • - otolith organ database cross reference Wikipedia:Otolith_organ
    • - otolith organ database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg
    • - otolith organ database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg/200px-Bigotolith.jpg
    • - otolith organ definition saccule or utricle. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Otolith_organ }
    • - otolith organ homology notes In fishes, as in other vertebrates, the vestibular end-organs are divided into a gravity receptor system, with three subdivisions and an angular acceleration receptor system. The gravity receptor system on each side consists of utricular, saccular, and lagenar maculae, each covered by an otolith (reference 1); (…)considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced’ vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001676 , ontology=VHOG , source=PMID:11581521 Moorman SJ, Development of sensory systems in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ILAR Journal (2001), DOI:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00168-4 Fay RR, Popper AN, Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. Hearing research (2000) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + otolith organ database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolith_organ
    • + otolith organ definition saccule or utricle. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolith_organ }
    • + otolith organ depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg
    • + otolith organ depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg/200px-Bigotolith.jpg
    • + otolith organ homology notes In fishes, as in other vertebrates, the vestibular end-organs are divided into a gravity receptor system, with three subdivisions and an angular acceleration receptor system. The gravity receptor system on each side consists of utricular, saccular, and lagenar maculae, each covered by an otolith (reference 1); (…)considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced’ vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001676 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=PMID:11581521 Moorman SJ, Development of sensory systems in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ILAR Journal (2001), DOI:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00168-4 Fay RR, Popper AN, Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. Hearing research (2000) }

Changes for: periosteum

  • Deleted
    • - periosteum database cross reference SCTID:33840008
    • - periosteum database cross reference Wikipedia:Periosteum
    • - periosteum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Bone_growth.png
    • - periosteum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bone_growth.png/200px-Bone_growth.png
    • - periosteum definition Periosteum is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of all bones. Periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. Periosteum is divided into an outer ‘fibrous layer’ and inner ‘cambium layer’ (or ‘osteogenic layer’). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which are essential to the healing process. As opposed to osseous tissue, periosteum has nociceptors nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply. Periosteum is attached to bone by strong collagenous fibers called Sharpey’s fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae. It also provides an attachment for muscles and tendons. Periosteum that covers the outer surface of the bones of the skull is known as ‘pericranium’. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Periosteum }
  • Added
    • + periosteum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periosteum
    • + periosteum database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0031110
    • + periosteum database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/33840008
    • + periosteum definition Periosteum is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of all bones. Periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. Periosteum is divided into an outer ‘fibrous layer’ and inner ‘cambium layer’ (or ‘osteogenic layer’). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which are essential to the healing process. As opposed to osseous tissue, periosteum has nociceptors nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply. Periosteum is attached to bone by strong collagenous fibers called Sharpey’s fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae. It also provides an attachment for muscles and tendons. Periosteum that covers the outer surface of the bones of the skull is known as ‘pericranium’. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periosteum }
    • + periosteum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Bone_growth.png
    • + periosteum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bone_growth.png/200px-Bone_growth.png

Changes for: epiphyseal plate

Changes for: endochondral bone

Changes for: intramembranous bone

  • Deleted
    • - intramembranous bone database cross reference Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification
    • - intramembranous bone definition Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. { database cross reference=GO:0001957 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification }
  • Added
    • + intramembranous bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification
    • + intramembranous bone definition Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification , database cross reference=GO:0001957 }

Changes for: glabella

  • Deleted
    • - glabella database cross reference SCTID:137561005
    • - glabella database cross reference Wikipedia:Glabella
    • - glabella definition The glabella is the space between the eyebrows and above the nose. It is slightly elevated, and joins the two superciliary ridges. The term is derived from the Latin ‘glabellus’, meaning smooth, as this area is usually hairless. The expression of the axial lobe in the cephalon of a trilobite is also referred to as the glabella. The glabella can be used to measure skin turgor in patients suspected of being dehydrated. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Glabella }
  • Added
    • + glabella database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glabella
    • + glabella database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/137561005
    • + glabella definition The glabella is the space between the eyebrows and above the nose. It is slightly elevated, and joins the two superciliary ridges. The term is derived from the Latin ‘glabellus’, meaning smooth, as this area is usually hairless. The expression of the axial lobe in the cephalon of a trilobite is also referred to as the glabella. The glabella can be used to measure skin turgor in patients suspected of being dehydrated. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glabella }

Changes for: corpus luteum

Changes for: trabecula carnea

  • Deleted
    • - trabecula carnea database cross reference SCTID:118755002
    • - trabecula carnea database cross reference Wikipedia:Trabeculae_carneae
    • - trabecula carnea definition The trabeculae carneae (columnae carneae, or fleshy beams), are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart.[1] They should not be confused with the pectinate muscles, which are present in the right[1] and left atria only. They are of three kinds: * some are attached along their entire length on one side and merely form prominent ridges,* others are fixed at their extremities but free in the middle, * while a third set, the papillary muscles are continuous by their bases with the wall of the ventricle, while their apices give origin to the chordæ tendineæ which pass to be attached to the segments of both the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. The purpose of the trabeculae carneae is most likely to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surfaced membrane and thus impair the heart’s ability to pump efficiently. The trabeculae carneae also serve a similar function to papillary muscles in that their contraction pulls on the chordae tendineae, preventing inversion of the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves, that is, their bulging towards the atrial chambers, which would lead to subsequent leakage of the blood into the atria. So by the action of papillary muscles on the atrioventricular valves, backflow of the blood from the ventricles into the atria is prevented[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Trabeculae_carneae }
    • - trabecula carnea has related synonym columnae carneae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Trabeculae_carneae , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - trabecula carnea has related synonym trabeculae carneae cordis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Trabeculae_carneae , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + trabecula carnea database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabeculae_carneae
    • + trabecula carnea database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/118755002
    • + trabecula carnea definition The trabeculae carneae (columnae carneae, or fleshy beams), are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart.[1] They should not be confused with the pectinate muscles, which are present in the right[1] and left atria only. They are of three kinds: * some are attached along their entire length on one side and merely form prominent ridges,* others are fixed at their extremities but free in the middle, * while a third set, the papillary muscles are continuous by their bases with the wall of the ventricle, while their apices give origin to the chordæ tendineæ which pass to be attached to the segments of both the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. The purpose of the trabeculae carneae is most likely to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surfaced membrane and thus impair the heart’s ability to pump efficiently. The trabeculae carneae also serve a similar function to papillary muscles in that their contraction pulls on the chordae tendineae, preventing inversion of the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves, that is, their bulging towards the atrial chambers, which would lead to subsequent leakage of the blood into the atria. So by the action of papillary muscles on the atrioventricular valves, backflow of the blood from the ventricles into the atria is prevented[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabeculae_carneae }
    • + trabecula carnea has related synonym columnae carneae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabeculae_carneae , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + trabecula carnea has related synonym trabeculae carneae cordis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabeculae_carneae , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: anterior fontanel

Changes for: calcaneus

Changes for: distal tarsal bone 1

Changes for: navicular bone of pes

Changes for: distal tarsal bone 3

Changes for: distal tarsal bone 2

Changes for: face

Changes for: cuboid bone

Changes for: endostylar duct

Changes for: precentral fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: elephant trunk

Changes for: thoracic skeleton

Changes for: rib skeletal system

  • Deleted
    • - rib skeletal system definition Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all ribs and rib joints in an organism. In many vertebrates this consists of the combination of the rib cage and all rib joints, but some vertebrates have ribs outside the thoracic rib cage. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + rib skeletal system definition Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all ribs and rib joints in an organism. In many vertebrates this consists of the combination of the rib cage and all rib joints, but some vertebrates have ribs outside the thoracic rib cage. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: skin of eyelid

Changes for: skin of lip

Changes for: skin of external ear

Changes for: primary fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: hindlimb skeleton

  • Deleted
    • - hindlimb skeleton definition Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb region. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • - hindlimb skeleton homology notes Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001255 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + hindlimb skeleton definition Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb region. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + hindlimb skeleton homology notes Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001255 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 }

Changes for: forelimb skeleton

  • Deleted
    • - forelimb skeleton definition The collection of all skeletal elements in a free forelimb region. Excludes the pectoral girdle { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • - forelimb skeleton homology notes Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001256 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + forelimb skeleton definition The collection of all skeletal elements in a free forelimb region. Excludes the pectoral girdle { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + forelimb skeleton homology notes Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001256 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 }

Changes for: skeleton of pes

  • Deleted
    • - skeleton of pes definition Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a pes, which is the distal section of the posterior hindlimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the ankle, sole, and toes)[Phenoscape]. { database cross reference=PHENOSCAPE:MAH , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + skeleton of pes definition Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a pes, which is the distal section of the posterior hindlimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the ankle, sole, and toes)[Phenoscape]. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 , database cross reference=PHENOSCAPE:MAH }

Changes for: subdivision of head

Changes for: chest

Changes for: skeleton of manus

  • Deleted
    • - skeleton of manus definition Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a manus, which is the distal section of the anterior forelimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the wrist, palm, and fingers)[Phenoscape]. { database cross reference=PHENOSCAPE:MAH , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + skeleton of manus definition Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a manus, which is the distal section of the anterior forelimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the wrist, palm, and fingers)[Phenoscape]. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 , database cross reference=PHENOSCAPE:MAH }

Changes for: distal phalanx of digit 2

Changes for: distal phalanx of digit 3

Changes for: distal phalanx of digit 4

Changes for: distal phalanx of digit 5

Changes for: middle phalanx of digit 2

Changes for: middle phalanx of digit 3

Changes for: metatarsal bone

Changes for: phalanx of pes

Changes for: fibula

Changes for: tarsal bone

Changes for: blood feather

Changes for: sex skin

Changes for: ischial callosity

Changes for: distal phalanx of digit 1

Changes for: distal carpal bone 3

Changes for: distal carpal bone 2

  • Deleted
    • - distal carpal bone 2 database cross reference SCTID:361781006
    • - distal carpal bone 2 database cross reference Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone
    • - distal carpal bone 2 definition . { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone }
    • - distal carpal bone 2 external definition The trapezoid bone (lesser multangular bone) is a carpal bone in tetrapods, including humans. It is the smallest bone in the distal row. It may be known by its wedge-shaped form, the broad end of the wedge constituting the dorsal, the narrow end the palmar surface; and by its having four articular facets touching each other, and separated by sharp edges. It is homologous with the ‘second distal carpal’ of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Greek trapezion which means ‘irregular quadrilateral,’ from tra- ‘four’ and peza ‘foot’ or ‘edge. ‘ Literally, ‘a little table’ from trapeza meaning ‘table’ and -oeides ‘shaped.[Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone] { source=Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone }
  • Added
    • + distal carpal bone 2 database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid_bone
    • + distal carpal bone 2 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0223741
    • + distal carpal bone 2 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361781006
    • + distal carpal bone 2 definition . { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid_bone }
    • + distal carpal bone 2 external definition The trapezoid bone (lesser multangular bone) is a carpal bone in tetrapods, including humans. It is the smallest bone in the distal row. It may be known by its wedge-shaped form, the broad end of the wedge constituting the dorsal, the narrow end the palmar surface; and by its having four articular facets touching each other, and separated by sharp edges. It is homologous with the ‘second distal carpal’ of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Greek trapezion which means ‘irregular quadrilateral,’ from tra- ‘four’ and peza ‘foot’ or ‘edge. ‘ Literally, ‘a little table’ from trapeza meaning ‘table’ and -oeides ‘shaped.[Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone] { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid_bone }

Changes for: skeletal system

  • Deleted
    • - skeletal system definition Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system. { database cross reference=GO_REF:0000034 , database cross reference=VSAO:0000027 , database cross reference=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 }
    • - skeletal system homology notes By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the ‘new animal phylogeny’ and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level.[debated][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001254 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1159/000324245 Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy research and technique (2002) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added

Changes for: distal carpal bone 4

Changes for: distal carpal bone 1

Changes for: temporal fenestra

Changes for: female bulbospongiosus muscle

Changes for: subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue

Changes for: extraperitoneal space

Changes for: gustatory epithelium of palate

Changes for: visceral abdominal adipose tissue

Changes for: tongue taste bud

Changes for: gustatory epithelium of tongue

Changes for: compact bone tissue

  • Deleted
    • - compact bone tissue database cross reference SCTID:361728003
    • - compact bone tissue database cross reference Wikipedia:Compact_bone
    • - compact bone tissue definition one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compact/Cortical bone facilitates bone’s main functions: to support the body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than cancellous bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Compact_bone }
  • Added
    • + compact bone tissue database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_bone
    • + compact bone tissue database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0222661
    • + compact bone tissue database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361728003
    • + compact bone tissue definition one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compact/Cortical bone facilitates bone’s main functions: to support the body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than cancellous bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_bone }

Changes for: pretectal nucleus

Changes for: carpal bone

  • Deleted
    • - carpal bone database cross reference SCTID:83936004
    • - carpal bone database cross reference Wikipedia:Carpus
    • - carpal bone database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Carpus.svg
    • - carpal bone database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Carpus.svg/200px-Carpus.svg.png
    • - carpal bone definition A bone that is part of the carpal skeleton. Examples: scaphoid, lunate, capitate[cjm]. In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Carpus , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + carpal bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpus
    • + carpal bone database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0007285
    • + carpal bone database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/83936004
    • + carpal bone definition A bone that is part of the carpal skeleton. Examples: scaphoid, lunate, capitate[cjm]. In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpus , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + carpal bone depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Carpus.svg
    • + carpal bone depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Carpus.svg/200px-Carpus.svg.png

Changes for: phalanx of manus

Changes for: epiphysis

Changes for: metaphysis

Changes for: radius bone

Changes for: pectoral girdle region

Changes for: saphenous artery

  • Deleted
    • - saphenous artery database cross reference Wikipedia:Saphenous_branch_of_descending_genicular_artery
    • - saphenous artery definition A branch of the descending genicular artery, the last branch (most distal) of the femoral, the saphenous is also variable. It usually lies between the sartorius and the garcilis muscles and supplies their distal ends. The artery accompanies the saphenous nerve. It usually supplies the skin on the medial and proximal part of the leg. The artery may continue to join, in varying degrees, the dorsalis pedis artery and plantaris pedis arteries. { database cross reference=http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/Cardiovascular/Text/Arteries/Saphenous.shtml }
  • Added
    • + saphenous artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphenous_branch_of_descending_genicular_artery
    • + saphenous artery definition A branch of the descending genicular artery, the last branch (most distal) of the femoral, the saphenous is also variable. It usually lies between the sartorius and the garcilis muscles and supplies their distal ends. The artery accompanies the saphenous nerve. It usually supplies the skin on the medial and proximal part of the leg. The artery may continue to join, in varying degrees, the dorsalis pedis artery and plantaris pedis arteries. { database cross reference=http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/Cardiovascular/Text/Arteries/Saphenous.shtml }

Changes for: ptychocyst

Changes for: cardiac ganglion

Changes for: antorbital fenestra

  • Deleted
    • - antorbital fenestra definition An antorbital fenestra is an opening in the skull, in front of the eye sockets. This skull formation first appeared in archosaurs during the Triassic Period. Living birds today possess antorbital fenestrae, but the feature has been lost in modern crocodilians. In some archosaur species, the opening has closed but its location is still marked by a depression, or fossa, on the surface of the skull. This is called an antorbital fossa. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Antorbital_fenestra }
  • Added
    • + antorbital fenestra definition An antorbital fenestra is an opening in the skull, in front of the eye sockets. This skull formation first appeared in archosaurs during the Triassic Period. Living birds today possess antorbital fenestrae, but the feature has been lost in modern crocodilians. In some archosaur species, the opening has closed but its location is still marked by a depression, or fossa, on the surface of the skull. This is called an antorbital fossa. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antorbital_fenestra }

Changes for: lunate

Changes for: supratemporal fenestra

Changes for: pisiform

Changes for: infratemporal fenestra

Changes for: scaphoid

Changes for: ulna

Changes for: elbow joint

Changes for: wrist joint

Changes for: radial nerve

  • Deleted
    • - radial nerve database cross reference SCTID:181011002
    • - radial nerve database cross reference Wikipedia:Radial_nerve
    • - radial nerve database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Gray818.png
    • - radial nerve database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray818.png/200px-Gray818.png
    • - radial nerve definition The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm, as well as the associated joints and overlying skin. It originates from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1. The radial nerve and its branches supply the dorsal muscles, such as triceps brachii, the extrinsic extensors of the wrist and hands, and the cutaneous nerve supply to most of the back of the hand. (The ulnar nerve cutaneously innervates the back of the little finger and adjacent half of the ring finger). The radial nerve divides into a deep branch (which becomes the posterior interosseous nerve), and continues as the superficial branch which goes on to innervate the dorsum (back) of the hand. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Radial_nerve }
    • - radial nerve has related synonym nervus radialis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Radial_nerve , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + radial nerve database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_nerve
    • + radial nerve database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0034518
    • + radial nerve database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181011002
    • + radial nerve definition The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm, as well as the associated joints and overlying skin. It originates from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1. The radial nerve and its branches supply the dorsal muscles, such as triceps brachii, the extrinsic extensors of the wrist and hands, and the cutaneous nerve supply to most of the back of the hand. (The ulnar nerve cutaneously innervates the back of the little finger and adjacent half of the ring finger). The radial nerve divides into a deep branch (which becomes the posterior interosseous nerve), and continues as the superficial branch which goes on to innervate the dorsum (back) of the hand. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_nerve }
    • + radial nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Gray818.png
    • + radial nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray818.png/200px-Gray818.png
    • + radial nerve has related synonym nervus radialis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_nerve , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: vasa vasorum

Changes for: axillary nerve

Changes for: brachiocephalic vein

Changes for: ulnar nerve

  • Deleted
    • - ulnar nerve database cross reference SCTID:181012009
    • - ulnar nerve database cross reference Wikipedia:Ulnar_nerve
    • - ulnar nerve database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Brachial_plexus_2.svg
    • - ulnar nerve database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brachial_plexus.jpg/200px-Brachial_plexus.jpg
    • - ulnar nerve definition In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body (meaning, unprotected by muscle or bone), and the only unprotected nerve that does not serve a purely sensory function (those nerves specifically meant to perceive changes in the environment, such as nerves in the skin). This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, supplying the palmar side of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips, perhaps as far back as the fingernail beds. One method of injuring the nerve is to strike the medial epicondyle of the humerus from posteriorly, or inferiorly with the elbow flexed. The ulnar nerve is trapped between the bone and the overlying skin at this point. This is commonly referred to as hitting one’s ‘funny bone. ‘ This name is thought to be a pun, based on the sound resemblance between the words ‘humerus’ and ‘humourous’ . [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ulnar_nerve }
    • - ulnar nerve has related synonym nervus ulnaris { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ulnar_nerve , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + ulnar nerve database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_nerve
    • + ulnar nerve database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0041602
    • + ulnar nerve database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181012009
    • + ulnar nerve definition In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body (meaning, unprotected by muscle or bone), and the only unprotected nerve that does not serve a purely sensory function (those nerves specifically meant to perceive changes in the environment, such as nerves in the skin). This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, supplying the palmar side of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips, perhaps as far back as the fingernail beds. One method of injuring the nerve is to strike the medial epicondyle of the humerus from posteriorly, or inferiorly with the elbow flexed. The ulnar nerve is trapped between the bone and the overlying skin at this point. This is commonly referred to as hitting one’s ‘funny bone. ‘ This name is thought to be a pun, based on the sound resemblance between the words ‘humerus’ and ‘humourous’ . [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_nerve }
    • + ulnar nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Brachial_plexus_2.svg
    • + ulnar nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brachial_plexus.jpg/200px-Brachial_plexus.jpg
    • + ulnar nerve has related synonym nervus ulnaris { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_nerve , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: pectoral muscle

Changes for: ascending aorta

Changes for: muscle of pes

Changes for: muscle of arm

Changes for: Pacinian corpuscle

Changes for: muscle spindle

Changes for: recurrent laryngeal nerve

Changes for: splanchnic nerve

Changes for: neural tissue

Changes for: splenic vein

Changes for: cavernous sinus

Changes for: proximal carpal bone

Changes for: distal carpal bone

Changes for: articular capsule

Changes for: mammalian cotyledon

  • Deleted
    • - mammalian cotyledon database cross reference Wikipedia:Placental_cotyledon
    • - mammalian cotyledon database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Placental_cotyledon.png
    • - mammalian cotyledon definition Round structure consisting of chorionic villi[PMID]. A separations of the decidua basalis of the placenta, separated by placental septa. Each cotyledon consists of a main stem of a chorionic villus as well as its branches and subbranches. The cotyledons receive fetal blood from chorionic vessels, which branch off cotyledon vessels into the cotyledons, which, in turn, branch into capillaries. The cotyledons are surrounded by maternal blood, which can exchange oxygen and nutrients with the fetal blood in the capillaries[WP]. { database cross reference=PMID:19829370 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Placental_cotyledon }
  • Added
    • + mammalian cotyledon database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_cotyledon
    • + mammalian cotyledon database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0242769
    • + mammalian cotyledon definition Round structure consisting of chorionic villi[PMID]. A separations of the decidua basalis of the placenta, separated by placental septa. Each cotyledon consists of a main stem of a chorionic villus as well as its branches and subbranches. The cotyledons receive fetal blood from chorionic vessels, which branch off cotyledon vessels into the cotyledons, which, in turn, branch into capillaries. The cotyledons are surrounded by maternal blood, which can exchange oxygen and nutrients with the fetal blood in the capillaries[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_cotyledon , database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19829370 }
    • + mammalian cotyledon depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Placental_cotyledon.png

Changes for: knee joint

Changes for: temporomandibular joint

Changes for: skin of shoulder

Changes for: ankle joint

Changes for: manus joint

Changes for: hip joint

Changes for: pes joint

Changes for: laryngeal vocal fold

Changes for: Meckel’s diverticulum

Changes for: carotid sinus

Changes for: sinus of Valsalva

Changes for: inguinal canal

Changes for: calcaneal tendon

Changes for: intrahepatic bile duct

Changes for: extrahepatic bile duct

Changes for: circle of Willis

Changes for: glenohumeral joint

Changes for: deltoid

Changes for: infraspinatus muscle

Changes for: teres major muscle

Changes for: skin of prepuce of penis

Changes for: vaginal venous plexus

Changes for: lymphatic vessel

Changes for: bone element

Changes for: middle phalanx of digit 5

Changes for: middle phalanx of digit 4

Changes for: sesamoid bone

Changes for: prepyriform area

Changes for: juxtarestiform body

Changes for: oral part of spinal trigeminal nucleus

Changes for: pedal digit

Changes for: paracentral sulcus

Changes for: shoulder

  • Deleted
    • - shoulder database cross reference SCTID:361103004
    • - shoulder database cross reference Wikipedia:Shoulder
    • - shoulder database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Shoulderjoint.PNG
    • - shoulder database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shoulderjoint.PNG/200px-Shoulderjoint.PNG
    • - shoulder definition In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula. The shoulder refers to the group of structures in the region of the joint. It is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached. The shoulder must be flexible for the wide range of motion required in the arms and hands and also strong enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. The compromise between these two functions results in a large number of shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Shoulder }
    • - shoulder has related synonym articulatio humeri { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Shoulder , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - shoulder homology notes (…) endochondral elements of the early tetrapod shoulder develop from two centers of ossification, giving rise to a scapula and a ‘coracoid’.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000342 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.332 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + shoulder database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder
    • + shoulder database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0037004
    • + shoulder database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361103004
    • + shoulder definition In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula. The shoulder refers to the group of structures in the region of the joint. It is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached. The shoulder must be flexible for the wide range of motion required in the arms and hands and also strong enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. The compromise between these two functions results in a large number of shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder }
    • + shoulder depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Shoulderjoint.PNG
    • + shoulder depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shoulderjoint.PNG/200px-Shoulderjoint.PNG
    • + shoulder has related synonym articulatio humeri { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + shoulder homology notes (…) endochondral elements of the early tetrapod shoulder develop from two centers of ossification, giving rise to a scapula and a ‘coracoid’.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000342 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.332 }

Changes for: principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: hip

  • Deleted
    • - hip database cross reference SCTID:302543008
    • - hip database cross reference Wikipedia:Hip
    • - hip database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Hip.jpg
    • - hip database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hip.jpg/200px-Hip.jpg
    • - hip definition The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hip }
    • - hip has related synonym coxa { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hip , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - hip homology notes The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000346 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + hip database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip
    • + hip database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0019552
    • + hip database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/302543008
    • + hip definition The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip }
    • + hip depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Hip.jpg
    • + hip depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hip.jpg/200px-Hip.jpg
    • + hip has related synonym coxa { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + hip homology notes The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000346 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333 }

Changes for: knee

Changes for: medial olfactory gyrus

Changes for: dentatothalamic tract

Changes for: manual digit 1

Changes for: orbital operculum

Changes for: arm

Changes for: ventral posterior nucleus

Changes for: elbow

Changes for: orbital sulcus

Changes for: sternoclavicular joint

Changes for: intervertebral joint

Changes for: manual digit 4

Changes for: manual digit 5

Changes for: right anterior cardinal vein

Changes for: renal tubule

Changes for: manual digit 3

Changes for: manual digit 2

Changes for: manual digit 1 phalanx

Changes for: left anterior cardinal vein

Changes for: intermediate reticular formation

Changes for: pleural sac

Changes for: male urethral crest

Changes for: female urethral crest

Changes for: Guérin’s valve

Changes for: urethral crest

Changes for: mucosa of urethra

Changes for: pedal digit 5

Changes for: manual digit 2 phalanx

Changes for: manual digit 3 phalanx

Changes for: manual digit 4 phalanx

Changes for: manual digit 5 phalanx

Changes for: anal fold

  • Deleted
    • - anal fold definition a slight elevation flanking the cloacal membrane and derived from a cloacal fold; anal folds form the border of the anus. { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anal+fold }
  • Added
    • + anal fold definition a slight elevation flanking the cloacal membrane and derived from a cloacal fold; anal folds form the border of the anus. { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anal+fold }

Changes for: navicular fossa of spongiose part of urethra

Changes for: lateral malleolus of fibula

Changes for: pedal digit 2

Changes for: pedal digit 1

Changes for: pedal digit 4

Changes for: pedal digit 3

Changes for: left common cardinal vein

Changes for: proximal interphalangeal joint

Changes for: distal interphalangeal joint

Changes for: hemisphere of embryo

Changes for: trachea cartilage

Changes for: lower respiratory tract cartilage

Changes for: adrenal gland cortex zone

Changes for: blubber

Changes for: spermaceti

Changes for: spermaceti organ

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + spermaceti organ depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sperm_whale_head_anatomy.svg/1000px-Sperm_whale_head_anatomy.svg.png

Changes for: ambergris

Changes for: abdominal ganglion

Changes for: paraganglion

Changes for: gland of nasal mucosa

Changes for: periampullary region of duodenum

Changes for: columnar epithelium

Changes for: major duodenal papilla

Changes for: aorta tunica media

Changes for: minor duodenal papilla

Changes for: aorta tunica intima

Changes for: forestomach-glandular stomach junction

Changes for: blood vessel elastic tissue

Changes for: lung elastic tissue

Changes for: bronchus elastic tissue

Changes for: border between sublaminar layers

Changes for: head fold of embryonic disc

Changes for: tail fold of embryonic disc

Changes for: radio-ulnar joint

Changes for: abductor pollicis longus

Changes for: fascia lata

Changes for: synovial bursa

Changes for: brachiocephalic artery

Changes for: extensor carpi radialis longus muscle

Changes for: flexor digitorum profundus

Changes for: extensor carpi ulnaris muscle

Changes for: extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle

Changes for: border of sublaminar layers S3 and S4

Changes for: border of sublaminar layers S1 and S2

Changes for: secretion of endocrine pancreas

Changes for: thymus trabecula

Changes for: esophagus secretion

Changes for: forelimb muscle

Changes for: secretion of exocrine pancreas

Changes for: pronator teres

Changes for: hindlimb muscle

Changes for: prostate gland secretion

Changes for: eyelid muscle

Changes for: flexor carpi radialis muscle

Changes for: pancreas secretion

Changes for: flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

Changes for: upper jaw molar

Changes for: lower jaw molar

Changes for: trachea basal lamina

Changes for: tail muscle

Changes for: mouth floor

Changes for: dorsalis pedis artery

Changes for: posterior tibial artery

Changes for: anterior tibial artery

Changes for: left common carotid artery plus branches

Changes for: vertebral artery

Changes for: right subclavian artery

  • Deleted
    • - right subclavian artery database cross reference SCTID:244246000
    • - right subclavian artery database cross reference Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery
    • - right subclavian artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png
    • - right subclavian artery definition In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery }
  • Added
    • + right subclavian artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclavian_artery
    • + right subclavian artery database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226261
    • + right subclavian artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244246000
    • + right subclavian artery definition In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclavian_artery }
    • + right subclavian artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png

Changes for: smegma

Changes for: anterior cruciate ligament of knee joint

Changes for: internal carotid artery

Changes for: oral siphon

  • Deleted
  • Added

Changes for: dentition

Changes for: subclavian artery

Changes for: ligamentum flavum

Changes for: common carotid artery plus branches

Changes for: cuspid

Changes for: right common carotid artery plus branches

Changes for: tooth crown

Changes for: patellar ligament

Changes for: tooth root

Changes for: interosseous muscle of manus

Changes for: lumbrical muscle of manus

Changes for: lumbrical muscle of pes

Changes for: dorsal interosseous of manus

  • Deleted
    • - dorsal interosseous of manus database cross reference SCTID:245002007
    • - dorsal interosseous of manus database cross reference Wikipedia:Dorsal_interossei_muscles_(hand)
    • - dorsal interosseous of manus definition The dorsal interossei of the hand are muscles that occupy the space between the metacarpals. There are four dorsal interossei in each hand. They are specified as ‘dorsal’ to contrast them with the palmar interossei, which are located on the anterior side of the metacarpals. The dorsal interosseous muscles are bipennate, with each muscle arising by two heads from the adjacent sides of the metacarpal bones, but more extensively from the metacarpal bone of the finger into which the muscle is inserted. They are inserted into the bases of the proximal phalanges and into the extensor expansion of the corresponding extensor digitorum tendon. The middle digit has two dorsal interossei insert onto it while the first digit (thumb) and the fifth digit (little finger) have none[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dorsal_interossei_muscles_(hand) }
  • Added
    • + dorsal interosseous of manus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_muscles_(hand)
    • + dorsal interosseous of manus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1744530
    • + dorsal interosseous of manus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/245002007
    • + dorsal interosseous of manus definition The dorsal interossei of the hand are muscles that occupy the space between the metacarpals. There are four dorsal interossei in each hand. They are specified as ‘dorsal’ to contrast them with the palmar interossei, which are located on the anterior side of the metacarpals. The dorsal interosseous muscles are bipennate, with each muscle arising by two heads from the adjacent sides of the metacarpal bones, but more extensively from the metacarpal bone of the finger into which the muscle is inserted. They are inserted into the bases of the proximal phalanges and into the extensor expansion of the corresponding extensor digitorum tendon. The middle digit has two dorsal interossei insert onto it while the first digit (thumb) and the fifth digit (little finger) have none[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_muscles_(hand) }

Changes for: metacarpal bone of digit 5

Changes for: brachialis muscle

Changes for: metacarpal bone of digit 4

  • Deleted
    • - metacarpal bone of digit 4 database cross reference SCTID:263401001
    • - metacarpal bone of digit 4 external definition The fourth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the ring finger) is shorter and smaller than the third. The base is small and quadrilateral; its superior surface presents two facets, a large one medially for articulation with the hamate, and a small one laterally for the capitate. On the radial side are two oval facets, for articulation with the third metacarpal; and on the ulnar side a single concave facet, for the fifth metacarpal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metacarpal_bone]. { source=Wikipedia:Fourth_metacarpal_bone }
  • Added
    • + metacarpal bone of digit 4 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1708990
    • + metacarpal bone of digit 4 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/263401001
    • + metacarpal bone of digit 4 external definition The fourth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the ring finger) is shorter and smaller than the third. The base is small and quadrilateral; its superior surface presents two facets, a large one medially for articulation with the hamate, and a small one laterally for the capitate. On the radial side are two oval facets, for articulation with the third metacarpal; and on the ulnar side a single concave facet, for the fifth metacarpal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metacarpal_bone]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_metacarpal_bone }

Changes for: coracobrachialis muscle

Changes for: metacarpal bone of digit 3

Changes for: arch of aorta

  • Deleted
    • - arch of aorta database cross reference SCTID:181300001
    • - arch of aorta database cross reference Wikipedia:Arch_of_aorta
    • - arch of aorta database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png
    • - arch of aorta definition begins at the level of the upper border of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side, and runs at first upward, backward, and to the left in front of the trachea; it is then directed backward on the left side of the trachea and finally passes downward on the left side of the body of the fourth thoracic vertebra, at the lower border of which it becomes continuous with the descending aorta[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Arch_of_aorta }
    • - arch of aorta external definition The curving portion between the ascending aorta and the descending aorta, giving rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001196 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arch+of+aorta }
    • - arch of aorta homology notes The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001196 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 and p.461 Figure 12.20 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + arch of aorta database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_aorta
    • + arch of aorta database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181300001
    • + arch of aorta definition begins at the level of the upper border of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side, and runs at first upward, backward, and to the left in front of the trachea; it is then directed backward on the left side of the trachea and finally passes downward on the left side of the body of the fourth thoracic vertebra, at the lower border of which it becomes continuous with the descending aorta[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_aorta }
    • + arch of aorta depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png
    • + arch of aorta external definition The curving portion between the ascending aorta and the descending aorta, giving rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001196 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arch+of+aorta }
    • + arch of aorta homology notes The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001196 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 and p.461 Figure 12.20 }

Changes for: metacarpal bone of digit 2

Changes for: biceps brachii

Changes for: triceps brachii

Changes for: articular system

Changes for: endocardium of left ventricle

Changes for: endocardium of right ventricle

Changes for: intermaxillary process

Changes for: metacarpal bone of digit 1

Changes for: larynx submucosa

Changes for: pedal digit 3 phalanx

Changes for: eyelid tarsus

Changes for: pedal digit 1 phalanx

Changes for: posterior nasal aperture

Changes for: pedal digit 2 phalanx

Changes for: inferior eyelid tarsus

Changes for: superior eyelid tarsus

Changes for: muscle of manus

Changes for: thoracic aorta

Changes for: descending aorta

Changes for: skin of pes

Changes for: skin of ankle

Changes for: skin of manus

Changes for: limb joint

Changes for: skin of wrist

Changes for: skin of elbow

Changes for: abdominal aorta

Changes for: gall bladder lamina propria

Changes for: gastrointestinal system lamina propria

Changes for: metatarsal bone of digit 4

  • Deleted
    • - metatarsal bone of digit 4 database cross reference SCTID:182139001
    • - metatarsal bone of digit 4 external definition The fourth metatarsal bone is smaller in size than the third; its base presents an oblique quadrilateral surface for articulation with the cuboid; a smooth facet on the medial side, divided by a ridge into an anterior portion for articulation with the third metatarsal, and a posterior portion for articulation with the third cuneiform; on the lateral side a single facet, for articulation with the fifth metatarsal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metatarsal_bone]. { source=Wikipedia:Fourth_metatarsal_bone }
  • Added
    • + metatarsal bone of digit 4 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1709002
    • + metatarsal bone of digit 4 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/182139001
    • + metatarsal bone of digit 4 external definition The fourth metatarsal bone is smaller in size than the third; its base presents an oblique quadrilateral surface for articulation with the cuboid; a smooth facet on the medial side, divided by a ridge into an anterior portion for articulation with the third metatarsal, and a posterior portion for articulation with the third cuneiform; on the lateral side a single facet, for articulation with the fifth metatarsal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metatarsal_bone]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_metatarsal_bone }

Changes for: kidney pelvis urothelium

Changes for: metatarsal bone of digit 5

  • Deleted
    • - metatarsal bone of digit 5 database cross reference SCTID:182144008
    • - metatarsal bone of digit 5 external definition The fifth metatarsal bone is recognized by a rough eminence, the tuberosity, on the lateral side of its base. The base articulates behind, by a triangular surface cut obliquely in a transverse direction, with the cuboid; and medially, with the fourth metatarsal. On the medial part of its dorsal surface is inserted the tendon of the Peronæus tertius and on the dorsal surface of the tuberosity that of the Peronæus brevis. A strong band of the plantar aponeurosis connects the projecting part of the tuberosity with the lateral process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus. The plantar surface of the base is grooved for the tendon of the Abductor digiti quinti, and gives origin to the Flexor digiti quinti brevis. The base of the metatarsal is often injured and a particularly notorious fracture is the Jones fracture. When the tuberosity is broken, it is called a pseudo-Jones fracture or a dancer’s fracture. This is a common fracture of the fifth metatarsal. Stress fractures are common in the fifth metatarsal among athletes[Wikipedia:Fifth_metatarsal_bone]. { source=Wikipedia:Fifth_metatarsal_bone }
  • Added
    • + metatarsal bone of digit 5 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1709003
    • + metatarsal bone of digit 5 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/182144008
    • + metatarsal bone of digit 5 external definition The fifth metatarsal bone is recognized by a rough eminence, the tuberosity, on the lateral side of its base. The base articulates behind, by a triangular surface cut obliquely in a transverse direction, with the cuboid; and medially, with the fourth metatarsal. On the medial part of its dorsal surface is inserted the tendon of the Peronæus tertius and on the dorsal surface of the tuberosity that of the Peronæus brevis. A strong band of the plantar aponeurosis connects the projecting part of the tuberosity with the lateral process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus. The plantar surface of the base is grooved for the tendon of the Abductor digiti quinti, and gives origin to the Flexor digiti quinti brevis. The base of the metatarsal is often injured and a particularly notorious fracture is the Jones fracture. When the tuberosity is broken, it is called a pseudo-Jones fracture or a dancer’s fracture. This is a common fracture of the fifth metatarsal. Stress fractures are common in the fifth metatarsal among athletes[Wikipedia:Fifth_metatarsal_bone]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_metatarsal_bone }

Changes for: urethra urothelium

Changes for: molar tooth

Changes for: mesopodium bone

  • Deleted
    • - mesopodium bone database cross reference Wikipedia:Carpus_and_tarsus_of_land_vertebrates
    • - mesopodium bone definition A bone that is part of a mesopodial skeleton[cjm]. The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution. Three proximals. In the hand humans has all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5-15% of people as an os trigonum. Centrale or os centrale, on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man’s foot it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one (up to three) os centrale per hand or foot. Distals, one per finger / toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal. In mammals the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Carpus_and_tarsus_of_land_vertebrates , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + mesopodium bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpus_and_tarsus_of_land_vertebrates
    • + mesopodium bone definition A bone that is part of a mesopodial skeleton[cjm]. The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution. Three proximals. In the hand humans has all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5-15% of people as an os trigonum. Centrale or os centrale, on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man’s foot it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one (up to three) os centrale per hand or foot. Distals, one per finger / toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal. In mammals the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpus_and_tarsus_of_land_vertebrates , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: gastrointestinal system mucosa

Changes for: skin of knee

Changes for: metatarsal bone of digit 1

  • Deleted
    • - metatarsal bone of digit 1 database cross reference SCTID:182121005
    • - metatarsal bone of digit 1 external definition The first metatarsal bone is the bone in the body of the foot just behind the big toe. It is remarkable for its great thickness, and is the shortest of the metatarsal bones. The body is strong, and of well-marked prismoid form. The base presents, as a rule, no articular facets on its sides, but occasionally on the lateral side there is an oval facet, by which it articulates with the second metatarsal. Its proximal articular surface is of large size and kidney-shaped; its circumference is grooved, for the tarsometatarsal ligaments, and medially gives insertion to part of the tendon of the Tibialis anterior; its plantar angle presents a rough oval prominence for the insertion of the tendon of the Peronæus longus. The head is large; on its plantar surface are two grooved facets, on which glide sesamoid bones; the facets are separated by a smooth elevation[Wikipedia:First_metatarsal_bone]. { source=Wikipedia:First_metatarsal_bone }
  • Added
    • + metatarsal bone of digit 1 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1708999
    • + metatarsal bone of digit 1 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/182121005
    • + metatarsal bone of digit 1 external definition The first metatarsal bone is the bone in the body of the foot just behind the big toe. It is remarkable for its great thickness, and is the shortest of the metatarsal bones. The body is strong, and of well-marked prismoid form. The base presents, as a rule, no articular facets on its sides, but occasionally on the lateral side there is an oval facet, by which it articulates with the second metatarsal. Its proximal articular surface is of large size and kidney-shaped; its circumference is grooved, for the tarsometatarsal ligaments, and medially gives insertion to part of the tendon of the Tibialis anterior; its plantar angle presents a rough oval prominence for the insertion of the tendon of the Peronæus longus. The head is large; on its plantar surface are two grooved facets, on which glide sesamoid bones; the facets are separated by a smooth elevation[Wikipedia:First_metatarsal_bone]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_metatarsal_bone }

Changes for: skin of leg

Changes for: gall bladder serosa

Changes for: metatarsal bone of digit 2

Changes for: metatarsal bone of digit 3

Changes for: palatoquadrate cartilage

Changes for: cochlear nuclear complex

Changes for: blastoderm

  • Deleted
    • - blastoderm database cross reference Wikipedia:Blastoderm
    • - blastoderm definition A layer of cells formed at one pole of macrolecithal eggs such as the yolky egg of birds. The yolk prevents the division from taking place through the egg, resulting in meroblastic cleavage during the many cleavage divisions. At the animal pole (containing less yolk than the vegetal pole), the zygote divides and subdivides, forming the blastoderm, which gradually spreads around the yolk and forms the embryo. The blastoderm is composed of two layers, the epiblast and the hypoblast, which enclose the fluid-filled blastocoel cavity. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Blastoderm }
  • Added
    • + blastoderm database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastoderm
    • + blastoderm definition A layer of cells formed at one pole of macrolecithal eggs such as the yolky egg of birds. The yolk prevents the division from taking place through the egg, resulting in meroblastic cleavage during the many cleavage divisions. At the animal pole (containing less yolk than the vegetal pole), the zygote divides and subdivides, forming the blastoderm, which gradually spreads around the yolk and forms the embryo. The blastoderm is composed of two layers, the epiblast and the hypoblast, which enclose the fluid-filled blastocoel cavity. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastoderm }

Changes for: obsolete node of ranvier

Changes for: skeletal tissue

Changes for: scapulocoracoid

Changes for: foramen ovale of heart

Changes for: pars postrema of ventral lateral nucleus

Changes for: regional part of brain

Changes for: salt gland

  • Deleted
    • - salt gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Salt_gland
    • - salt gland definition an organ for excreting excess salts. It is found in elasmobranchs, seabirds, and some reptiles. In sharks, salt glands are found in the rectum, but in birds and reptiles, they are found in or on the skull, in the area of the eyes, nostrils or mouth. In crocodiles, the salt is excreted through the tongue. Such glands work by active transport via sodium-potassium pump that moves salt from the blood into the gland, where it can be excreted as a concentrated solution. Salt glands function to keep salt balance, and allow marine vertebrates to drink seawater[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Salt_gland }
  • Added
    • + salt gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_gland
    • + salt gland definition an organ for excreting excess salts. It is found in elasmobranchs, seabirds, and some reptiles. In sharks, salt glands are found in the rectum, but in birds and reptiles, they are found in or on the skull, in the area of the eyes, nostrils or mouth. In crocodiles, the salt is excreted through the tongue. Such glands work by active transport via sodium-potassium pump that moves salt from the blood into the gland, where it can be excreted as a concentrated solution. Salt glands function to keep salt balance, and allow marine vertebrates to drink seawater[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_gland }

Changes for: regional part of cerebral cortex

Changes for: rectal gland

Changes for: trochlear nerve fibers

Changes for: globose nucleus

Changes for: transverse orbital sulcus

Changes for: ventral tegmental decussation

Changes for: medial part of ventral lateral nucleus

Changes for: gland of anal canal

Changes for: cartilaginous neurocranium

Changes for: preoptic periventricular nucleus

Changes for: endochondral bone tissue

Changes for: tuber cinereum

Changes for: intramembranous bone tissue

  • Deleted
    • - intramembranous bone tissue database cross reference Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification
    • - intramembranous bone tissue definition Bone tissue that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. { database cross reference=GO:0001957 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification }
  • Added
    • + intramembranous bone tissue database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification
    • + intramembranous bone tissue definition Bone tissue that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification , database cross reference=GO:0001957 }

Changes for: skeletal element

Changes for: cranial bone

Changes for: vomerine tooth

Changes for: diaphysis

Changes for: bone of lower jaw

Changes for: triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus

Changes for: tail of caudate nucleus

Changes for: head of caudate nucleus

Changes for: median preoptic nucleus

Changes for: orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus

Changes for: cerebral peduncle

  • Deleted
    • - cerebral peduncle database cross reference SCTID:362391000
    • - cerebral peduncle database cross reference Wikipedia:Cerebral_peduncle
    • - cerebral peduncle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray689.png
    • - cerebral peduncle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray689.png/200px-Gray689.png
    • - cerebral peduncle definition The cerebral peduncle, by most classifications, is everything in the mesencephalon except the tectum. The region includes the midbrain tegmentum, crus cerebri, substantia nigra and pretectum. By this definition, the cerebral peduncles are also known as the basis pedunculi, while the large ventral bundle of efferent fibers is referred to as the crus cerebri or the pes pedunculi There are numerous nerve tracts located within this section of the brainstem. Of note, in the cerebral peduncular loop fibers from motor areas of the brain project to the cerebral peduncle and then project to various thalamic nuclei. In as much as the peduncles are an anatomic landmark, for details regarding the function of this area interested readers are referred to the individual referenced articles. On a broad scale, though, this area contains many nerve tracts conveying motor information to and from the brain to the rest of the body. Important fibers running through the cerebral peduncles include the corticospinal tract and the corticobulbar tract, among others. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cerebral_peduncle }
    • - cerebral peduncle has related synonym pedunculus cerebri { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cerebral_peduncle , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + cerebral peduncle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_peduncle
    • + cerebral peduncle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0007793
    • + cerebral peduncle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362391000
    • + cerebral peduncle definition The cerebral peduncle, by most classifications, is everything in the mesencephalon except the tectum. The region includes the midbrain tegmentum, crus cerebri, substantia nigra and pretectum. By this definition, the cerebral peduncles are also known as the basis pedunculi, while the large ventral bundle of efferent fibers is referred to as the crus cerebri or the pes pedunculi There are numerous nerve tracts located within this section of the brainstem. Of note, in the cerebral peduncular loop fibers from motor areas of the brain project to the cerebral peduncle and then project to various thalamic nuclei. In as much as the peduncles are an anatomic landmark, for details regarding the function of this area interested readers are referred to the individual referenced articles. On a broad scale, though, this area contains many nerve tracts conveying motor information to and from the brain to the rest of the body. Important fibers running through the cerebral peduncles include the corticospinal tract and the corticobulbar tract, among others. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_peduncle }
    • + cerebral peduncle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray689.png
    • + cerebral peduncle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray689.png/200px-Gray689.png
    • + cerebral peduncle has related synonym pedunculus cerebri { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_peduncle , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: foramen magnum

Changes for: gastrula

Changes for: tooth socket

Changes for: sella turcica

Changes for: neuromere

Changes for: segmental subdivision of nervous system

Changes for: omentum

Changes for: rotator cuff

Changes for: palatal muscle

Changes for: cranial suture

Changes for: abdominal cavity

Changes for: bronchial lymph node

Changes for: masticatory muscle

Changes for: posterior cruciate ligament of knee joint

Changes for: anterior intercostal vein

Changes for: pronephric glomerulus

  • Deleted
    • - pronephric glomerulus database cross reference SCTID:360548001
    • - pronephric glomerulus definition The glomus forms from the splanchnic intermediate mesoderm and is the vascularized filtration unit, filtering the blood before it enters the tubules. The glomus is external to the nephron and extends over more than one body segment. { database cross reference=GO:0072013 , database cross reference=GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 , database cross reference=PMID:10572058 , database cross reference=PMID:15647339 , database cross reference=PMID:9268568 , database cross reference=XAO:0000318 }
    • - pronephric glomerulus homology notes The teleost pronephros shares many essential features with the amphibian pronephros including its derivation from mesoderm associated with the coelom and the derivation of the glomerular blood supply from the medial dorsal aorta. However, unlike the pronephros of amphibians, which have an external glomus and tubules with nephrostomes open to the coelom, the mature teleost pronephros has no connection to the body cavity and instead functions as a closed system (reference 1); This variation in nephron types [with external glomeruli that open into the coelom and with internal glomeruli that do not connect with the coelom] and their pattern of distribution suggest an evolutionary sequence. Ancestral craniates probably had an external glomerulus and nephrostomes, as do the first few to develop in very primitive craniates. (…) The mechanism would become more efficient as the coelomic recess into which each glomerulus discharged became a part of the tubule, that is, grew around the glomerulus as a renal capsule. The glomerulus becomes internal. The nephrostomes were lost during subsequent evolution, leaving the type of renal tubule found in most vertebrates (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001237 , ontology=VHOG , source=PMID:9806915 Drummond IA, Majumdar A, Hentschel H, Elger M, Solnica-Krezel L, Schier AF, Neuhauss SCF, Stemple DL, Zwartkruis F, Rangini Z, Driever W, Fishman MC, Early development of the zebrafish pronephros and analysis of mutations affecting pronephric function. Development (1998), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.636 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pronephric glomerulus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/360548001
    • + pronephric glomerulus definition The glomus forms from the splanchnic intermediate mesoderm and is the vascularized filtration unit, filtering the blood before it enters the tubules. The glomus is external to the nephron and extends over more than one body segment. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10572058 , database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15647339 , database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9268568 , database cross reference=GO:0072013 , database cross reference=GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 , database cross reference=XAO:0000318 }
    • + pronephric glomerulus homology notes The teleost pronephros shares many essential features with the amphibian pronephros including its derivation from mesoderm associated with the coelom and the derivation of the glomerular blood supply from the medial dorsal aorta. However, unlike the pronephros of amphibians, which have an external glomus and tubules with nephrostomes open to the coelom, the mature teleost pronephros has no connection to the body cavity and instead functions as a closed system (reference 1); This variation in nephron types [with external glomeruli that open into the coelom and with internal glomeruli that do not connect with the coelom] and their pattern of distribution suggest an evolutionary sequence. Ancestral craniates probably had an external glomerulus and nephrostomes, as do the first few to develop in very primitive craniates. (…) The mechanism would become more efficient as the coelomic recess into which each glomerulus discharged became a part of the tubule, that is, grew around the glomerulus as a renal capsule. The glomerulus becomes internal. The nephrostomes were lost during subsequent evolution, leaving the type of renal tubule found in most vertebrates (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001237 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=PMID:9806915 Drummond IA, Majumdar A, Hentschel H, Elger M, Solnica-Krezel L, Schier AF, Neuhauss SCF, Stemple DL, Zwartkruis F, Rangini Z, Driever W, Fishman MC, Early development of the zebrafish pronephros and analysis of mutations affecting pronephric function. Development (1998), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.636 }

Changes for: archenteron

  • Deleted
    • - archenteron database cross reference Wikipedia:Archenteron
    • - archenteron definition The cavity of a gastrula forming a primitive gut[BTO]. The primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula. It develops into the digestive tract of an animal. As primary mesenchyme cells detach from the vegetal pole in the blastula and enter the fluid filled cavity in the center (the blastocoel), the remaining cells at the vegetal pole flatten to form a vegetal plate. This buckles inwards towards the blastocoel in a process called invagination. The cells continue to be rearranged until the shallow dip formed by invagination transforms into a deeper, narrower pouch formed by the gastrula’s endoderm. This narrowing and lengthening of the archenteron is driven by convergent extension. The open end of the archenteron is called the blastopore. The filopodia–thin fibers formed by the mesenchyme cells–found in a late gastrula contract to drag the tip of the archenteron across the blastocoel. The endoderm of the archenteron will fuse with the ectoderm of the blastocoel wall. At this point gastrulation is complete, and the gastrula has a functional digestive tube. The indentation that is actually formed is called the lip of the blastopore in amphibians and fish, and the primitive streak in birds and mammals. Each is controlled by the dorsal blastopore, and primitive node (also known as Hensen’s node), respectively. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Archenteron }
    • - archenteron dubious for taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7955 { source=http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/gast.html }
    • - archenteron has related synonym mesenteron { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + archenteron database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archenteron
    • + archenteron definition The cavity of a gastrula forming a primitive gut[BTO]. The primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula. It develops into the digestive tract of an animal. As primary mesenchyme cells detach from the vegetal pole in the blastula and enter the fluid filled cavity in the center (the blastocoel), the remaining cells at the vegetal pole flatten to form a vegetal plate. This buckles inwards towards the blastocoel in a process called invagination. The cells continue to be rearranged until the shallow dip formed by invagination transforms into a deeper, narrower pouch formed by the gastrula’s endoderm. This narrowing and lengthening of the archenteron is driven by convergent extension. The open end of the archenteron is called the blastopore. The filopodia–thin fibers formed by the mesenchyme cells–found in a late gastrula contract to drag the tip of the archenteron across the blastocoel. The endoderm of the archenteron will fuse with the ectoderm of the blastocoel wall. At this point gastrulation is complete, and the gastrula has a functional digestive tube. The indentation that is actually formed is called the lip of the blastopore in amphibians and fish, and the primitive streak in birds and mammals. Each is controlled by the dorsal blastopore, and primitive node (also known as Hensen’s node), respectively. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archenteron }
    • + archenteron dubious for taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7955 { source=http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/gast.html }
    • + archenteron has related synonym mesenteron { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: dentary

  • Deleted
    • - dentary database cross reference http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/images/Dentary1.gif
    • - dentary external definition The dentary is a dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw in fishes and amphibians. In mammals the lower jaw consists entirely of the dentary bone. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, ZFA:0000191_and_Liem_KF, p.248][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001022 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - dentary homology notes Of all these bones [dentary, splenials, coronoids, angular, surangular and prearticular], only the dentary remains in the lower jaw of a mammal.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001022 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.248 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + dentary database cross reference http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/images/Dentary1.gif
    • + dentary external definition The dentary is a dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw in fishes and amphibians. In mammals the lower jaw consists entirely of the dentary bone. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, ZFA:0000191_and_Liem_KF, p.248][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001022 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + dentary homology notes Of all these bones [dentary, splenials, coronoids, angular, surangular and prearticular], only the dentary remains in the lower jaw of a mammal.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001022 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.248 }

Changes for: coracoid bone

Changes for: pubic symphysis

Changes for: articular/anguloarticular

Changes for: subtalar joint

Changes for: zygomatic process of maxilla

Changes for: parasphenoid

Changes for: abdominal wall

Changes for: metatarsophalangeal joint

Changes for: fibrous capsule of liver

Changes for: metacarpophalangeal joint

Changes for: limbic lobe

Changes for: basibranchial bone

Changes for: atlanto-axial joint

Changes for: cleithrum

Changes for: retroperitoneal space

Changes for: acromioclavicular joint

Changes for: epidural space

Changes for: sacrum

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + sacrum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum
    • + sacrum database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/264186006
    • + sacrum definition The sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx (tailbone). In children, it consists of usually five unfused vertebrae which begin to fuse between ages 16-18 and are usually completely fused into a single bone by age 26. It is curved upon itself and placed obliquely (that is, tilted forward). It is kyphotic — that is, concave facing forwards. The base projects forward as the sacral promontory internally, and articulates with the last lumbar vertebra to form the prominent sacrovertebral angle. The central part is curved outward towards the posterior, allowing greater room for the pelvic cavity. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum }
    • + sacrum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Gray95.png
    • + sacrum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gray95.png/200px-Gray95.png
    • + sacrum has related synonym os sacrum { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + sacrum has related synonym os sacrum { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum }

Changes for: spinothalamic tract of midbrain

Changes for: ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus

Changes for: paraterminal gyrus

Changes for: emboliform nucleus

Changes for: fasciolar gyrus

Changes for: supraoccipital bone

Changes for: caudal part of ventral lateral nucleus

Changes for: superior rostral sulcus

Changes for: blastodisc

Changes for: neuropil

Changes for: precentral operculum

Changes for: jugular vein

Changes for: pectoral appendage

Changes for: annulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis

Changes for: conceptus

  • Deleted
    • - conceptus database cross reference Wikipedia:Conceptus
    • - conceptus definition The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. { database cross reference=BTO:0003834 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Conceptus }
  • Added
    • + conceptus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptus
    • + conceptus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1516779
    • + conceptus definition The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptus , database cross reference=BTO:0003834 }

Changes for: corpus cavernosum penis

Changes for: septum pellucidum

Changes for: kidney arcuate vein

Changes for: manual major digit (Aves)

Changes for: alular digit

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + alular digit definition A manual digit found in Aves that is the most preaxial position and is morphologically similar to digit 1 in the standard tetrapod configuration and develops from embryonic digit 2, with contributions from embryonic digit 1. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10220427 , database cross reference=PhenoscapeRCN:Oct2012 }

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 29

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 26

Changes for: manual minor digit (Aves)

Changes for: equine hindlimb splint bone

Changes for: equine forelimb splint bone

Changes for: equine splint bone

Changes for: crista ampullaris

Changes for: cerebellar vermis

Changes for: interlobular artery

Changes for: deep cervical lymph node

Changes for: medial palpebral ligament

Changes for: piriform cortex

Changes for: vasa recta

Changes for: cochlear nerve

Changes for: amphibian larval stage

Changes for: cervix glandular epithelium

Changes for: endocervical epithelium

Changes for: ectocervical epithelium

Changes for: abdominal aorta artery

Changes for: cervical squamo-columnar junction

Changes for: digestive syncytial vacuole

Changes for: inferior phrenic artery

  • Deleted
    • - inferior phrenic artery database cross reference SCTID:244283000
    • - inferior phrenic artery database cross reference Wikipedia:Inferior_phrenic_arteries
    • - inferior phrenic artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png
    • - inferior phrenic artery definition The inferior phrenic arteries are two small vessels, which supply the diaphragm but present much variety in their origin. They may arise separately from the front of the aorta, immediately above the celiac artery, or by a common trunk, which may spring either from the aorta or from the celiac artery. Sometimes one is derived from the aorta, and the other from one of the renal arteries; they rarely arise as separate vessels from the aorta. They diverge from one another across the crura of the diaphragm, and then run obliquely upward and lateralward upon its under surface. The left phrenic passes behind the esophagus, and runs forward on the left side of the esophageal hiatus. The right phrenic passes behind the inferior vena cava, and along the right side of the foramen which transmits that vein. Near the back part of the central tendon each vessel divides into a medial and a lateral branch. The medial branch curves forward, and anastomoses with its fellow of the opposite side, and with the musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic arteries. The lateral branch passes toward the side of the thorax, and anastomoses with the lower intercostal arteries, and with the musculophrenic. The lateral branch of the right phrenic gives off a few vessels to the inferior vena cava; and the left one, some branches to the esophagus. Each vessel gives off superior suprarenal branches to the suprarenal gland of its own side. The spleen and the liver also receive a few twigs from the left and right vessels respectively. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Inferior_phrenic_arteries }
    • - inferior phrenic artery has exact synonym arteriae phrenicae inferiores { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Inferior_phrenic_artery , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - inferior phrenic artery has related synonym inferior phrenic artery { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Inferior_phrenic_arteries }
  • Added
    • + inferior phrenic artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_arteries
    • + inferior phrenic artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244283000
    • + inferior phrenic artery definition The inferior phrenic arteries are two small vessels, which supply the diaphragm but present much variety in their origin. They may arise separately from the front of the aorta, immediately above the celiac artery, or by a common trunk, which may spring either from the aorta or from the celiac artery. Sometimes one is derived from the aorta, and the other from one of the renal arteries; they rarely arise as separate vessels from the aorta. They diverge from one another across the crura of the diaphragm, and then run obliquely upward and lateralward upon its under surface. The left phrenic passes behind the esophagus, and runs forward on the left side of the esophageal hiatus. The right phrenic passes behind the inferior vena cava, and along the right side of the foramen which transmits that vein. Near the back part of the central tendon each vessel divides into a medial and a lateral branch. The medial branch curves forward, and anastomoses with its fellow of the opposite side, and with the musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic arteries. The lateral branch passes toward the side of the thorax, and anastomoses with the lower intercostal arteries, and with the musculophrenic. The lateral branch of the right phrenic gives off a few vessels to the inferior vena cava; and the left one, some branches to the esophagus. Each vessel gives off superior suprarenal branches to the suprarenal gland of its own side. The spleen and the liver also receive a few twigs from the left and right vessels respectively. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_arteries }
    • + inferior phrenic artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png
    • + inferior phrenic artery has exact synonym arteriae phrenicae inferiores { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_artery , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + inferior phrenic artery has related synonym inferior phrenic artery { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_arteries }

Changes for: ectocervix

Changes for: cervical gland

Changes for: thyroid follicular lumen

Changes for: silk

Changes for: nuptial pad

Changes for: internal urethral orifice

Changes for: male urethral meatus

  • Deleted
    • - male urethral meatus database cross reference SCTID:279478000
    • - male urethral meatus database cross reference Wikipedia:External_urethral_orifice_%28male%29
    • - male urethral meatus definition A urethral meatus that is part of a male urethra[Automatically generated definition]. { database cross reference=OBOL:automatic , database cross reference=Wikipedia:External_urethral_orifice_%28male%29 }
    • - male urethral meatus external definition The external urethral orifice is the external opening or meatus of the urethra, normally placed at the tip of glans penis; it presents as a vertical slit, possibly bounded on either side by two small labia-like projections, In some cases the slit may be more rounded. This occurs naturally in some males and may also be a side effect of excess skin removal during circumcision. Congenital misplacement of the urethral orifice is called hypospadias when it is located in the underside (ventral aspect) of the penis, and epispadias when located in the dorsum (upper aspect). Improper shaping of the meatus can result in meatal stenosis. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_urethral_orifice_%28male%29 }
  • Added
    • + male urethral meatus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_urethral_orifice_%28male%29
    • + male urethral meatus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279478000
    • + male urethral meatus definition A urethral meatus that is part of a male urethra[Automatically generated definition]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_urethral_orifice_%28male%29 , database cross reference=OBOL:automatic }
    • + male urethral meatus external definition The external urethral orifice is the external opening or meatus of the urethra, normally placed at the tip of glans penis; it presents as a vertical slit, possibly bounded on either side by two small labia-like projections, In some cases the slit may be more rounded. This occurs naturally in some males and may also be a side effect of excess skin removal during circumcision. Congenital misplacement of the urethral orifice is called hypospadias when it is located in the underside (ventral aspect) of the penis, and epispadias when located in the dorsum (upper aspect). Improper shaping of the meatus can result in meatal stenosis. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_urethral_orifice_%28male%29 }

Changes for: urethral meatus

Changes for: superior phrenic vein

Changes for: venous system endothelium

Changes for: arterial system endothelium

Changes for: bulbus cordis

  • Deleted
    • - bulbus cordis database cross reference SCTID:361525002
    • - bulbus cordis database cross reference Wikipedia:Bulbus_cordis
    • - bulbus cordis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Gray466.png
    • - bulbus cordis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gray466.png/200px-Gray466.png
    • - bulbus cordis definition The bulbus cordis lies ventral to the primitive ventricle after the developing heart assumes its S-shaped form. Together, the bulbus cordis and the primitive ventricle give rise to the ventricle of the formed heart. The adjacent walls of the bulbus cordis and ventricle approximate, fuse, and finally disappear, and the bulbus cordis now communicates freely with the right ventricle, while the junction of the bulbus with the truncus arteriosus is brought directly ventral to and applied to the atrial canal. By the upgrowth of the ventricular septum the bulbus cordis is in great measure separated from the left ventricle, but remains an integral part of the right ventricle, of which it forms the infundibulum[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Bulbus_cordis }
  • Added
    • + bulbus cordis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbus_cordis
    • + bulbus cordis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1284055
    • + bulbus cordis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361525002
    • + bulbus cordis definition The bulbus cordis lies ventral to the primitive ventricle after the developing heart assumes its S-shaped form. Together, the bulbus cordis and the primitive ventricle give rise to the ventricle of the formed heart. The adjacent walls of the bulbus cordis and ventricle approximate, fuse, and finally disappear, and the bulbus cordis now communicates freely with the right ventricle, while the junction of the bulbus with the truncus arteriosus is brought directly ventral to and applied to the atrial canal. By the upgrowth of the ventricular septum the bulbus cordis is in great measure separated from the left ventricle, but remains an integral part of the right ventricle, of which it forms the infundibulum[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbus_cordis }
    • + bulbus cordis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Gray466.png
    • + bulbus cordis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gray466.png/200px-Gray466.png

Changes for: pharyngula stage

Changes for: paired limb/fin

Changes for: pelvic appendage

Changes for: dorsal thalamus

Changes for: bone fossa

Changes for: fenestra

Changes for: intercostal lymph node

Changes for: intercalated amygdaloid nuclei

Changes for: central amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: lateral amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: accessory basal amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: pontobulbar nucleus

Changes for: supraspinal nucleus

Changes for: sublingual nucleus

Changes for: basal amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: lateral part of basal amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: medial part of basal amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: medial pericuneate nucleus

Changes for: lateral pericuneate nucleus

Changes for: interpolar part of spinal trigeminal nucleus

Changes for: inferior salivatory nucleus

Changes for: hypoglossal nucleus

Changes for: dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve

Changes for: peritrigeminal nucleus

Changes for: nucleus intercalatus

Changes for: nucleus of lateral olfactory tract

Changes for: medial amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: cortical amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: anterior amygdaloid area

Changes for: cistern of lamina terminalis

Changes for: telodiencephalic fissure

Changes for: olfactory cortex

  • Deleted
    • - olfactory cortex database cross reference Wikipedia:Olfactory_cortex
    • - olfactory cortex homology notes (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000325 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added

Changes for: chiasmatic cistern

  • Deleted
    • - chiasmatic cistern database cross reference SCTID:47947006
    • - chiasmatic cistern database cross reference Wikipedia:Chiasmatic_cistern
    • - chiasmatic cistern definition In front, the cisterna interpeduncularis extends forward across the optic chiasma, forming the cistern of chiasma or chiasmatic cistern, and on to the upper surface of the corpus callosum, for the arachnoid stretches across from one cerebral hemisphere to the other immediately beneath the free border of the falx cerebri, and thus leaves a space in which the anterior cerebral arteries are contained. The ‘leaf’ or extension of the chiasmatic cistern above the chiasma, which is separated from the optic recess of the third ventricle by the thin lamina terminalis, has been called the suprachiasmatic cistern. As spaces filled with freely circulating cerebrospinal fluid, cisterns receive little direct study, but are mentioned in pathological conditions. Cysts and tumors of the lamina terminalis extend into the suprachiasmatic cistern, as can pituitary tumors, or the cistern can be partially or completely effaced by injury and hematoma or by blockage of the cerebral aqueduct. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Chiasmatic_cistern }
    • - chiasmatic cistern has related synonym cisterna chiasmatica { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Chiasmatic_cistern , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + chiasmatic cistern database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiasmatic_cistern
    • + chiasmatic cistern database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0228152
    • + chiasmatic cistern database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/47947006
    • + chiasmatic cistern definition In front, the cisterna interpeduncularis extends forward across the optic chiasma, forming the cistern of chiasma or chiasmatic cistern, and on to the upper surface of the corpus callosum, for the arachnoid stretches across from one cerebral hemisphere to the other immediately beneath the free border of the falx cerebri, and thus leaves a space in which the anterior cerebral arteries are contained. The ‘leaf’ or extension of the chiasmatic cistern above the chiasma, which is separated from the optic recess of the third ventricle by the thin lamina terminalis, has been called the suprachiasmatic cistern. As spaces filled with freely circulating cerebrospinal fluid, cisterns receive little direct study, but are mentioned in pathological conditions. Cysts and tumors of the lamina terminalis extend into the suprachiasmatic cistern, as can pituitary tumors, or the cistern can be partially or completely effaced by injury and hematoma or by blockage of the cerebral aqueduct. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiasmatic_cistern }
    • + chiasmatic cistern has related synonym cisterna chiasmatica { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiasmatic_cistern , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: hippocampal sulcus

Changes for: auditory cortex

Changes for: flexor hallucis longus

  • Deleted
    • - flexor hallucis longus database cross reference SCTID:361826009
    • - flexor hallucis longus database cross reference Wikipedia:Flexor_hallucis_longus_muscle
    • - flexor hallucis longus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Gray442.png
    • - flexor hallucis longus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray442.png/200px-Gray442.png
    • - flexor hallucis longus definition The Flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) is a muscle of the leg. It is one of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg. The other deep muscles of the leg are flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior. FHL is the largest and most powerful of these deep muscles. The Flexor hallucis longus is situated on the fibular side of the leg. It arises from the inferior two-thirds of the posterior surface of the body of the fibula, with the exception of 2.5 cm. at its lowest part; from the lower part of the interosseous membrane; from an intermuscular septum between it and the Peronæi, laterally, and from the fascia covering the Tibialis posterior, medially. The fibers pass obliquely downward and backward, and end in a tendon which occupies nearly the whole length of the posterior surface of the muscle. This tendon lies in a groove which crosses the posterior surface of the lower end of the tibia, the posterior surface of the talus, and the under surface of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus; in the sole of the foot it runs forward between the two heads of the Flexor hallucis brevis, and is inserted into the base of the last phalanx of the great toe. The grooves on the talus and calcaneus, which contain the tendon of the muscle, are converted by tendinous fibers into distinct canals, lined by a mucous sheath. As the tendon passes forward in the sole of the foot, it is situated above, and crosses from the lateral to the medial side of the tendon of the Flexor digitorum longus, to which it is connected by a fibrous slip. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Flexor_hallucis_longus_muscle }
    • - flexor hallucis longus has exact synonym flexor hallucis longus muscle { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Flexor_hallucis_longus_muscle }
  • Added
    • + flexor hallucis longus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_longus_muscle
    • + flexor hallucis longus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0224473
    • + flexor hallucis longus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361826009
    • + flexor hallucis longus definition The Flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) is a muscle of the leg. It is one of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg. The other deep muscles of the leg are flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior. FHL is the largest and most powerful of these deep muscles. The Flexor hallucis longus is situated on the fibular side of the leg. It arises from the inferior two-thirds of the posterior surface of the body of the fibula, with the exception of 2.5 cm. at its lowest part; from the lower part of the interosseous membrane; from an intermuscular septum between it and the Peronæi, laterally, and from the fascia covering the Tibialis posterior, medially. The fibers pass obliquely downward and backward, and end in a tendon which occupies nearly the whole length of the posterior surface of the muscle. This tendon lies in a groove which crosses the posterior surface of the lower end of the tibia, the posterior surface of the talus, and the under surface of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus; in the sole of the foot it runs forward between the two heads of the Flexor hallucis brevis, and is inserted into the base of the last phalanx of the great toe. The grooves on the talus and calcaneus, which contain the tendon of the muscle, are converted by tendinous fibers into distinct canals, lined by a mucous sheath. As the tendon passes forward in the sole of the foot, it is situated above, and crosses from the lateral to the medial side of the tendon of the Flexor digitorum longus, to which it is connected by a fibrous slip. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_longus_muscle }
    • + flexor hallucis longus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Gray442.png
    • + flexor hallucis longus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray442.png/200px-Gray442.png
    • + flexor hallucis longus has exact synonym flexor hallucis longus muscle { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_longus_muscle }

Changes for: popliteus muscle

Changes for: sural artery

Changes for: deep brachial artery

Changes for: brachial artery

  • Deleted
    • - brachial artery database cross reference SCTID:181322008
    • - brachial artery database cross reference Wikipedia:Brachial_artery
    • - brachial artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray525.png
    • - brachial artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray525.png/200px-Gray525.png
    • - brachial artery definition The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries which run down the forearm. In some individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier and the ulnar and radial arteries extend through the upper arm. The pulse of the brachial artery is palpable on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the tendon of the biceps, and, with the use of a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) often used to measure the blood pressure. The brachial artery is closely related to the median nerve; in proximal regions, the median nerve is immediately lateral to the brachial artery. Distally, the median nerve crosses the medial side of the brachial artery and lies anterior to the elbow joint. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brachial_artery }
    • - brachial artery has related synonym arteria brachialis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brachial_artery , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + brachial artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_artery
    • + brachial artery database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0006087
    • + brachial artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181322008
    • + brachial artery definition The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries which run down the forearm. In some individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier and the ulnar and radial arteries extend through the upper arm. The pulse of the brachial artery is palpable on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the tendon of the biceps, and, with the use of a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) often used to measure the blood pressure. The brachial artery is closely related to the median nerve; in proximal regions, the median nerve is immediately lateral to the brachial artery. Distally, the median nerve crosses the medial side of the brachial artery and lies anterior to the elbow joint. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_artery }
    • + brachial artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray525.png
    • + brachial artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray525.png/200px-Gray525.png
    • + brachial artery has related synonym arteria brachialis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_artery , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: subscapular artery

Changes for: lateral thoracic artery

Changes for: thoraco-acromial artery

Changes for: axillary artery

Changes for: vastus medialis

Changes for: pectineus muscle

Changes for: semimembranosus muscle

Changes for: gastrocnemius

Changes for: fibularis longus

Changes for: soleus muscle

  • Deleted
    • - soleus muscle database cross reference SCTID:181702007
    • - soleus muscle database cross reference Wikipedia:Soleus_muscle
    • - soleus muscle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg
    • - soleus muscle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg
    • - soleus muscle definition a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the solefish whose shape it resembles. The soleus is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg. Not all mammals have a soleus muscle; one familiar species that lacks the soleus is the dog. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Soleus_muscle }
  • Added
    • + soleus muscle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soleus_muscle
    • + soleus muscle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0242694
    • + soleus muscle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181702007
    • + soleus muscle definition a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the solefish whose shape it resembles. The soleus is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg. Not all mammals have a soleus muscle; one familiar species that lacks the soleus is the dog. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soleus_muscle }
    • + soleus muscle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg
    • + soleus muscle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg

Changes for: primary motor cortex

Changes for: muscle of leg

Changes for: extensor digitorum longus

Changes for: tibialis anterior

Changes for: palatine torus

Changes for: popliteal area

Changes for: prepatagium

  • Deleted
    • - prepatagium definition a roughly triangular flap of skin on the wing of a bird or pterosaur which fills the space bounded by the humerus and ulna. { database cross reference=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPo.html }
  • Added
    • + prepatagium definition a roughly triangular flap of skin on the wing of a bird or pterosaur which fills the space bounded by the humerus and ulna. { database cross reference=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPo.html }

Changes for: rattle

Changes for: venom gland duct

Changes for: cornual sinus

Changes for: snake venom

Changes for: venom-injecting tooth

Changes for: cerebrospinal fluid

  • Deleted
    • - cerebrospinal fluid database cross reference Wikipedia:Cerebrospinal_fluid
    • - cerebrospinal fluid definition a clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cerebrospinal_fluid }
    • - cerebrospinal fluid has related synonym liquor cerebrospinalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cerebrospinal_fluid }
    • - cerebrospinal fluid homology notes In vertebrates, at early stages of Central Nervous System (CNS) development, the architecture of the brain primordium reveals the presence of the cavity of brain vesicles, which is filled by Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (E-CSF). (…) Rat and chick E-CSF proteomes are similar, although rat is more complex in certain groups of proteins, e.g., apolipoproteins, which may be involved in the control of neural diversity, and has soluble enzymes present, just like adult human CSF, but unlike chick E-CSF, revealing phylogenetic brain differences between these groups of vertebrates.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001278 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1021/pr050213t Parada C, Gato A, Bueno D, Mammalian embryonic cerebrospinal fluid proteome has greater apolipoprotein and enzyme pattern complexity than the avian proteome. Journal of Proteome Research (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + cerebrospinal fluid database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid
    • + cerebrospinal fluid database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0007806
    • + cerebrospinal fluid definition a clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid }
    • + cerebrospinal fluid has related synonym liquor cerebrospinalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid }
    • + cerebrospinal fluid homology notes In vertebrates, at early stages of Central Nervous System (CNS) development, the architecture of the brain primordium reveals the presence of the cavity of brain vesicles, which is filled by Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (E-CSF). (…) Rat and chick E-CSF proteomes are similar, although rat is more complex in certain groups of proteins, e.g., apolipoproteins, which may be involved in the control of neural diversity, and has soluble enzymes present, just like adult human CSF, but unlike chick E-CSF, revealing phylogenetic brain differences between these groups of vertebrates.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001278 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1021/pr050213t Parada C, Gato A, Bueno D, Mammalian embryonic cerebrospinal fluid proteome has greater apolipoprotein and enzyme pattern complexity than the avian proteome. Journal of Proteome Research (2005) }

Changes for: perineal artery

Changes for: inferior epigastric artery

Changes for: deep femoral artery

Changes for: medial circumflex femoral artery

Changes for: inferior rectal artery

Changes for: coccyx

Changes for: lacrimal sac

  • Deleted
    • - lacrimal sac database cross reference SCTID:362534009
    • - lacrimal sac database cross reference Wikipedia:Lacrimal_sac
    • - lacrimal sac database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Gray896.png
    • - lacrimal sac definition The lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla. It connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye’s surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity. This is mainly for high amounts of tears, in which the lacrimal sac pumps inward and outward driven by the orbicularis muscle during blinking. It is oval in form and measures from 12 to 15 mm. in length; its upper end is closed and rounded; its lower is continued into the nasolacrimal duct. Its superficial surface is covered by a fibrous expansion derived from the medial palpebral ligament, and its deep surface is crossed by the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi, which is attached to the crest on the lacrimal bone. Like the nasolacrimal duct, the sac is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, with surrounding connective tissue. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lacrimal_sac }
    • - lacrimal sac has related synonym saccus lacrimalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lacrimal_sac , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + lacrimal sac database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_sac
    • + lacrimal sac database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0229289
    • + lacrimal sac database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362534009
    • + lacrimal sac definition The lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla. It connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye’s surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity. This is mainly for high amounts of tears, in which the lacrimal sac pumps inward and outward driven by the orbicularis muscle during blinking. It is oval in form and measures from 12 to 15 mm. in length; its upper end is closed and rounded; its lower is continued into the nasolacrimal duct. Its superficial surface is covered by a fibrous expansion derived from the medial palpebral ligament, and its deep surface is crossed by the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi, which is attached to the crest on the lacrimal bone. Like the nasolacrimal duct, the sac is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, with surrounding connective tissue. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_sac }
    • + lacrimal sac depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Gray896.png
    • + lacrimal sac has related synonym saccus lacrimalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_sac , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: external acoustic meatus

Changes for: anal region

  • Deleted
    • - anal region database cross reference SCTID:362680001
    • - anal region database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray408.png/200px-Gray408.png
    • - anal region definition The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • - anal region homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000395 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + anal region database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0230120
    • + anal region database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362680001
    • + anal region definition The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + anal region depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray408.png/200px-Gray408.png
    • + anal region homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000395 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 }

Changes for: vestibule

Changes for: brown adipose tissue

Changes for: white adipose tissue

Changes for: obsolete fornix

Changes for: vaginal hymen

Changes for: seminiferous tubule of testis

Changes for: epithelium of vagina

Changes for: lesser sac

  • Deleted
    • - lesser sac database cross reference Wikipedia:Lesser_sac
    • - lesser sac database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Peritoneum.svg/200px-Peritoneum.svg.png
    • - lesser sac definition The lesser sac, also known as the omental bursa, is the cavity in the abdomen that is formed by the lesser and greater omentum. Usually found in mammals, it is connected with the greater sac via the epiploic foramen (also known as the Foramen of Winslow). In mammals, it is not uncommon for the lesser sac to contain considerable amounts of fat. In human anatomy, the wall of the stomach, pancreas and splenic artery are a part of the wall of the lesser sac. If these structures rupture they may leak into the lesser sac. For the stomach, which lies anterior to the omental bursa, the rupture must be on the posterior side; if it were anteriorly located, the leak would collect in the greater sac. The lesser sac is embryologically formed from an infolding of the greater omentum. The open end of the infolding, known as the epiploic foramen, is usually proximal to the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lesser_sac }
    • - lesser sac external definition The lesser sac of the peritoneum. Part of the peritoneal cavity behind the liver, lesser omentum and stomach. It lies across the transverse mesocolon and extends into the greater omentum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000458 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + lesser sac database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_sac
    • + lesser sac database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0230212
    • + lesser sac definition The lesser sac, also known as the omental bursa, is the cavity in the abdomen that is formed by the lesser and greater omentum. Usually found in mammals, it is connected with the greater sac via the epiploic foramen (also known as the Foramen of Winslow). In mammals, it is not uncommon for the lesser sac to contain considerable amounts of fat. In human anatomy, the wall of the stomach, pancreas and splenic artery are a part of the wall of the lesser sac. If these structures rupture they may leak into the lesser sac. For the stomach, which lies anterior to the omental bursa, the rupture must be on the posterior side; if it were anteriorly located, the leak would collect in the greater sac. The lesser sac is embryologically formed from an infolding of the greater omentum. The open end of the infolding, known as the epiploic foramen, is usually proximal to the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_sac }
    • + lesser sac depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Peritoneum.svg/200px-Peritoneum.svg.png
    • + lesser sac external definition The lesser sac of the peritoneum. Part of the peritoneal cavity behind the liver, lesser omentum and stomach. It lies across the transverse mesocolon and extends into the greater omentum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000458 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }

Changes for: mesovarium

Changes for: dorsal artery of penis

  • Deleted
    • - dorsal artery of penis database cross reference SCTID:244294001
    • - dorsal artery of penis database cross reference Wikipedia:Dorsal_artery_of_penis
    • - dorsal artery of penis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gray1155.png/200px-Gray1155.png
    • - dorsal artery of penis definition The Dorsal Artery of the Penis ascends between the crus penis and the pubic symphysis, and, piercing the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, passes between the two layers of the suspensory ligament of the penis, and runs forward on the dorsum of the penis to the glans, where it divides into two branches, which supply the glans and prepuce. On the penis, it lies between the dorsal nerve and deep dorsal vein, the former being on its lateral side. It supplies the integument and fibrous sheath of the corpus cavernosum penis, sending branches through the sheath to anastomose with the deep artery of the penis. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dorsal_artery_of_penis }
  • Added
    • + dorsal artery of penis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_artery_of_penis
    • + dorsal artery of penis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244294001
    • + dorsal artery of penis definition The Dorsal Artery of the Penis ascends between the crus penis and the pubic symphysis, and, piercing the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, passes between the two layers of the suspensory ligament of the penis, and runs forward on the dorsum of the penis to the glans, where it divides into two branches, which supply the glans and prepuce. On the penis, it lies between the dorsal nerve and deep dorsal vein, the former being on its lateral side. It supplies the integument and fibrous sheath of the corpus cavernosum penis, sending branches through the sheath to anastomose with the deep artery of the penis. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_artery_of_penis }
    • + dorsal artery of penis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gray1155.png/200px-Gray1155.png

Changes for: psoas minor muscle

Changes for: sartorius muscle

Changes for: biceps femoris

Changes for: semitendinosus

Changes for: tensor fasciae latae muscle

Changes for: quadriceps femoris

Changes for: rectus femoris

  • Deleted
    • - rectus femoris database cross reference SCTID:181679006
    • - rectus femoris database cross reference Wikipedia:Rectus_femoris_muscle
    • - rectus femoris database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Rectus_femoris.png
    • - rectus femoris database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rectus_femoris.png/200px-Rectus_femoris.png
    • - rectus femoris definition The Rectus femoris muscle is one of the four quadriceps muscles of the human body. (The others are the vastus medialis, the vastus intermedius, and the vastus lateralis. All four combine to form the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella and continues as the patellar ligament. ) The Rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh; it is fusiform in shape, and its superficial fibers are arranged in a bipenniform manner, the deep fibers running straight down to the deep aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Rectus_femoris_muscle }
  • Added
    • + rectus femoris database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_femoris_muscle
    • + rectus femoris database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0584894
    • + rectus femoris database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181679006
    • + rectus femoris definition The Rectus femoris muscle is one of the four quadriceps muscles of the human body. (The others are the vastus medialis, the vastus intermedius, and the vastus lateralis. All four combine to form the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella and continues as the patellar ligament. ) The Rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh; it is fusiform in shape, and its superficial fibers are arranged in a bipenniform manner, the deep fibers running straight down to the deep aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_femoris_muscle }
    • + rectus femoris depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Rectus_femoris.png
    • + rectus femoris depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rectus_femoris.png/200px-Rectus_femoris.png

Changes for: vastus lateralis

  • Deleted
    • - vastus lateralis database cross reference Wikipedia:Vastus_lateralis
    • - vastus lateralis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg
    • - vastus lateralis definition The Vastus lateralis (Vastus externus) is the largest part of the Quadriceps femoris. It arises by a broad aponeurosis, which is attached to the upper part of the intertrochanteric line, to the anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, to the lateral lip of the gluteal tuberosity, and to the upper half of the lateral lip of the linea aspera; this aponeurosis covers the upper three-fourths of the muscle, and from its deep surface many fibers take origin. A few additional fibers arise from the tendon of the Glutæus maximus, and from the lateral intermuscular septum between the Vastus lateralis and short head of the Biceps femoris. The fibers form a large fleshy mass, which is attached to a strong aponeurosis, placed on the deep surface of the lower part of the muscle: this aponeurosis becomes contracted and thickened into a flat tendon inserted into the lateral border of the patella, blending with the Quadriceps femoris tendon, and giving an expansion to the capsule of the knee-joint. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vastus_lateralis }
  • Added
    • + vastus lateralis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastus_lateralis
    • + vastus lateralis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0224444
    • + vastus lateralis definition The Vastus lateralis (Vastus externus) is the largest part of the Quadriceps femoris. It arises by a broad aponeurosis, which is attached to the upper part of the intertrochanteric line, to the anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, to the lateral lip of the gluteal tuberosity, and to the upper half of the lateral lip of the linea aspera; this aponeurosis covers the upper three-fourths of the muscle, and from its deep surface many fibers take origin. A few additional fibers arise from the tendon of the Glutæus maximus, and from the lateral intermuscular septum between the Vastus lateralis and short head of the Biceps femoris. The fibers form a large fleshy mass, which is attached to a strong aponeurosis, placed on the deep surface of the lower part of the muscle: this aponeurosis becomes contracted and thickened into a flat tendon inserted into the lateral border of the patella, blending with the Quadriceps femoris tendon, and giving an expansion to the capsule of the knee-joint. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastus_lateralis }
    • + vastus lateralis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg

Changes for: gluteus maximus

Changes for: gluteus medius

Changes for: nigrostriatal tract

Changes for: iliacus muscle

Changes for: great saphenous vein

Changes for: femoral vein

Changes for: perineal vein

Changes for: external anal sphincter

Changes for: obturator externus

Changes for: sacro-iliac joint

Changes for: parietal peritoneum

Changes for: deep circumflex iliac vein

Changes for: vaginal vein

Changes for: obturator artery

Changes for: superior gluteal artery

Changes for: external iliac vein

Changes for: internal iliac vein

Changes for: inferior vesical artery

Changes for: umbilical artery

Changes for: iliolumbar artery

Changes for: superior vesical artery

Changes for: internal iliac artery

Changes for: capsule of ovary

Changes for: external iliac artery

Changes for: ovarian follicle

Changes for: cumulus oophorus

Changes for: left uterine tube

Changes for: germinal epithelium of ovary

Changes for: right uterine tube

Changes for: epididymis

Changes for: scrotum

  • Deleted
    • - scrotum database cross reference SCTID:265794003
    • - scrotum database cross reference Wikipedia:Scrotum
    • - scrotum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Scrotum_warm_and_cold.jpg
    • - scrotum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/HairedHumanScrotum.png/200px-HairedHumanScrotum.png
    • - scrotum definition In some male mammals the scrotum (also referred to as the cod) is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. It is an extension of the abdomen, and is located between the penis and anus. In humans and some other mammals, the base of the scrotum becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty. In common speech, the scrotum is often improperly referred to as the testicles, which actually refer to organs encased inside the scrotum. The scrotum is homologous to the labia majora in females. It becomes tight when sexually aroused. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Scrotum }
  • Added
    • + scrotum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrotum
    • + scrotum database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0036471
    • + scrotum database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/265794003
    • + scrotum definition In some male mammals the scrotum (also referred to as the cod) is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. It is an extension of the abdomen, and is located between the penis and anus. In humans and some other mammals, the base of the scrotum becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty. In common speech, the scrotum is often improperly referred to as the testicles, which actually refer to organs encased inside the scrotum. The scrotum is homologous to the labia majora in females. It becomes tight when sexually aroused. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrotum }
    • + scrotum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Scrotum_warm_and_cold.jpg
    • + scrotum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/HairedHumanScrotum.png/200px-HairedHumanScrotum.png

Changes for: spongiose part of urethra

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + spongiose part of urethra database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_urethra
    • + spongiose part of urethra database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/263341006
    • + spongiose part of urethra definition The spongy urethra (cavernous portion of urethra, penile urethra) is the longest part of the male urethra, and is contained in the corpus spongiosum urethraeæ. It is about 15 cm long, and extends from the termination of the membranous portion to the external urethral orifice. Commencing below the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm it passes forward and upward to the front of the symphysis pubis; and then, in the flaccid condition of the penis, it bends downward and forward. It is narrow, and of uniform size in the body of the penis, measuring about 6 mm in diameter; it is dilated behind, within the bulb, and again anteriorly within the glans penis, where it forms the fossa navicularis urethrae. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_urethra }
    • + spongiose part of urethra depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/200px-Gray1142.png
    • + spongiose part of urethra depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/250px-Gray1142.png

Changes for: urethral gland

Changes for: ischiocavernosus muscle

Changes for: skin of penis

Changes for: pampiniform plexus

  • Deleted
    • - pampiniform plexus database cross reference SCTID:279661001
    • - pampiniform plexus database cross reference Wikipedia:Pampiniform_venous_plexus
    • - pampiniform plexus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray1147.png
    • - pampiniform plexus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray1147.png/200px-Gray1147.png
    • - pampiniform plexus definition The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. The veins of the plexus ascend along the cord in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampinoform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord. In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pampiniform_venous_plexus }
  • Added
    • + pampiniform plexus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampiniform_venous_plexus
    • + pampiniform plexus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279661001
    • + pampiniform plexus definition The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. The veins of the plexus ascend along the cord in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampinoform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord. In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampiniform_venous_plexus }
    • + pampiniform plexus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray1147.png
    • + pampiniform plexus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray1147.png/200px-Gray1147.png

Changes for: male urethra

Changes for: prepuce of penis

Changes for: prostatic urethra

Changes for: female urethra

Changes for: coccygeus muscle

Changes for: lobe of prostate

Changes for: levator ani muscle

Changes for: prostate gland anterior lobe

Changes for: iliolumbar vein

Changes for: common fibular nerve

Changes for: tibial nerve

  • Deleted
    • - tibial nerve database cross reference SCTID:181078002
    • - tibial nerve database cross reference Wikipedia:Tibial_nerve
    • - tibial nerve database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Gray828.png
    • - tibial nerve database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gray828.png/200px-Gray828.png
    • - tibial nerve definition The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus. In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a cutaneous branch that will become the sural nerve. The sural nerve is joined by fibres from the common peroneal nerve and runs down the calf to supply the lateral side of the foot. Below the soleus muscle the nerve lies close to the tibia and supplies the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. The nerve passes into the foot running posterior to the medial malleolus. Here it is bound down by the flexor retinaculum in company with the posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Tibial_nerve }
    • - tibial nerve has related synonym n. tibialis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Tibial_nerve , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + tibial nerve database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibial_nerve
    • + tibial nerve database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0040186
    • + tibial nerve database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181078002
    • + tibial nerve definition The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus. In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a cutaneous branch that will become the sural nerve. The sural nerve is joined by fibres from the common peroneal nerve and runs down the calf to supply the lateral side of the foot. Below the soleus muscle the nerve lies close to the tibia and supplies the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. The nerve passes into the foot running posterior to the medial malleolus. Here it is bound down by the flexor retinaculum in company with the posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibial_nerve }
    • + tibial nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Gray828.png
    • + tibial nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gray828.png/200px-Gray828.png
    • + tibial nerve has related synonym n. tibialis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibial_nerve , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: sciatic nerve

Changes for: obturator vein

Changes for: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

  • Deleted
    • - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex database cross reference Wikipedia:Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex
    • - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex definition The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46.[1] According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47.[2] These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC.[2]DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex }
  • Added
    • + dorsolateral prefrontal cortex database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex
    • + dorsolateral prefrontal cortex definition The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46.[1] According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47.[2] These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC.[2]DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex }

Changes for: fronto-orbital gyrus

Changes for: anterior cingulate cortex

  • Deleted
    • - anterior cingulate cortex database cross reference Wikipedia:Anterior_cingulate_cortex
    • - anterior cingulate cortex database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gray727_anterior_cingulate_cortex.png
    • - anterior cingulate cortex definition the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a ‘collar’ form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex, and appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy[1] and emotion. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Anterior_cingulate_cortex }
  • Added
    • + anterior cingulate cortex database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex
    • + anterior cingulate cortex definition the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a ‘collar’ form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex, and appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy[1] and emotion. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex }
    • + anterior cingulate cortex depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gray727_anterior_cingulate_cortex.png

Changes for: brain grey matter

Changes for: kidney capillary

Changes for: hindlimb skin

Changes for: manual digit skin

Changes for: tail skin

Changes for: vagus X nerve trunk

Changes for: pedal digit skin

Changes for: forelimb skin

Changes for: left lung alveolar duct

Changes for: right lung alveolar duct

Changes for: left lung bronchiole

Changes for: right lung bronchiole

Changes for: left lung terminal bronchiole

Changes for: right lung respiratory bronchiole

Changes for: iliocostalis thoracis muscle

Changes for: right lung terminal bronchiole

Changes for: longissimus thoracis muscle

Changes for: left lung respiratory bronchiole

Changes for: brain white matter

Changes for: cavum septum pellucidum

Changes for: endosteum

Changes for: digestive tract diverticulum

Changes for: body of uterus

Changes for: echinoderm gastric caecum

  • Deleted
    • - echinoderm gastric caecum definition non-contractile pouch that is connected to the anterior stomach through a slit-like opening. This pouch is also well-connected to the haemal system through numerous haemal ducts within its connective tissue layer. { database cross reference=PMID:20955602 }
  • Added
    • + echinoderm gastric caecum definition non-contractile pouch that is connected to the anterior stomach through a slit-like opening. This pouch is also well-connected to the haemal system through numerous haemal ducts within its connective tissue layer. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20955602 }

Changes for: semispinalis thoracis

Changes for: brain pia mater

  • Deleted
    • - brain pia mater external definition The innermost of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000470 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pia+mater }
    • - brain pia mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000470 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + brain pia mater database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1706994
    • + brain pia mater external definition The innermost of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000470 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pia+mater }
    • + brain pia mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000470 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: ulnar artery

  • Deleted
    • - ulnar artery database cross reference SCTID:181333006
    • - ulnar artery database cross reference Wikipedia:Ulnar_artery
    • - ulnar artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Gray1237.svg
    • - ulnar artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray1237.svg/200px-Gray1237.svg.png
    • - ulnar artery definition The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein or veins, the ulnar vein or ulnar veins. The ulnar artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial, begins a little below the bend of the elbow in the cubital fossa, and, passing obliquely downward, reaches the ulnar side of the forearm at a point about midway between the elbow and the wrist. It then runs along the ulnar border to the wrist, crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the radial side of the pisiform bone, and immediately beyond this bone divides into two branches, which enter into the formation of the superficial and deep volar arches. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ulnar_artery }
    • - ulnar artery has related synonym A. Ulnaris { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ulnar_artery , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + ulnar artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_artery
    • + ulnar artery database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0162858
    • + ulnar artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181333006
    • + ulnar artery definition The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein or veins, the ulnar vein or ulnar veins. The ulnar artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial, begins a little below the bend of the elbow in the cubital fossa, and, passing obliquely downward, reaches the ulnar side of the forearm at a point about midway between the elbow and the wrist. It then runs along the ulnar border to the wrist, crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the radial side of the pisiform bone, and immediately beyond this bone divides into two branches, which enter into the formation of the superficial and deep volar arches. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_artery }
    • + ulnar artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Gray1237.svg
    • + ulnar artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray1237.svg/200px-Gray1237.svg.png
    • + ulnar artery has related synonym A. Ulnaris { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_artery , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: semispinalis capitis

Changes for: semispinalis cervicis

Changes for: brain meninx

  • Deleted
    • - brain meninx database cross reference SCTID:180949007
    • - brain meninx external definition Meninges that are part of the brain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000013 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - brain meninx homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000013 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + brain meninx database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/180949007
    • + brain meninx external definition Meninges that are part of the brain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000013 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + brain meninx homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000013 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: longissimus capitis

Changes for: longissimus cervicis muscle

Changes for: spinalis thoracis muscle

Changes for: radial artery

Changes for: basilic vein

  • Deleted
    • - basilic vein database cross reference SCTID:181393008
    • - basilic vein database cross reference Wikipedia:Basilic_vein
    • - basilic vein database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray576.png
    • - basilic vein database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png
    • - basilic vein definition In human anatomy, the basilic vein is a large superficial vein of the upper limb that helps drain parts of manus and forearm. It originates on the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous network of the manus, and it travels up the base of the forearm and arm. Most of its course is superficial; it generally travels in the subcutaneous fat and other fasciae that lie superficial to the muscles of the upper extremity. Because of this, it is usually visible through the skin. Near the region anterior to the cubital fossa, in the bend of the elbow joint, the basilic vein usually connects with the other large superficial vein of the upper extremity, the cephalic vein, via the median cubital vein. The layout of superficial veins in the forearm is highly variable from person to person, and there are generally a variety of other unnamed superficial veins that the basilic vein communicates with. About halfway up the arm proper (the part between the shoulder and elbow), the basilic vein goes deep, travelling under the muscles. There, around the lower border of the teres major muscle, the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral veins feed into it, just before it joins the brachial veins to form the axillary vein. Along with other superficial veins in the forearm, the basilic vein is a possible site for venipuncture. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Basilic_vein }
  • Added
    • + basilic vein database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilic_vein
    • + basilic vein database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226801
    • + basilic vein database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181393008
    • + basilic vein definition In human anatomy, the basilic vein is a large superficial vein of the upper limb that helps drain parts of manus and forearm. It originates on the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous network of the manus, and it travels up the base of the forearm and arm. Most of its course is superficial; it generally travels in the subcutaneous fat and other fasciae that lie superficial to the muscles of the upper extremity. Because of this, it is usually visible through the skin. Near the region anterior to the cubital fossa, in the bend of the elbow joint, the basilic vein usually connects with the other large superficial vein of the upper extremity, the cephalic vein, via the median cubital vein. The layout of superficial veins in the forearm is highly variable from person to person, and there are generally a variety of other unnamed superficial veins that the basilic vein communicates with. About halfway up the arm proper (the part between the shoulder and elbow), the basilic vein goes deep, travelling under the muscles. There, around the lower border of the teres major muscle, the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral veins feed into it, just before it joins the brachial veins to form the axillary vein. Along with other superficial veins in the forearm, the basilic vein is a possible site for venipuncture. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilic_vein }
    • + basilic vein depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray576.png
    • + basilic vein depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png

Changes for: midbrain pia mater

  • Deleted
    • - midbrain pia mater external definition Pia mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000467 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - midbrain pia mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000467 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + midbrain pia mater external definition Pia mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000467 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + midbrain pia mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000467 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: common palmar digital vein

Changes for: lower rhombic lip

Changes for: telencephalon pia mater

  • Deleted
    • - telencephalon pia mater external definition Pia mater that is part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000476 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - telencephalon pia mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000476 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + telencephalon pia mater external definition Pia mater that is part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000476 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + telencephalon pia mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000476 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: diencephalon pia mater

  • Deleted
    • - diencephalon pia mater external definition Pia mater that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000475 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - diencephalon pia mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000475 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + diencephalon pia mater external definition Pia mater that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000475 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + diencephalon pia mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000475 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: common palmar digital artery

Changes for: hindbrain pia mater

  • Deleted
    • - hindbrain pia mater external definition Pia mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000466 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - hindbrain pia mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000466 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + hindbrain pia mater external definition Pia mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000466 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + hindbrain pia mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000466 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: spinal cord pia mater

  • Deleted
    • - spinal cord pia mater external definition The innermost of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000468 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pia+mater }
    • - spinal cord pia mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000468 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + spinal cord pia mater database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1710148
    • + spinal cord pia mater external definition The innermost of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000468 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pia+mater }
    • + spinal cord pia mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000468 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: midbrain arachnoid mater

  • Deleted
    • - midbrain arachnoid mater external definition Arachnoid mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000233 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - midbrain arachnoid mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000233 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + midbrain arachnoid mater external definition Arachnoid mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000233 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + midbrain arachnoid mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000233 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: tadpole stage

Changes for: zona limitans intrathalamica

Changes for: prostate field

Changes for: urogenital sinus mesenchyme

Changes for: prostate epithelial cord

Changes for: acinus

Changes for: hindbrain arachnoid mater

  • Deleted
    • - hindbrain arachnoid mater external definition Arachnoid mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000236 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - hindbrain arachnoid mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000236 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + hindbrain arachnoid mater external definition Arachnoid mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000236 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + hindbrain arachnoid mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000236 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: diencephalon arachnoid mater

  • Deleted
    • - diencephalon arachnoid mater external definition Arachnoid mater that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000231 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - diencephalon arachnoid mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000231 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + diencephalon arachnoid mater external definition Arachnoid mater that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000231 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + diencephalon arachnoid mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000231 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: skin of limb

Changes for: skin of thorax

Changes for: skin of neck

Changes for: skin of abdomen

Changes for: skin of pelvis

Changes for: median cubital vein

Changes for: brachial vein

  • Deleted
    • - brachial vein database cross reference SCTID:181390006
    • - brachial vein database cross reference Wikipedia:Brachial_vein
    • - brachial vein database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png
    • - brachial vein definition In human anatomy, the brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. Because they are deep to muscle, they are considered deep veins. Their course is that of the brachial artery (in reverse): they begin where radial veins and ulnar veins join (corresponding to the bifurcation of the brachial artery). They end at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. At this point, the brachial veins join the basilic vein to form the axillary vein. The brachial veins also have small tributaries that drain the muscles of the upper arm, such as biceps brachii muscle and triceps brachii muscle. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brachial_vein }
  • Added
    • + brachial vein database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_vein
    • + brachial vein database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226812
    • + brachial vein database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181390006
    • + brachial vein definition In human anatomy, the brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. Because they are deep to muscle, they are considered deep veins. Their course is that of the brachial artery (in reverse): they begin where radial veins and ulnar veins join (corresponding to the bifurcation of the brachial artery). They end at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. At this point, the brachial veins join the basilic vein to form the axillary vein. The brachial veins also have small tributaries that drain the muscles of the upper arm, such as biceps brachii muscle and triceps brachii muscle. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_vein }
    • + brachial vein depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png

Changes for: metapodium region

Changes for: mesopodial skeleton

Changes for: tarsal skeleton

  • Deleted
    • - tarsal skeleton database cross reference SCTID:264228001
    • - tarsal skeleton database cross reference SCTID:361796005
    • - tarsal skeleton database cross reference Wikipedia:Tarsus_(skeleton)
    • - tarsal skeleton homology notes The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001160 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + tarsal skeleton database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)
    • + tarsal skeleton database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/264228001
    • + tarsal skeleton database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361796005
    • + tarsal skeleton homology notes The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001160 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001) }

Changes for: zone of stomach

Changes for: nephrogenic zone

Changes for: ascidian neural gland

Changes for: Hatschek’s pit

Changes for: ascidian cerebral ganglion

Changes for: ascidian ciliated funnel

Changes for: ascidian digestive gland

Changes for: ascidian neural complex

Changes for: deep inguinal lymph node

Changes for: superficial inguinal lymph node

Changes for: pole of cerebral hemisphere

Changes for: carotid sinus nerve

Changes for: placental membrane

Changes for: femorotibial joint

Changes for: retina blood vessel

Changes for: anterior intestinal portal

Changes for: corneal blood vessel

Changes for: ischial spine

Changes for: arterial blood vessel

Changes for: Koller’s sickle

Changes for: secondary heart field

Changes for: interlobar vein

Changes for: upper back skin

Changes for: ciliary stroma

Changes for: interlobar artery

Changes for: white fibrocartilage

Changes for: anal column

Changes for: lower back skin

Changes for: medullary ray

Changes for: carpal skeleton

Changes for: periurethral tissue

Changes for: lunate sulcus

Changes for: occipital pole

Changes for: intralingual sulcus

Changes for: lateral occipital sulcus

Changes for: posterior calcarine sulcus

Changes for: transverse occipital sulcus

Changes for: superior postcentral sulcus

Changes for: anterior occipital sulcus

Changes for: posterior subcentral sulcus

Changes for: subparietal sulcus

Changes for: medial parabrachial nucleus

Changes for: anterior parolfactory sulcus

Changes for: posterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus

Changes for: parietal operculum

Changes for: marginal sulcus

Changes for: intraparietal sulcus

Changes for: inferior postcentral sulcus

Changes for: postcentral sulcus

Changes for: central sulcus

Changes for: olfactory trigone

Changes for: posterior parolfactory sulcus

Changes for: callosal sulcus

Changes for: longitudinal fissure

Changes for: terminal nerve

Changes for: trigeminal nucleus

Changes for: ventral posteroinferior nucleus

Changes for: magnocellular part of ventral anterior nucleus

Changes for: magnocellular part of red nucleus

Changes for: parvicellular part of ventral anterior nucleus

Changes for: parvocellular part of red nucleus

Changes for: dorsal septal nucleus

Changes for: trapezoid body

  • Deleted
    • - trapezoid body database cross reference SCTID:369019006
    • - trapezoid body database cross reference Wikipedia:Trapezoid_body
    • - trapezoid body database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Gray760.png
    • - trapezoid body database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray760.png/200px-Gray760.png
    • - trapezoid body definition The trapezoid body is part of the acoustic pathway. It is a bundle of fibers and cells in the pontine tegmentum. It consists of fibers arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus. A collection of nerve cells inside forms a trapezoid nucleus. The superior olivary nucleus is situated on the dorsal surface of the trapezoid body. Most nerve fibers pass directly from the superior olivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus. Axons leaving the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) form a broad pathway that crosses under the brain stem in the trapezoid body. A thin pathway, the intermediate acoustic stria, also leaves the VCN, merging with the trapezoid body close to the superior olivary complex, where many of its axons synapse. Axons leaving the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) form the dorsal acoustic stria, which reaches primarily the contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Trapezoid_body }
    • - trapezoid body has related synonym corpus trapezoideum { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Trapezoid_body , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + trapezoid body database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid_body
    • + trapezoid body database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0152379
    • + trapezoid body database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/369019006
    • + trapezoid body definition The trapezoid body is part of the acoustic pathway. It is a bundle of fibers and cells in the pontine tegmentum. It consists of fibers arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus. A collection of nerve cells inside forms a trapezoid nucleus. The superior olivary nucleus is situated on the dorsal surface of the trapezoid body. Most nerve fibers pass directly from the superior olivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus. Axons leaving the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) form a broad pathway that crosses under the brain stem in the trapezoid body. A thin pathway, the intermediate acoustic stria, also leaves the VCN, merging with the trapezoid body close to the superior olivary complex, where many of its axons synapse. Axons leaving the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) form the dorsal acoustic stria, which reaches primarily the contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid_body }
    • + trapezoid body depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Gray760.png
    • + trapezoid body depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray760.png/200px-Gray760.png
    • + trapezoid body has related synonym corpus trapezoideum { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid_body , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: nucleus of anterior commissure

Changes for: ventral oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: tectopontine tract

Changes for: superior occipital gyrus

Changes for: tectospinal tract

Changes for: regional part of cerebellum

Changes for: frontal operculum

Changes for: spinothalamic tract of medulla

Changes for: ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: ventral posterolateral nucleus

Changes for: lingual gyrus

Changes for: capsule of red nucleus

Changes for: anterior column of fornix

Changes for: dorsal hypothalamic area

  • Deleted
    • - dorsal hypothalamic area definition a relatively small region of the hypothalamus located inferior to the hypothalamic sulcus; In humans it contains the following nuclei: portions of the dorsomedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus dorsomedialis [TA]), endopeduncular nucleus [TA]) (nucleus endopeduncularis [TA]), and portions of the nucleus of the ansa lenticularis (nucleus ansae lenticularis [TA]). { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dorsal+hypothalamic+area }
  • Added
    • + dorsal hypothalamic area database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0175318
    • + dorsal hypothalamic area definition a relatively small region of the hypothalamus located inferior to the hypothalamic sulcus; In humans it contains the following nuclei: portions of the dorsomedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus dorsomedialis [TA]), endopeduncular nucleus [TA]) (nucleus endopeduncularis [TA]), and portions of the nucleus of the ansa lenticularis (nucleus ansae lenticularis [TA]). { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dorsal+hypothalamic+area }

Changes for: lateral lemniscus

Changes for: granular layer of cerebellar cortex

Changes for: rhomboidal nucleus

Changes for: medial lemniscus of pons

Changes for: caudal central oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: subfascicular nucleus

Changes for: spinal cord arachnoid mater

  • Deleted
    • - spinal cord arachnoid mater external definition The middle membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000234 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arachnoid+mater }
    • - spinal cord arachnoid mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000234 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + spinal cord arachnoid mater external definition The middle membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000234 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arachnoid+mater }
    • + spinal cord arachnoid mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000234 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: hindbrain dura mater

  • Deleted
    • - hindbrain dura mater external definition Dura mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000409 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - hindbrain dura mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000409 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + hindbrain dura mater external definition Dura mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000409 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + hindbrain dura mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000409 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: midbrain dura mater

  • Deleted
    • - midbrain dura mater external definition Dura mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000410 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - midbrain dura mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000410 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + midbrain dura mater external definition Dura mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000410 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + midbrain dura mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000410 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: regional part of midbrain

Changes for: diencephalon dura mater

  • Deleted
    • - diencephalon dura mater external definition Dura mater that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000258 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - diencephalon dura mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000258 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + diencephalon dura mater external definition Dura mater that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000258 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + diencephalon dura mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000258 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: intermediate acoustic stria

Changes for: cingulate gyrus

  • Deleted
    • - cingulate gyrus database cross reference SCTID:279208003
    • - cingulate gyrus database cross reference Wikipedia:Cingulate_gyrus
    • - cingulate gyrus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png/200px-Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png
    • - cingulate gyrus definition A gyrus in the medial part of the brain. It partially wraps around the corpus callosum and is limited above by the cingulate sulcus. The cortical part of the cingulate gyrus is referred to as cingulate cortex.[Wikipedia]. The cingulate gyrus receives inputs from the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the neocortex, as well as from somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex. It projects to the entorhinal cortex via the cingulum. It functions as an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. Also, executive control needed to suppress inappropriate unconscious priming is known to involve the anterior cingulate gyrus. It is also involved in respiratory control. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cingulate_gyrus }
  • Added
    • + cingulate gyrus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingulate_gyrus
    • + cingulate gyrus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0018427
    • + cingulate gyrus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279208003
    • + cingulate gyrus definition A gyrus in the medial part of the brain. It partially wraps around the corpus callosum and is limited above by the cingulate sulcus. The cortical part of the cingulate gyrus is referred to as cingulate cortex.[Wikipedia]. The cingulate gyrus receives inputs from the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the neocortex, as well as from somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex. It projects to the entorhinal cortex via the cingulum. It functions as an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. Also, executive control needed to suppress inappropriate unconscious priming is known to involve the anterior cingulate gyrus. It is also involved in respiratory control. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingulate_gyrus }
    • + cingulate gyrus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png/200px-Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png

Changes for: rostral intralaminar nuclear group

Changes for: dorsal oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: inferior temporal sulcus

Changes for: adductor pollicis muscle

Changes for: caudal pontine reticular nucleus

  • Deleted
    • - caudal pontine reticular nucleus database cross reference Wikipedia:Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus
    • - caudal pontine reticular nucleus definition The caudal pontine reticular nucleus is composed of gigantocellular neurons. In rabbits and cats it is exclusively giant cells, however in humans there are normally sized cells as well. The pontis caudalis is rostral to the gigantocellular nucleus and is located in the caudal pons, as the name would indicate. The pontis caudalis has been known to mediate head movement, in concert with the nucleus gigantocellularis and the superior colliculus. The neurons in the dorsal half of this nuclei fire rhythmically during mastication, and in an anesthetized animal it is possible to induce mastication via electrical stimulation of the PC or adjacent areas of the gigantocellular nucleus. The pontis caudalis is also thought to play a role in the grinding of teeth during sleep. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus }
    • - caudal pontine reticular nucleus has related synonym nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + caudal pontine reticular nucleus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus
    • + caudal pontine reticular nucleus definition The caudal pontine reticular nucleus is composed of gigantocellular neurons. In rabbits and cats it is exclusively giant cells, however in humans there are normally sized cells as well. The pontis caudalis is rostral to the gigantocellular nucleus and is located in the caudal pons, as the name would indicate. The pontis caudalis has been known to mediate head movement, in concert with the nucleus gigantocellularis and the superior colliculus. The neurons in the dorsal half of this nuclei fire rhythmically during mastication, and in an anesthetized animal it is possible to induce mastication via electrical stimulation of the PC or adjacent areas of the gigantocellular nucleus. The pontis caudalis is also thought to play a role in the grinding of teeth during sleep. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus }
    • + caudal pontine reticular nucleus has related synonym nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: central oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: archicortex

  • Deleted
    • - archicortex database cross reference SCTID:423918008
    • - archicortex database cross reference Wikipedia:Archicortex
    • - archicortex definition A portion of the cerebral cortex that, with the paleocortex, develops in association with the olfactory system, and which is phylogenetically older than the neocortex and lacks its layered structure. The embryonic archicortex corresponds to the cortex of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus in mature mammals. Being part of the limbic system, it has functions related to emotions and formation of memory. Signals being sent from the limbic lobe to the hippocampal formations can go via the archicortex as an intermediate. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Archicortex }
  • Added
    • + archicortex database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archicortex
    • + archicortex database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/423918008
    • + archicortex definition A portion of the cerebral cortex that, with the paleocortex, develops in association with the olfactory system, and which is phylogenetically older than the neocortex and lacks its layered structure. The embryonic archicortex corresponds to the cortex of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus in mature mammals. Being part of the limbic system, it has functions related to emotions and formation of memory. Signals being sent from the limbic lobe to the hippocampal formations can go via the archicortex as an intermediate. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archicortex }

Changes for: Purkinje cell layer of cerebellar cortex

Changes for: preolivary nucleus

Changes for: medial oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: oral part of ventral lateral nucleus

Changes for: triangular septal nucleus

Changes for: eyelid connective tissue

Changes for: periolivary nucleus

Changes for: larynx connective tissue

Changes for: centromedian nucleus

Changes for: parahippocampal gyrus

Changes for: molecular layer of cerebellar cortex

Changes for: intermediate oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: anconeus muscle

Changes for: first dorsal interosseous of manus

Changes for: anterior spinocerebellar tract

  • Deleted
    • - anterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference SCTID:369285001
    • - anterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference Wikipedia:Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract
    • - anterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg
    • - anterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-tracts-English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis-tracts-_English.svg.png
    • - anterior spinocerebellar tract external definition The ventral spinocerebellar tract conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. Both these tracts involve two neurons and end up on the same side of the body. The ventral tract (under L2/L3) gets its proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration information from a first order neuron, with its cell body in a dorsal ganglion. The axon runs via the fila radicularia to the dorsal horn of the grey matter. There it makes a synapse with the dendrites of two neurons: they send their axons bilaterally to the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. The ventral spinocerebellar tract then enters the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is in contrast with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C8 - L2/L3), which only has 1 unilateral axon that has its cell body in the Clarke’s nuclei (only at the level of C8 - L2/L3). The fibers of the ventral spinocerebellar tract then eventually enter the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is one of the few afferent tracts through the superior cerebellar peduncle. Originates from ventral horn at lumbosacral spinal levels. Axons first cross midline in the spinal cord and run in the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. These axons ascend up to the pons where they join the superior cerebellar peduncle to enter the cerebellum. Once in the deep white matter of the cerebellum, the axons recross the midline, give off collaterals to the globose and emboliform nuclei, and terminate in the cortex of the anterior lobe and vermis of the posterior lobe. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract]. { source=Wikipedia:Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract }
  • Added
    • + anterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract
    • + anterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0175561
    • + anterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/369285001
    • + anterior spinocerebellar tract depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg
    • + anterior spinocerebellar tract depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-tracts-English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis-tracts-_English.svg.png
    • + anterior spinocerebellar tract external definition The ventral spinocerebellar tract conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. Both these tracts involve two neurons and end up on the same side of the body. The ventral tract (under L2/L3) gets its proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration information from a first order neuron, with its cell body in a dorsal ganglion. The axon runs via the fila radicularia to the dorsal horn of the grey matter. There it makes a synapse with the dendrites of two neurons: they send their axons bilaterally to the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. The ventral spinocerebellar tract then enters the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is in contrast with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C8 - L2/L3), which only has 1 unilateral axon that has its cell body in the Clarke’s nuclei (only at the level of C8 - L2/L3). The fibers of the ventral spinocerebellar tract then eventually enter the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is one of the few afferent tracts through the superior cerebellar peduncle. Originates from ventral horn at lumbosacral spinal levels. Axons first cross midline in the spinal cord and run in the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. These axons ascend up to the pons where they join the superior cerebellar peduncle to enter the cerebellum. Once in the deep white matter of the cerebellum, the axons recross the midline, give off collaterals to the globose and emboliform nuclei, and terminate in the cortex of the anterior lobe and vermis of the posterior lobe. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract }

Changes for: neurofilament

Changes for: bronchus connective tissue

Changes for: lateral dorsal nucleus

Changes for: ankle connective tissue

Changes for: ventral nucleus of medial geniculate body

Changes for: inferior pulvinar nucleus

Changes for: lateral posterior nucleus

Changes for: opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus

Changes for: pulvinar nucleus

Changes for: caudal part of ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: central tegmental tract of pons

Changes for: medial superior olivary nucleus

Changes for: regional part of diencephalon

Changes for: decussation of trochlear nerve

Changes for: abducens nerve fibers

Changes for: anterior nuclear group

Changes for: systemic vein

Changes for: accessory saphenous vein

Changes for: soleal vein

Changes for: gastrocnemius vein

Changes for: early midbrain vesicle

Changes for: hindbrain vesicle

Changes for: venous system of brain

Changes for: olfactory sulcus

Changes for: middle temporal gyrus

Changes for: posterior hypothalamic region

Changes for: ventral nuclear group

Changes for: olivocochlear bundle

Changes for: posterior transverse temporal gyrus

Changes for: anterior transverse temporal gyrus

Changes for: lateral superior olivary nucleus

Changes for: future brain vesicle

Changes for: choroidal artery

Changes for: arachnoid villus

Changes for: bulb of vestibule

Changes for: bulb of penis

Changes for: accessory medullary lamina of globus pallidus

Changes for: internal medullary lamina of thalamus

Changes for: lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus

Changes for: inferior precentral sulcus

Changes for: inferior frontal sulcus

Changes for: ventral corticospinal tract

  • Deleted
    • - ventral corticospinal tract database cross reference SCTID:369092003
    • - ventral corticospinal tract database cross reference Wikipedia:Ventral_corticospinal_tract
    • - ventral corticospinal tract database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-tracts-English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis-tracts-_English.svg.png
    • - ventral corticospinal tract definition The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the ventral corticospinal tract, medial corticospinal tract, direct pyramidal tract, or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It is usually small, varying inversely in size with the lateral corticospinal tract, which is the main part of the corticospinal tract. It lies close to the anterior median fissure, and is present only in the upper part of the medulla spinalis; gradually diminishing in size as it descends, it ends about the middle of the thoracic region. It consists of descending fibers which arise from cells in the motor area of the cerebral hemisphere of the same side, and which, as they run downward in the medulla spinalis, cross in succession through the anterior white commissure to the opposite side, where they end, either directly or indirectly, by arborizing around the motor neurons in the anterior column. A few of its fibers are said to pass to the lateral column of the same side and to the gray matter at the base of the posterior column. They conduct voluntary motor impulses from the precentral gyrus to the motor centers of the cord. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ventral_corticospinal_tract }
  • Added
    • + ventral corticospinal tract database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_corticospinal_tract
    • + ventral corticospinal tract database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0152403
    • + ventral corticospinal tract database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/369092003
    • + ventral corticospinal tract definition The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the ventral corticospinal tract, medial corticospinal tract, direct pyramidal tract, or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It is usually small, varying inversely in size with the lateral corticospinal tract, which is the main part of the corticospinal tract. It lies close to the anterior median fissure, and is present only in the upper part of the medulla spinalis; gradually diminishing in size as it descends, it ends about the middle of the thoracic region. It consists of descending fibers which arise from cells in the motor area of the cerebral hemisphere of the same side, and which, as they run downward in the medulla spinalis, cross in succession through the anterior white commissure to the opposite side, where they end, either directly or indirectly, by arborizing around the motor neurons in the anterior column. A few of its fibers are said to pass to the lateral column of the same side and to the gray matter at the base of the posterior column. They conduct voluntary motor impulses from the precentral gyrus to the motor centers of the cord. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_corticospinal_tract }
    • + ventral corticospinal tract depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-tracts-English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis-tracts-_English.svg.png

Changes for: fusiform gyrus

Changes for: inferior rostral sulcus

Changes for: vestibulospinal tract

Changes for: superior temporal gyrus

Changes for: vein of abdomen

Changes for: pulmonary venous system

Changes for: left posterior cardinal vein

Changes for: left subcardinal vein

Changes for: distal epiphysis of phalanx of pes

Changes for: ligament of liver

Changes for: predorsal bundle

Changes for: posterior spinocerebellar tract

  • Deleted
    • - posterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference SCTID:369284002
    • - posterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference Wikipedia:Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract
    • - posterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg
    • - posterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-tracts-English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis-tracts-_English.svg.png
    • - posterior spinocerebellar tract external definition The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsig’s fasciculus, Flechsig’s tract) conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the ventral spinocerebellar tract. Proprioceptive information is taken to the via central processes of dorsal root ganglia (first order neurons). These central processes travel through the dorsal horn where they synapse with second order neurons of Clarke’s nucleus. Axon fibers from Clarke’s Nucleus convey this proprioceptive information in the spinal cord in the peripheral region of the posteriolateral funiculus ipsilaterally until it reaches the cerebellum, where unconscious proprioceptive information is processed. This tract involves two neurons and ends up on the same side of the body. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract]. { source=Wikipedia:Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract }
  • Added
    • + posterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract
    • + posterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0175560
    • + posterior spinocerebellar tract database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/369284002
    • + posterior spinocerebellar tract depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg
    • + posterior spinocerebellar tract depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-tracts-English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis-tracts-_English.svg.png
    • + posterior spinocerebellar tract external definition The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsig’s fasciculus, Flechsig’s tract) conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the ventral spinocerebellar tract. Proprioceptive information is taken to the via central processes of dorsal root ganglia (first order neurons). These central processes travel through the dorsal horn where they synapse with second order neurons of Clarke’s nucleus. Axon fibers from Clarke’s Nucleus convey this proprioceptive information in the spinal cord in the peripheral region of the posteriolateral funiculus ipsilaterally until it reaches the cerebellum, where unconscious proprioceptive information is processed. This tract involves two neurons and ends up on the same side of the body. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract }

Changes for: olivocerebellar tract

Changes for: inferior temporal gyrus

Changes for: medial longitudinal fasciculus of medulla

Changes for: magnocellular nucleus of medial geniculate body

Changes for: pyramidal decussation

Changes for: anterior cingulate gyrus

Changes for: interdental plate

Changes for: vein of lip

Changes for: external pudendal artery

Changes for: coronary ligament of liver

Changes for: penicillar arteriole

Changes for: superior phrenic artery

Changes for: psoas major muscle

Changes for: serosa of uterus

Changes for: myometrium

Changes for: endometrium

Changes for: glans penis

Changes for: proximal straight tubule

Changes for: distal convoluted tubule

Changes for: thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

Changes for: junk chamber

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + junk chamber depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sperm_whale_head_anatomy.svg/1000px-Sperm_whale_head_anatomy.svg.png

Changes for: nephron

Changes for: renal column

Changes for: proximal convoluted tubule

Changes for: Bowman’s space

Changes for: descending limb of loop of Henle

Changes for: loop of Henle

  • Deleted
    • - loop of Henle database cross reference SCTID:361335009
    • - loop of Henle database cross reference Wikipedia:Loop_of_Henle
    • - loop of Henle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png
    • - loop of Henle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png
    • - loop of Henle definition Portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main function of this structure is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney. By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which utilizes sodium pumps, it creates an area of high sodium concentration deep in the medulla, near the collecting duct. Water present in the filtrate in the collecting duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the collecting duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Loop_of_Henle }
    • - loop of Henle external definition A highly specialized segment of the mammalian kidney tubules, that dips into the medulla. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, p.648, see_Liem_KF][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001270 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - loop of Henle has exact synonym ansa nephroni { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Loop_of_Henle }
  • Added
    • + loop of Henle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_of_Henle
    • + loop of Henle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0023986
    • + loop of Henle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361335009
    • + loop of Henle definition Portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main function of this structure is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney. By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which utilizes sodium pumps, it creates an area of high sodium concentration deep in the medulla, near the collecting duct. Water present in the filtrate in the collecting duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the collecting duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_of_Henle }
    • + loop of Henle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png
    • + loop of Henle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png
    • + loop of Henle external definition A highly specialized segment of the mammalian kidney tubules, that dips into the medulla. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, p.648, see_Liem_KF][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001270 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + loop of Henle has exact synonym ansa nephroni { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_of_Henle }

Changes for: hepatic sinusoid

Changes for: liver parenchyma

Changes for: bile canaliculus

Changes for: intralobular bile duct

Changes for: cocoon

Changes for: entotympanic bone

Changes for: ovarian medulla

Changes for: ovarian cortex

Changes for: orthokeratinized epithelium

  • Deleted
    • - orthokeratinized epithelium definition A keratinized epithelium in which the cells of the stratum corneum become very flat, loose their nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles and are now composed of densely packed tonofilaments cemented by filaggrin { database cross reference=http://www.dental.pitt.edu/informatics/periohistology/en/glossary.html }
  • Added
    • + orthokeratinized epithelium definition A keratinized epithelium in which the cells of the stratum corneum become very flat, loose their nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles and are now composed of densely packed tonofilaments cemented by filaggrin { database cross reference=http://www.dental.pitt.edu/informatics/periohistology/en/glossary.html }

Changes for: parakeratinized epithelium

  • Deleted
    • - parakeratinized epithelium definition An epithelium that is characterized by incomplete keratinization of the cells in the stratum corneum. The cells are flattened and composed primarily of packed tonofilaments. However, the cells may retain remnants of nuclei and other organelles { database cross reference=http://www.dental.pitt.edu/informatics/periohistology/en/glossary.html }
  • Added
    • + parakeratinized epithelium definition An epithelium that is characterized by incomplete keratinization of the cells in the stratum corneum. The cells are flattened and composed primarily of packed tonofilaments. However, the cells may retain remnants of nuclei and other organelles { database cross reference=http://www.dental.pitt.edu/informatics/periohistology/en/glossary.html }

Changes for: strand of wool

Changes for: portal triad

Changes for: intestinal epithelium

Changes for: epithelium of stomach

Changes for: pubis

Changes for: ischium

Changes for: ilium

Changes for: innominate bone

Changes for: pelvic girdle region

Changes for: bony pelvis

Changes for: vestibular ligament

Changes for: thyroepiglottic ligament

Changes for: cricopharyngeal ligament

Changes for: vallecula of cerebellum

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + vallecula of cerebellum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallecula_of_cerebellum
    • + vallecula of cerebellum definition On the upper surface of the cerebellum the vermis is elevated above the level of the hemispheres, but on the under surface it is sunk almost out of sight in the bottom of a deep depression between them; this depression is called the vallecula of the cerebellum, and lodges the posterior part of the medulla oblongata. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallecula_of_cerebellum }

Changes for: epiglottic vallecula

Changes for: molariform tooth

Changes for: right lateral ventricle

Changes for: left lateral ventricle

Changes for: femoral nerve

Changes for: dorsal trigeminal tract

Changes for: splenic cord

  • Deleted
    • - splenic cord database cross reference Wikipedia:Cords_of_Billroth
    • - splenic cord definition A structure found in the red pulp of the spleen between the sinusoids, consisting of fibrils and connective tissue cells with a large population of monocytes and macrophages. These cords contain half of the human body’s monocytes as a reserve so that after tissue injury these monocytes can move in and aid locally sourced monocytes in wound healing. Erythrocytes pass through the cords of Billroth before entering the sinusoids. The passage into the sinusoids may be seen as a bottleneck, where erythrocytes need to be flexible in order to pass through. In disorders of erythrocyte shape and/or flexibility, such as hereditary spherocytosis, erythrocytes fail to pass through and get phagocytosed, causing extravascular hemolysis. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cords_of_Billroth }
    • - splenic cord has exact synonym cord of Billroth { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cords_of_Billroth }
  • Added
    • + splenic cord database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cords_of_Billroth
    • + splenic cord database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0735011
    • + splenic cord definition A structure found in the red pulp of the spleen between the sinusoids, consisting of fibrils and connective tissue cells with a large population of monocytes and macrophages. These cords contain half of the human body’s monocytes as a reserve so that after tissue injury these monocytes can move in and aid locally sourced monocytes in wound healing. Erythrocytes pass through the cords of Billroth before entering the sinusoids. The passage into the sinusoids may be seen as a bottleneck, where erythrocytes need to be flexible in order to pass through. In disorders of erythrocyte shape and/or flexibility, such as hereditary spherocytosis, erythrocytes fail to pass through and get phagocytosed, causing extravascular hemolysis. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cords_of_Billroth }
    • + splenic cord has exact synonym cord of Billroth { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cords_of_Billroth }

Changes for: spinothalamic tract of pons

Changes for: acetabular part of hip bone

  • Deleted
    • - acetabular part of hip bone database cross reference SCTID:182027007
    • - acetabular part of hip bone database cross reference Wikipedia:Acetabulum
    • - acetabular part of hip bone database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg
    • - acetabular part of hip bone database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg/200px-Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg
    • - acetabular part of hip bone definition The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline. It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, which is thick and strong above, and serves for the attachment of the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.[WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Acetabulum }
    • - acetabular part of hip bone homology notes During the transformation from the osteolepiform fins to tetrapod limbs, the appendages and girdles underwent a number of radical changes. The pelvic girdle became a weight-bearing structure by evolution of an ischium, a full mesio-ventral contact between the two sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a contact between the vertebral column and the girdle through a sacral rib. Fore- and hindlimbs shifted laterally by reorientation of the glenoid and the acetabulum.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000974 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/nature04119 Boisvert CA, The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion. Nature (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + acetabular part of hip bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum
    • + acetabular part of hip bone database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0000962
    • + acetabular part of hip bone database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/182027007
    • + acetabular part of hip bone definition The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline. It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, which is thick and strong above, and serves for the attachment of the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.[WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum }
    • + acetabular part of hip bone depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg
    • + acetabular part of hip bone depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg/200px-Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg
    • + acetabular part of hip bone homology notes During the transformation from the osteolepiform fins to tetrapod limbs, the appendages and girdles underwent a number of radical changes. The pelvic girdle became a weight-bearing structure by evolution of an ischium, a full mesio-ventral contact between the two sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a contact between the vertebral column and the girdle through a sacral rib. Fore- and hindlimbs shifted laterally by reorientation of the glenoid and the acetabulum.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000974 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/nature04119 Boisvert CA, The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion. Nature (2005) }

Changes for: frontal pole

Changes for: peritoneal fluid

Changes for: motor root of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: pancreatic acinus

Changes for: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of pons

Changes for: wall of intestine

Changes for: medial longitudinal fasciculus of pons

Changes for: trabecula of spleen

Changes for: pancreas

  • Deleted
    • - pancreas database cross reference SCTID:181277001
    • - pancreas database cross reference Wikipedia:Pancreas
    • - pancreas database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Illu_pancrease.svg
    • - pancreas database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Illu_pancrease.svg/200px-Illu_pancrease.svg.png
    • - pancreas definition An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1–2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans[PMID]. { database cross reference=GO:0031016 , database cross reference=PMID:16417468 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pancreas }
    • - pancreas homology notes In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of ‘a new organ’ is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000050 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a ‘pancreatic stem cell’. C.R. Biologies (2007) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pancreas database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas
    • + pancreas database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0030274
    • + pancreas database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181277001
    • + pancreas definition An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1–2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans[PMID]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas , database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417468 , database cross reference=GO:0031016 }
    • + pancreas depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Illu_pancrease.svg
    • + pancreas depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Illu_pancrease.svg/200px-Illu_pancrease.svg.png
    • + pancreas homology notes In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of ‘a new organ’ is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000050 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a ‘pancreatic stem cell’. C.R. Biologies (2007) }

Changes for: lumbar spinal cord

Changes for: dorsal acoustic stria

Changes for: lamina propria of urinary bladder

Changes for: serosa of urinary bladder

Changes for: phonic lip

Changes for: nasal air sac

Changes for: dorsal bursa

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + dorsal bursa depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Delphinschaedel.svg/500px-Delphinschaedel.svg.png

Changes for: cricotracheal ligament

Changes for: cricothyroid ligament

Changes for: sigmoid process of tympanic bone

Changes for: anterior part of tympanic bone

Changes for: cricoarytenoid ligament

Changes for: fronto-orbital sulcus

Changes for: mucosa of urinary bladder

Changes for: air sac

Changes for: red pulp of spleen

Changes for: marginal zone of spleen

Changes for: adventitia of ureter

Changes for: dorsal nucleus of trapezoid body

Changes for: lamina propria of ureter

Changes for: two-pass circulatory system

Changes for: urinary bladder

Changes for: faveolus

Changes for: wall of urinary bladder

Changes for: trigone of urinary bladder

Changes for: neck of urinary bladder

Changes for: spleen lymphoid follicle

Changes for: hilum of spleen

Changes for: nucleus of solitary tract

Changes for: intestinal mucosa

Changes for: pudendal venous plexus

Changes for: crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine

Changes for: prostatic venous plexus

Changes for: interlobular bile duct

Changes for: falciform ligament

  • Deleted
    • - falciform ligament database cross reference SCTID:362705001
    • - falciform ligament database cross reference Wikipedia:Falciform_ligament
    • - falciform ligament definition a ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward. It is a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an antero-posterior plane but lies obliquely, so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum behind the right rectus and the diaphragm, while the other is directed backward and is in contact with the left lobe of the liver. It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the sheath of the right Rectus as low down as the umbilicus; by its right margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of the liver, as far back as the posterior surface. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum closely united together. Its base or free edge contains between its layers the round ligament and the paraumbilical veins[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Falciform_ligament }
  • Added
    • + falciform ligament database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falciform_ligament
    • + falciform ligament database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0230240
    • + falciform ligament database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362705001
    • + falciform ligament definition a ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward. It is a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an antero-posterior plane but lies obliquely, so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum behind the right rectus and the diaphragm, while the other is directed backward and is in contact with the left lobe of the liver. It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the sheath of the right Rectus as low down as the umbilicus; by its right margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of the liver, as far back as the posterior surface. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum closely united together. Its base or free edge contains between its layers the round ligament and the paraumbilical veins[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falciform_ligament }

Changes for: internal anal sphincter

Changes for: anus

  • Deleted
    • - anus database cross reference SCTID:181262009
    • - anus database cross reference Wikipedia:Anus
    • - anus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg
    • - anus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anorectum.gif/200px-Anorectum.gif
    • - anus definition Orifice at the opposite end of an animal’s digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Anus , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
  • Added
    • + anus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus
    • + anus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0003461
    • + anus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181262009
    • + anus definition Orifice at the opposite end of an animal’s digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • + anus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg
    • + anus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anorectum.gif/200px-Anorectum.gif

Changes for: deep circumflex iliac artery

Changes for: superficial circumflex iliac artery

Changes for: lamina propria of small intestine

Changes for: paraaortic body

Changes for: muscularis mucosae of large intestine

Changes for: lymph node germinal center

Changes for: right adrenal gland

Changes for: left adrenal gland

Changes for: renal straight tubule

Changes for: adrenal cortex

Changes for: sulcus ampullaris

Changes for: adrenal medulla

  • Deleted
    • - adrenal medulla database cross reference SCTID:362585001
    • - adrenal medulla database cross reference Wikipedia:Adrenal_medulla
    • - adrenal medulla database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray1185.png
    • - adrenal medulla database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png
    • - adrenal medulla definition The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine[WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Adrenal_medulla }
    • - adrenal medulla homology notes All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (…) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001378 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + adrenal medulla database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla
    • + adrenal medulla database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0001629
    • + adrenal medulla database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362585001
    • + adrenal medulla definition The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine[WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla }
    • + adrenal medulla depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray1185.png
    • + adrenal medulla depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png
    • + adrenal medulla homology notes All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (…) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001378 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9 }

Changes for: right pulmonary vein

Changes for: glomerular capsule

Changes for: nephron tubule

Changes for: stomach region

Changes for: collecting duct of renal tubule

Changes for: left pulmonary vein

Changes for: renal corpuscle

Changes for: renal papilla

Changes for: minor calyx

Changes for: major calyx

Changes for: pudendal vein

Changes for: vesical artery

Changes for: renal pelvis

Changes for: cortex of kidney

Changes for: iliac circumflex artery

Changes for: right ureter

Changes for: gastroepiploic artery

Changes for: left ureter

Changes for: adrenal gland X zone

Changes for: quadratus lumborum

Changes for: transversus abdominis muscle

Changes for: right uterine horn

Changes for: left uterine horn

Changes for: inferior mesenteric vein

Changes for: jejunal vein

Changes for: ileal vein

Changes for: middle colic vein

Changes for: ileocolic vein

Changes for: gravid uterus

Changes for: muscularis mucosae of small intestine

Changes for: typhlosole

Changes for: anatomical line between outer canthi

Changes for: duodenal gland

Changes for: Peyer’s patch

Changes for: pancreatic tributary of splenic vein

Changes for: intestinal villus

Changes for: serosa of small intestine

Changes for: mucosa of large intestine

Changes for: mucosa of small intestine

Changes for: submucosa of small intestine

Changes for: submucosa of large intestine

Changes for: serosa of large intestine

Changes for: muscularis mucosae of stomach

Changes for: pyloric sphincter

Changes for: serosa of stomach

Changes for: submucosa of stomach

Changes for: haemal node

Changes for: sulcus of brain

Changes for: sensory root of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: membrana tympaniformis

Changes for: pessulus

  • Deleted
    • - pessulus definition A delicate bar of cartilage connecting the dorsal and ventral extremities of the first pair of bronchial cartilages in the syrinx of birds { database cross reference=http://www.encyclo.co.uk/webster/P/64 }
  • Added
    • + pessulus definition A delicate bar of cartilage connecting the dorsal and ventral extremities of the first pair of bronchial cartilages in the syrinx of birds { database cross reference=http://www.encyclo.co.uk/webster/P/64 }

Changes for: wall of ureter

Changes for: syrinx organ

Changes for: scolex

Changes for: neocortical column

Changes for: lamina terminalis of cerebral hemisphere

Changes for: posterior thoracic air sac

Changes for: abdominal air sac

Changes for: cervical air sac

Changes for: renal lobule

Changes for: renal lobe

Changes for: lobule

Changes for: condyle

Changes for: epicondyle

Changes for: helicine branch of uterine artery

Changes for: helicine artery of penis

Changes for: uterine spiral artery

Changes for: endometrial blood vessel

Changes for: hypothalamo-hypophyseal system

Changes for: nauplius eye

Changes for: principal gastric gland

Changes for: ureterovesical junction

Changes for: ureteropelvic junction

Changes for: renal lymph node

Changes for: mesenchyme of umbilical cord

Changes for: helicine artery

Changes for: somite border

Changes for: superior branch of oculomotor nerve

Changes for: multi-unit eye

Changes for: spleen venous sinus

Changes for: coxal gland

  • Deleted
    • - coxal gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Coxal_gland
    • - coxal gland definition a gland found in some arthropods, for collecting and excreting urine. The gland comprises an end sac (saccule), a long duct (labyrinth) and a terminal bladder (reservoir). There is generally only one pair (two in some spiders), and they open on the coxae of the walking legs[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Coxal_gland }
  • Added
    • + coxal gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxal_gland
    • + coxal gland definition a gland found in some arthropods, for collecting and excreting urine. The gland comprises an end sac (saccule), a long duct (labyrinth) and a terminal bladder (reservoir). There is generally only one pair (two in some spiders), and they open on the coxae of the walking legs[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxal_gland }

Changes for: crustacean maxillary gland

Changes for: supraorbital artery

Changes for: antennal gland

Changes for: inferior branch of oculomotor nerve

Changes for: pedal digit nerve

Changes for: tapetum

Changes for: post-embryonic organism

Changes for: dentate gyrus subgranular zone

Changes for: neurogenic placode

Changes for: corpuscle of de Quatrefage

  • Deleted
    • - corpuscle of de Quatrefage definition A specialised sensory organ located in the subepidermal connective tissue at the rostral end of late larval and adult amphioxus. They consist of between 1 and 4 nerve cells with axons, each with 2 cilia, surrounded by up to 7 sheath cells. The cilia extend into a protrusion of the basal lamina which surrounds each corpuscle. The axonal process contributes to the rostral nerve. { database cross reference=PMID:11523831 }
  • Added
    • + corpuscle of de Quatrefage definition A specialised sensory organ located in the subepidermal connective tissue at the rostral end of late larval and adult amphioxus. They consist of between 1 and 4 nerve cells with axons, each with 2 cilia, surrounded by up to 7 sheath cells. The cilia extend into a protrusion of the basal lamina which surrounds each corpuscle. The axonal process contributes to the rostral nerve. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11523831 }

Changes for: bladder lumen

Changes for: zygomatico-orbital artery

Changes for: skin of forearm

Changes for: conjunctival space

Changes for: terminal branch of ophthalmic artery

Changes for: main olfactory bulb

Changes for: bronchial lumen

Changes for: gland of tongue

Changes for: lobar bronchus of left lung

Changes for: lobar bronchus of right lung

Changes for: air capillary of parabronchus

Changes for: clavicular air sac

Changes for: tooth of palatine bone

Changes for: palate bone

Changes for: palatal tooth

Changes for: fovea capitis of femur

Changes for: tibiotalar joint

Changes for: gill filament

Changes for: adenohypophyseal placode

Changes for: epibranchial ganglion

Changes for: right atrium endocardium

Changes for: lobar bronchus of left lung lower lobe

Changes for: primary bronchiole

Changes for: right lung middle lobe bronchiole

Changes for: peroneus

Changes for: pleuroperitoneal membrane

  • Deleted
    • - pleuroperitoneal membrane database cross reference SCTID:361429005
    • - pleuroperitoneal membrane database cross reference Wikipedia:Pleuroperitoneal
    • - pleuroperitoneal membrane definition A fold of tissue which extends into the peritoneal cavity of the developing embryo and participates in the separation of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pleuroperitoneal , database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pleuroperitoneal+membrane }
    • - pleuroperitoneal membrane homology notes In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (…) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (…) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (…) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000757 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pleuroperitoneal membrane database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuroperitoneal
    • + pleuroperitoneal membrane database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1283968
    • + pleuroperitoneal membrane database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361429005
    • + pleuroperitoneal membrane definition A fold of tissue which extends into the peritoneal cavity of the developing embryo and participates in the separation of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuroperitoneal , database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pleuroperitoneal+membrane }
    • + pleuroperitoneal membrane homology notes In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (…) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (…) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (…) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000757 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 }

Changes for: dorsal meso-duodenum

Changes for: right common cardinal vein

Changes for: right posterior cardinal vein

Changes for: left lung lower lobe bronchiole

Changes for: left lung upper lobe bronchiole

Changes for: myocoele

  • Deleted
    • - myocoele definition The cavity within a myotome { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myocoele }
    • - myocoele homology notes The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001283 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + myocoele definition The cavity within a myotome { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myocoele }
    • + myocoele homology notes The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001283 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6 }

Changes for: right lung lower lobe bronchiole

Changes for: right subcardinal vein

Changes for: medial condyle of tibia

Changes for: nephric fold

Changes for: lateral condyle of tibia

Changes for: cranial sensory ganglion

Changes for: supraneural body

Changes for: primary chorionic villus

Changes for: secondary chorionic villus

Changes for: tertiary chorionic villus

  • Deleted
    • - tertiary chorionic villus definition Tertiary chorionic villi contain embryonic blood vessels that develop from mesenchymal cells in the loose connective tissue core. These blood vessels connect up with vessels that develop in the chorion and connecting stalk and begin to circulate embryonic blood about the third week of development in humans. { database cross reference=http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm }
  • Added
    • + tertiary chorionic villus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1515280
    • + tertiary chorionic villus definition Tertiary chorionic villi contain embryonic blood vessels that develop from mesenchymal cells in the loose connective tissue core. These blood vessels connect up with vessels that develop in the chorion and connecting stalk and begin to circulate embryonic blood about the third week of development in humans. { database cross reference=http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm }

Changes for: condyle of femur

Changes for: cervical thymus

Changes for: thoracic thymus

Changes for: medial condyle of femur

Changes for: marsupial pouch

Changes for: medial epicondyle of femur

Changes for: neck of tooth

Changes for: branchial basket

Changes for: condyle of humerus

Changes for: neck of talus

Changes for: thymoid

  • Deleted
    • - thymoid definition A thymus-like lympho-epithelial structures, in the tips of the gill filaments and the neighbouring secondary lamellae (both within the gill basket) of lamprey larvae. { database cross reference=PMID:21293377 }
  • Added
    • + thymoid definition A thymus-like lympho-epithelial structures, in the tips of the gill filaments and the neighbouring secondary lamellae (both within the gill basket) of lamprey larvae. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21293377 }

Changes for: lateral condyle of femur

Changes for: indifferent gonad

Changes for: lateral epicondyle of femur

Changes for: condyle of tibia

Changes for: posterior superior fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: horizontal fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: prepyramidal fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: secondary fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: right frontal lobe

Changes for: left frontal lobe

Changes for: left cerebral hemisphere

Changes for: right cerebral hemisphere

Changes for: posterolateral fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: apex of cochlea

Changes for: auditory ganglion

  • Deleted
    • - auditory ganglion homology notes (During the development of the inner ear in a vertebrate embryo) As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000696 , ontology=VHOG , source=PMID:21452441 Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP, Induction and Segregation of the Vertebrate Cranial Placodes. Developmental Biology (2010) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + auditory ganglion database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0037959
    • + auditory ganglion homology notes (During the development of the inner ear in a vertebrate embryo) As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000696 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=PMID:21452441 Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP, Induction and Segregation of the Vertebrate Cranial Placodes. Developmental Biology (2010) }

Changes for: ventral cochlear nucleus

  • Deleted
    • - ventral cochlear nucleus database cross reference SCTID:280178008
    • - ventral cochlear nucleus database cross reference Wikipedia:Ventral_cochlear_nucleus
    • - ventral cochlear nucleus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray760.png/200px-Gray760.png
    • - ventral cochlear nucleus definition The ventral cochlear nucleus (or anterior, or accessory), placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, is on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. Composed of several regions of distinct cell types, this nucleus serves primarily as a relay station for ascending auditory information. Bushy cells in the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), which receive end bulbs of held from auditory nerve fibers, project to the superior olivary complex through the trapezoid body and intermediate acoustic stria. Other cell types project to the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus directly. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ventral_cochlear_nucleus }
  • Added
    • + ventral cochlear nucleus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_cochlear_nucleus
    • + ventral cochlear nucleus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0175500
    • + ventral cochlear nucleus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280178008
    • + ventral cochlear nucleus definition The ventral cochlear nucleus (or anterior, or accessory), placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, is on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. Composed of several regions of distinct cell types, this nucleus serves primarily as a relay station for ascending auditory information. Bushy cells in the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), which receive end bulbs of held from auditory nerve fibers, project to the superior olivary complex through the trapezoid body and intermediate acoustic stria. Other cell types project to the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus directly. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_cochlear_nucleus }
    • + ventral cochlear nucleus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray760.png/200px-Gray760.png

Changes for: superior part of vestibular ganglion

Changes for: inferior part of vestibular ganglion

Changes for: clivus of fovea centralis

Changes for: vestibular ganglion

Changes for: macula lutea proper

Changes for: dorsal cochlear nucleus

Changes for: zona arcuata of basilar membrane of cochlea

Changes for: vein of clitoris

Changes for: tail vein

Changes for: thymus lymphoid tissue

Changes for: abdominal mammary gland

Changes for: eye sebaceous gland

Changes for: skin sebaceous gland

Changes for: left parietal lobe

Changes for: spinal trigeminal tract of pons

Changes for: left occipital lobe

Changes for: submucosa of ileum

Changes for: right parietal lobe

Changes for: right temporal lobe

Changes for: right occipital lobe

Changes for: left temporal lobe

Changes for: submucosa of urinary bladder

Changes for: head blood vessel

Changes for: fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: third lumbar dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: twelfth thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: eleventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: first lumbar dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: second lumbar dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: trunk bone

Changes for: seventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: facial bone

Changes for: eighth thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: ninth thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: hindlimb bone

Changes for: tenth thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: sesamoid bone of gastrocnemius

Changes for: ureteric segment of renal artery

Changes for: arm bone

  • Deleted
    • - arm bone definition A bone that is part of the region of the forelimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + arm bone definition A bone that is part of the region of the forelimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: diffuse reticular nucleus

Changes for: commissural nucleus of vagus nerve

Changes for: central gray substance of medulla

Changes for: caudal part of spinal trigeminal nucleus

Changes for: arcuate nucleus of medulla

Changes for: fifth sacral dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: accessory cuneate nucleus

Changes for: meningeal artery

Changes for: second sacral dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: thoracic cavity artery

Changes for: third sacral dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: first sacral dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: vein of lower lip

Changes for: vein of upper lip

Changes for: cerebellar artery

Changes for: artery of lower lip

Changes for: artery of upper lip

Changes for: ventral nucleus of trapezoid body

Changes for: thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: sacral dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: lumbar dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: second cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: first cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: digit nerve of manus

Changes for: ankle nerve

Changes for: limb nerve

Changes for: anteroventral cochlear nucleus

Changes for: posteroventral cochlear nucleus

Changes for: second thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: first thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: eighth cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: seventh cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: mucosa of appendix

Changes for: sixth thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: fifth thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: third thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: mucosa of seminal vesicle

Changes for: head bone

Changes for: mucosa of deferent duct

Changes for: mucosa of laryngopharynx

Changes for: mucosa of ureter

Changes for: small intestine Peyer’s patch

Changes for: fourth cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: fifth cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: mucosa of epiglottis

Changes for: mucosa of vagina

Changes for: lower jaw incisor

Changes for: third cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: upper jaw incisor

Changes for: hyaloid artery

  • Deleted
    • - hyaloid artery database cross reference SCTID:308790003
    • - hyaloid artery database cross reference Wikipedia:Hyaloid_artery
    • - hyaloid artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg
    • - hyaloid artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png
    • - hyaloid artery definition The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to supply nutrient to the developing lens in the growing fetus. During the tenth week of development in humans (time varies depending on species), the lens grows independent of a blood supply and the hyaloid artery usually regresses. Its proximal portion remains as the central artery of the retina. Regression of the hyaloid artery leaves a clear central zone through the vitreous called the hyaloid canal or Cloquet’s canal. Occasionally the artery may not fully regress, resulting in the condition persistent hyaloid artery. More commonly, small remnants of the artery may remain. Free remnants can sometimes be seen as ‘floaters’. An anterior remnant of the hyaloid artery can be seen in some people as Mittendorf’s dot, a small pinpoint-like scar on the posterior surface of the lens. A posterior remnant may be seen where the artery left the optic disc, and is known as Bergmeister’s papilla. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hyaloid_artery }
    • - hyaloid artery has exact synonym arteria hyaloidea { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hyaloid_artery , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - hyaloid artery has related synonym Cloquet’s canal { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hyaloid_artery }
    • - hyaloid artery has related synonym Cloquets canal { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hyaloid_artery }
  • Added
    • + hyaloid artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaloid_artery
    • + hyaloid artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308790003
    • + hyaloid artery definition The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to supply nutrient to the developing lens in the growing fetus. During the tenth week of development in humans (time varies depending on species), the lens grows independent of a blood supply and the hyaloid artery usually regresses. Its proximal portion remains as the central artery of the retina. Regression of the hyaloid artery leaves a clear central zone through the vitreous called the hyaloid canal or Cloquet’s canal. Occasionally the artery may not fully regress, resulting in the condition persistent hyaloid artery. More commonly, small remnants of the artery may remain. Free remnants can sometimes be seen as ‘floaters’. An anterior remnant of the hyaloid artery can be seen in some people as Mittendorf’s dot, a small pinpoint-like scar on the posterior surface of the lens. A posterior remnant may be seen where the artery left the optic disc, and is known as Bergmeister’s papilla. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaloid_artery }
    • + hyaloid artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg
    • + hyaloid artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png
    • + hyaloid artery has exact synonym arteria hyaloidea { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaloid_artery , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + hyaloid artery has related synonym Cloquet’s canal { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaloid_artery }
    • + hyaloid artery has related synonym Cloquets canal { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaloid_artery }

Changes for: parotoid gland

  • Deleted
    • - parotoid gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Parotoid_gland
    • - parotoid gland definition The parotoid gland (alternatively, paratoid gland) is an external skin gland on the back, neck, and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders. It secretes a milky alkaloid substance to deter predators. The substance produced acts as a neurotoxin. Parotoid glands are sometimes said to be wart-like in appearance, though warts are abnormal growths caused by viral infections while parotoid glands are normal, healthy parts of the animals that bear them. The vague similarity in appearance, however, is the reason behind the mistaken belief that touching a toad causes warts. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Parotoid_gland }
  • Added
    • + parotoid gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotoid_gland
    • + parotoid gland definition The parotoid gland (alternatively, paratoid gland) is an external skin gland on the back, neck, and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders. It secretes a milky alkaloid substance to deter predators. The substance produced acts as a neurotoxin. Parotoid glands are sometimes said to be wart-like in appearance, though warts are abnormal growths caused by viral infections while parotoid glands are normal, healthy parts of the animals that bear them. The vague similarity in appearance, however, is the reason behind the mistaken belief that touching a toad causes warts. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotoid_gland }

Changes for: rete mirabile

Changes for: zygomatic plate

  • Deleted
    • - zygomatic plate database cross reference Wikipedia:Zygomatic_plate
    • - zygomatic plate definition In rodent anatomy, the zygomatic plate is a bony plate derived from the flattened front part of the zygomatic arch (cheekbone). At the back, it connects to the front (maxillary) root of the zygomatic arch, and at the top it is connected to the rest of the skull via the antorbital bridge. It is part of the maxillary bone, or upper jaw, which also contains the upper cheekteeth. Primitively, rodents have a nearly horizontal zygomatic plate. In association with specializations in zygomasseteric system, several distinct morphologies have developed across the order. The term is also used for an analogous structure in some South American typotheres, including Pseudotypotherium and Medistylus. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Zygomatic_plate }
  • Added
    • + zygomatic plate database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_plate
    • + zygomatic plate definition In rodent anatomy, the zygomatic plate is a bony plate derived from the flattened front part of the zygomatic arch (cheekbone). At the back, it connects to the front (maxillary) root of the zygomatic arch, and at the top it is connected to the rest of the skull via the antorbital bridge. It is part of the maxillary bone, or upper jaw, which also contains the upper cheekteeth. Primitively, rodents have a nearly horizontal zygomatic plate. In association with specializations in zygomasseteric system, several distinct morphologies have developed across the order. The term is also used for an analogous structure in some South American typotheres, including Pseudotypotherium and Medistylus. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_plate }

Changes for: udder

  • Deleted
    • - udder database cross reference SCTID:27528008
    • - udder database cross reference Wikipedia:Udder
    • - udder definition A large pendulous organ consisting of two or more mammary glands enclosed in a common envelope and each provided with a single nipple. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Udder }
    • - udder external definition An udder is an organ formed of the mammary glands of female quadruped mammals, especially ruminants such as cattle, goats, sheep and deer. The udder is a single mass hanging beneath the animal, consisting of pairs of mammary glands. In cattle there are normally two pairs, in sheep, goats and deer there is one pair, and in some animals such as pigs there are many pairs. Udder care and hygiene in cows is important in milking, aiding uninterrupted and untainted milk production, and preventing mastitis. Products exist to soothe the chapped skin of the udder. This helps prevent bacterial infection, and reduces irritation during milking by the cups, and so the cow is less likely to kick the cups off[Wikipedia:Udder]. { source=Wikipedia:Udder }
  • Added
    • + udder database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udder
    • + udder database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/27528008
    • + udder definition A large pendulous organ consisting of two or more mammary glands enclosed in a common envelope and each provided with a single nipple. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udder }
    • + udder external definition An udder is an organ formed of the mammary glands of female quadruped mammals, especially ruminants such as cattle, goats, sheep and deer. The udder is a single mass hanging beneath the animal, consisting of pairs of mammary glands. In cattle there are normally two pairs, in sheep, goats and deer there is one pair, and in some animals such as pigs there are many pairs. Udder care and hygiene in cows is important in milking, aiding uninterrupted and untainted milk production, and preventing mastitis. Products exist to soothe the chapped skin of the udder. This helps prevent bacterial infection, and reduces irritation during milking by the cups, and so the cow is less likely to kick the cups off[Wikipedia:Udder]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udder }

Changes for: vestibular aqueduct

Changes for: acropodial skeleton

Changes for: perilymphatic space

Changes for: metacarpus skeleton

Changes for: metatarsus skeleton

Changes for: metapodial skeleton

Changes for: reticular formation

Changes for: lamina of spiral limbus

  • Deleted
    • - lamina of spiral limbus database cross reference Wikipedia:Limbus_laminae_spiralis
    • - lamina of spiral limbus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray930.png/200px-Gray930.png
    • - lamina of spiral limbus definition The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus spiralis (or limbus laminæ spiralis), this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Limbus_laminae_spiralis }
  • Added
    • + lamina of spiral limbus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbus_laminae_spiralis
    • + lamina of spiral limbus definition The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus spiralis (or limbus laminæ spiralis), this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbus_laminae_spiralis }
    • + lamina of spiral limbus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray930.png/200px-Gray930.png

Changes for: anal membrane

Changes for: anal sac gland secretion

Changes for: ossicone

  • Deleted
    • - ossicone database cross reference Wikipedia:Ossicone
    • - ossicone definition Ossicones are horn-like protuberances on the heads of giraffes, male okapis, and their extinct relatives, such as Sivatherium, and the climacoceratids, such as Climacoceras. Only giraffids have true ossicones (as opposed to horns or antlers). The base that a deer’s antlers grow from is very similar to ossicones. Ossicones are similar to the horns of antelopes and cattle, save that they are derived from ossified cartilage, and that the ossicones remain covered in skin and fur, rather than horn. Antlers (such as on deer) are derived from bone tissue: when mature, the skin and fur covering of the antlers, termed ‘velvet,’ is sloughed and scraped off to expose the bone of the antlers. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ossicone }
  • Added
    • + ossicone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossicone
    • + ossicone definition Ossicones are horn-like protuberances on the heads of giraffes, male okapis, and their extinct relatives, such as Sivatherium, and the climacoceratids, such as Climacoceras. Only giraffids have true ossicones (as opposed to horns or antlers). The base that a deer’s antlers grow from is very similar to ossicones. Ossicones are similar to the horns of antelopes and cattle, save that they are derived from ossified cartilage, and that the ossicones remain covered in skin and fur, rather than horn. Antlers (such as on deer) are derived from bone tissue: when mature, the skin and fur covering of the antlers, termed ‘velvet,’ is sloughed and scraped off to expose the bone of the antlers. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossicone }

Changes for: cerumen gland

  • Deleted
    • - cerumen gland database cross reference SCTID:368648008
    • - cerumen gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Ceruminous_glands
    • - cerumen gland definition A specialized sudoriferous gland (sweat glands) located subcutaneously in the external auditory canal. Ceruminous glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands made up of an inner secretory layer of cells and an outer myoepithelial layer of cells. The glands drain into larger ducts, which then drain into the guard hairs that reside in the external auditory canal. Here they produce cerumen, or earwax, by mixing their secretion with sebum and dead epidermal cells. Cerumen keeps the eardrum pliable, lubricates and cleans the external auditory canal, waterproofs the canal, kills bacteria, and serves as a barrier to trap foreign particles (dust, fungal spores, etc.) by coating the guard hairs of the ear, making them sticky. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ceruminous_glands }
  • Added
    • + cerumen gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruminous_glands
    • + cerumen gland database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0229352
    • + cerumen gland database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/368648008
    • + cerumen gland definition A specialized sudoriferous gland (sweat glands) located subcutaneously in the external auditory canal. Ceruminous glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands made up of an inner secretory layer of cells and an outer myoepithelial layer of cells. The glands drain into larger ducts, which then drain into the guard hairs that reside in the external auditory canal. Here they produce cerumen, or earwax, by mixing their secretion with sebum and dead epidermal cells. Cerumen keeps the eardrum pliable, lubricates and cleans the external auditory canal, waterproofs the canal, kills bacteria, and serves as a barrier to trap foreign particles (dust, fungal spores, etc.) by coating the guard hairs of the ear, making them sticky. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruminous_glands }

Changes for: hyponychium

Changes for: nail matrix

Changes for: stria vascularis of cochlear duct

Changes for: vestibular membrane of cochlear duct

Changes for: otolith

Changes for: nasal tentacle

Changes for: Grueneberg ganglion

Changes for: entepicondylar foramen

  • Deleted
    • - entepicondylar foramen database cross reference Wikipedia:Entepicondylar_foramen
    • - entepicondylar foramen definition The entepicondylar foramen is an opening in the distal (far) end of the humerus (upper arm bone) present in some mammals. It is often present in primitive placentals, such as the enigmatic Madagascan Plesiorycteropus. In most Neotominae and all Tylomyinae among cricetid rodents, it is located above the medial epicondyle of the humerus, but it is absent in all Sigmodontinae and Arvicolinae and this trait has been suggested as a synapomorphy for the former subfamily. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Entepicondylar_foramen }
  • Added
    • + entepicondylar foramen database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entepicondylar_foramen
    • + entepicondylar foramen definition The entepicondylar foramen is an opening in the distal (far) end of the humerus (upper arm bone) present in some mammals. It is often present in primitive placentals, such as the enigmatic Madagascan Plesiorycteropus. In most Neotominae and all Tylomyinae among cricetid rodents, it is located above the medial epicondyle of the humerus, but it is absent in all Sigmodontinae and Arvicolinae and this trait has been suggested as a synapomorphy for the former subfamily. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entepicondylar_foramen }

Changes for: midbrain cerebral aqueduct

Changes for: choroid plexus of third ventricle

Changes for: optic recess of third ventricle

Changes for: third ventricle

Changes for: telencephalic ventricle

  • Deleted
    • - telencephalic ventricle database cross reference SCTID:180930008
    • - telencephalic ventricle database cross reference Wikipedia:Lateral_ventricle
    • - telencephalic ventricle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray734.png/200px-Gray734.png
    • - telencephalic ventricle definition A brain ventricle that is part of a telencephalon. In mammals and species with an evaginated telencephalon, this is one of a pair of lateral structures, one in each hemisphere { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lateral_ventricle , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • - telencephalic ventricle external definition The lateral ventricles are part of the ventricular system of the brain. Classified as part of the telencephalon, they are the largest of the ventricles. The lateral ventricles connect to the central third ventricle through the interventricular foramina of Monro[WP]. { source=Wikipedia:Lateral_ventricle }
    • - telencephalic ventricle homology notes The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (…). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000643 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + telencephalic ventricle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_ventricle
    • + telencephalic ventricle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0152279
    • + telencephalic ventricle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/180930008
    • + telencephalic ventricle definition A brain ventricle that is part of a telencephalon. In mammals and species with an evaginated telencephalon, this is one of a pair of lateral structures, one in each hemisphere { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_ventricle , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + telencephalic ventricle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray734.png/200px-Gray734.png
    • + telencephalic ventricle external definition The lateral ventricles are part of the ventricular system of the brain. Classified as part of the telencephalon, they are the largest of the ventricles. The lateral ventricles connect to the central third ventricle through the interventricular foramina of Monro[WP]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_ventricle }
    • + telencephalic ventricle homology notes The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (…). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000643 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 }

Changes for: metanephros induced blastemal cells

Changes for: olfactory pathway

Changes for: hypogastrium

Changes for: epipubic bone

  • Deleted
    • - epipubic bone database cross reference Wikipedia:Epipubic_bone
    • - epipubic bone database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Macropus_major_hind_legs.png
    • - epipubic bone definition One of a pair of bones running antero-laterally from the centre of the pubis in marsupials and some other mammals { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
    • - epipubic bone external definition Epipubic bones are a pair of bones projecting forward from the pelvic bones of modern marsupials and of some fossil mammals: multituberculates, monotremes, and even basal eutherians (the ancestors of placental mammals). In modern marsupials the epipubic bones are often called “marsupial bones” because they support the mother’s pouch (‘marsupium’ is Latin for ‘pouch’), but their presence on other groups of mammals indicates that this was not their original function, which some researchers think was to assist locomotion by supporting some of the muscles that flex the thigh. The epipubic bones were first described in 1698 but their functions have remained unresolved. It has been suggested that they form part of a kinetic linkage stretching from the femur on one side to the ribs on the opposite side. This linkage is formed by a series of muscles: each epipubic bone is connected to the femur by the pectineus muscle, and to the ribs and vertebrae by the pyramidalis, rectus abdominis, and external and internal obliques. According to this hypothesis, the epipubic bones act as levers to stiffen the trunk during locomotion[Wikipedia:Epipubic_bone]. { source=Wikipedia:Epipubic_bone }
  • Added
    • + epipubic bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipubic_bone
    • + epipubic bone definition One of a pair of bones running antero-laterally from the centre of the pubis in marsupials and some other mammals { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + epipubic bone depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Macropus_major_hind_legs.png
    • + epipubic bone external definition Epipubic bones are a pair of bones projecting forward from the pelvic bones of modern marsupials and of some fossil mammals: multituberculates, monotremes, and even basal eutherians (the ancestors of placental mammals). In modern marsupials the epipubic bones are often called “marsupial bones” because they support the mother’s pouch (‘marsupium’ is Latin for ‘pouch’), but their presence on other groups of mammals indicates that this was not their original function, which some researchers think was to assist locomotion by supporting some of the muscles that flex the thigh. The epipubic bones were first described in 1698 but their functions have remained unresolved. It has been suggested that they form part of a kinetic linkage stretching from the femur on one side to the ribs on the opposite side. This linkage is formed by a series of muscles: each epipubic bone is connected to the femur by the pectineus muscle, and to the ribs and vertebrae by the pyramidalis, rectus abdominis, and external and internal obliques. According to this hypothesis, the epipubic bones act as levers to stiffen the trunk during locomotion[Wikipedia:Epipubic_bone]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipubic_bone }

Changes for: central canal of spinal cord

Changes for: choroid plexus of fourth ventricle

Changes for: costochondral joint

Changes for: costovertebral joint

  • Deleted
    • - costovertebral joint database cross reference SCTID:263315000
    • - costovertebral joint database cross reference Wikipedia:Costovertebral_joint
    • - costovertebral joint database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray312.png/200px-Gray312.png
    • - costovertebral joint definition The costovertebral joints are the articulations that connect the heads of the ribs with the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. Joining of ribs to the vertebrae occurs at two places, the head and the tubercle of the rib. Two convex facets from the head attach to two adjacent vertebrae. This forms a trochoid joint, which is strengthened by the ligament of the head and the intercapital ligament. Articulation of the tubercle is to the transverse process of the adjacent vertebrae. This articulation is reinforced by the dorsal costotransverse ligament. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Costovertebral_joint }
  • Added
    • + costovertebral joint database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costovertebral_joint
    • + costovertebral joint database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0224681
    • + costovertebral joint database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/263315000
    • + costovertebral joint definition The costovertebral joints are the articulations that connect the heads of the ribs with the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. Joining of ribs to the vertebrae occurs at two places, the head and the tubercle of the rib. Two convex facets from the head attach to two adjacent vertebrae. This forms a trochoid joint, which is strengthened by the ligament of the head and the intercapital ligament. Articulation of the tubercle is to the transverse process of the adjacent vertebrae. This articulation is reinforced by the dorsal costotransverse ligament. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costovertebral_joint }
    • + costovertebral joint depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray312.png/200px-Gray312.png

Changes for: scala media

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + scala media database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_media
    • + scala media definition An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner’s membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Scala media houses the organ of Corti. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_media }
    • + scala media depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gray928.png/200px-Gray928.png

Changes for: biliary system

Changes for: cerumen

Changes for: dorsal mesentery

Changes for: alveolus of lung

Changes for: brainstem

Changes for: serous acinus

Changes for: supraorbital gland

  • Deleted
    • - supraorbital gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Supraorbital_gland
    • - supraorbital gland definition The supraorbital gland is a type of lateral nasal gland found in some species of marine birds, particularly penguins, which removes sodium chloride from the bloodstream. The gland’s function is similar to that of the kidneys, though it is much more efficient at removing salt, allowing Penguins to survive without access to fresh water. Contrary to popular belief, the gland does not directly convert saltwater to freshwater. The term supraorbital refers to the area just above the eye socket (which is known as the orbit of the eye. ) Living in saltwater environments would naturally pose a large problem for penguins because the ingestion of saltwater would be detrimental to a penguin’s health. Although penguins do not directly drink water, it is taken in when they engulf prey. As a result, saltwater enters their system and must be effectively excreted. The supraorbital gland has thus enabled the penguins’ survival in such environments due to its water-filtering capability. The gland is located just above the eyes and surrounds a capillary in the head. This capillary constantly strains out the salt in the saltwater that a penguin takes in. Since the byproduct of the gland has roughly five times as much salt as would normally be found in the animal’s fluids, the supraorbital gland is highly efficient. The penguin excretes the salt byproduct as a brine through its bill. Often, the fluid drips out, and this gives the appearance of a runny nose. However, the fluid may also be sneezed out. In the absence of saltwater, caused by captivity, the supraorbital gland will lie dormant as it has no other purpose. Having a dormant supraorbital gland does not negatively affect the health of a penguin. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Supraorbital_gland }
  • Added
    • + supraorbital gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraorbital_gland
    • + supraorbital gland definition The supraorbital gland is a type of lateral nasal gland found in some species of marine birds, particularly penguins, which removes sodium chloride from the bloodstream. The gland’s function is similar to that of the kidneys, though it is much more efficient at removing salt, allowing Penguins to survive without access to fresh water. Contrary to popular belief, the gland does not directly convert saltwater to freshwater. The term supraorbital refers to the area just above the eye socket (which is known as the orbit of the eye. ) Living in saltwater environments would naturally pose a large problem for penguins because the ingestion of saltwater would be detrimental to a penguin’s health. Although penguins do not directly drink water, it is taken in when they engulf prey. As a result, saltwater enters their system and must be effectively excreted. The supraorbital gland has thus enabled the penguins’ survival in such environments due to its water-filtering capability. The gland is located just above the eyes and surrounds a capillary in the head. This capillary constantly strains out the salt in the saltwater that a penguin takes in. Since the byproduct of the gland has roughly five times as much salt as would normally be found in the animal’s fluids, the supraorbital gland is highly efficient. The penguin excretes the salt byproduct as a brine through its bill. Often, the fluid drips out, and this gives the appearance of a runny nose. However, the fluid may also be sneezed out. In the absence of saltwater, caused by captivity, the supraorbital gland will lie dormant as it has no other purpose. Having a dormant supraorbital gland does not negatively affect the health of a penguin. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraorbital_gland }

Changes for: gland of nictitating membrane

Changes for: sebaceous gland of eyelid

  • Deleted
    • - sebaceous gland of eyelid database cross reference Wikipedia:Gland_of_Zeis
    • - sebaceous gland of eyelid definition Glands of Zeis are unilobar sebaceous glands located on the margin of the eyelid. The glands of Zeis service the eyelash. These glands produce an oily substance that is issued through the excretory ducts of the sebaceous lobule into the middle portion of the hair follicle. In the same area of the eyelid, near the base of the eyelashes are sweat glands called the ‘glands of Moll’. If eyelashes are not kept clean, conditions such as folliculitis may take place, and if the sebaceous gland becomes infected, it can lead to abscesses and styes. The glands of Zeis are named after German ophthalmologist Eduard Zeis (1807b68). { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Gland_of_Zeis }
  • Added
    • + sebaceous gland of eyelid database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland_of_Zeis
    • + sebaceous gland of eyelid definition Glands of Zeis are unilobar sebaceous glands located on the margin of the eyelid. The glands of Zeis service the eyelash. These glands produce an oily substance that is issued through the excretory ducts of the sebaceous lobule into the middle portion of the hair follicle. In the same area of the eyelid, near the base of the eyelashes are sweat glands called the ‘glands of Moll’. If eyelashes are not kept clean, conditions such as folliculitis may take place, and if the sebaceous gland becomes infected, it can lead to abscesses and styes. The glands of Zeis are named after German ophthalmologist Eduard Zeis (1807b68). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland_of_Zeis }

Changes for: ventral trunk

Changes for: genital papilla of vulva

Changes for: violet gland

  • Deleted
    • - violet gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Violet_gland
    • - violet gland definition The violet gland or supracaudal gland is an important gland located on the upper surface of the tail of certain mammals, including European badgers and canids such as foxes, wolves the domestic dog, as well as the domestic cat. It is used for intra species signalling, scent marking, and contributes to the strong odor of foxes in particular. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Violet_gland }
  • Added
    • + violet gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_gland
    • + violet gland definition The violet gland or supracaudal gland is an important gland located on the upper surface of the tail of certain mammals, including European badgers and canids such as foxes, wolves the domestic dog, as well as the domestic cat. It is used for intra species signalling, scent marking, and contributes to the strong odor of foxes in particular. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_gland }

Changes for: sweat gland of eyelid

  • Deleted
    • - sweat gland of eyelid database cross reference SCTID:280586002
    • - sweat gland of eyelid database cross reference Wikipedia:Gland_of_Moll
    • - sweat gland of eyelid definition Glands of Moll, also known as ciliary glands, are modified apocrine sweat glands that are found on the margin of the eyelid. They are next to the base of the eyelashes, and anterior to the Meibomian glands within the distal eyelid margin. These glands are relatively large and tubular-shaped. The glands of Moll are named after Dutch oculist Jacob Anton Moll (1832–1914). Glands of Moll empty into the adjacent lashes. Glands of Moll and Zeis secrete lipid that adds to the superficial layer of the tear film, retarding evaporation. The glands of Moll are prone to infection and blockage of its duct with sebum and cell debris. Blockage of the gland’s duct causes swelling which can manifest itself as a stye. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Gland_of_Moll }
  • Added
    • + sweat gland of eyelid database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland_of_Moll
    • + sweat gland of eyelid database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280586002
    • + sweat gland of eyelid definition Glands of Moll, also known as ciliary glands, are modified apocrine sweat glands that are found on the margin of the eyelid. They are next to the base of the eyelashes, and anterior to the Meibomian glands within the distal eyelid margin. These glands are relatively large and tubular-shaped. The glands of Moll are named after Dutch oculist Jacob Anton Moll (1832–1914). Glands of Moll empty into the adjacent lashes. Glands of Moll and Zeis secrete lipid that adds to the superficial layer of the tear film, retarding evaporation. The glands of Moll are prone to infection and blockage of its duct with sebum and cell debris. Blockage of the gland’s duct causes swelling which can manifest itself as a stye. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland_of_Moll }

Changes for: crypt of Henle

Changes for: eyelid gland

Changes for: foramen of Panizza

  • Deleted
    • - foramen of Panizza database cross reference Wikipedia:Foramen_of_Panizza
    • - foramen of Panizza definition The Foramen of Panizza is a hole with that connects the left and right aorta as they leave the heart of all animals of the order Crocodilia. Crocodilians have a completely separated ventricle with deoxygenated blood from the body, or systemic circulation, in the right ventricle and oxygenated blood from the lungs, or pulmonary circulation, in the left ventricle, as in birds and mammals. Two vessels, the left aorta and the pulmonary artery, exit the right ventricle. Blood from the right ventricle goes to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, as in mammals and birds. However, when a unique active valve leading to the pulmonary artery contracts, pressure in the right ventricle can increase and blood can leave the right ventricle, enter the left aortic arch, and therefore bypass the pulmonary circulation. The foramen of panizza connects the left and right aorta. Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle, sitting in the left aorta, can flow into the right aorta through the foramen of panizza. When the heart is relaxed, some oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, sitting in the right aorta, can flow into the left aorta across the foramen of panizza. However, some species of Crocodilians have regulatory sphincters that prevent unwanted flow of blood through the foramen of panizza during non-diving. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Foramen_of_Panizza }
  • Added
    • + foramen of Panizza database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen_of_Panizza
    • + foramen of Panizza definition The Foramen of Panizza is a hole with that connects the left and right aorta as they leave the heart of all animals of the order Crocodilia. Crocodilians have a completely separated ventricle with deoxygenated blood from the body, or systemic circulation, in the right ventricle and oxygenated blood from the lungs, or pulmonary circulation, in the left ventricle, as in birds and mammals. Two vessels, the left aorta and the pulmonary artery, exit the right ventricle. Blood from the right ventricle goes to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, as in mammals and birds. However, when a unique active valve leading to the pulmonary artery contracts, pressure in the right ventricle can increase and blood can leave the right ventricle, enter the left aortic arch, and therefore bypass the pulmonary circulation. The foramen of panizza connects the left and right aorta. Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle, sitting in the left aorta, can flow into the right aorta through the foramen of panizza. When the heart is relaxed, some oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, sitting in the right aorta, can flow into the left aorta across the foramen of panizza. However, some species of Crocodilians have regulatory sphincters that prevent unwanted flow of blood through the foramen of panizza during non-diving. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen_of_Panizza }

Changes for: caudofemoralis

  • Deleted
    • - caudofemoralis database cross reference Wikipedia:Caudofemoralis
    • - caudofemoralis definition The caudofemoralis (from the latin cauda, tail and femur, thighbone) is a muscle found in the pelvic limb of mostly all animals possessing a tail, since it is a synapomorphy appeared on the Archosauria clade. It is thus found in felids (cats) and Mustela (‘Weasels’), but also on crocodiles and birds. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Caudofemoralis }
  • Added
    • + caudofemoralis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudofemoralis
    • + caudofemoralis definition The caudofemoralis (from the latin cauda, tail and femur, thighbone) is a muscle found in the pelvic limb of mostly all animals possessing a tail, since it is a synapomorphy appeared on the Archosauria clade. It is thus found in felids (cats) and Mustela (‘Weasels’), but also on crocodiles and birds. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudofemoralis }

Changes for: otic notch

  • Deleted
    • - otic notch database cross reference Wikipedia:Otic_notch
    • - otic notch definition Otic notches are invagination in the posterior margin of the skull roof, one behind each orbit. Such notches are found in labyrinthodonts and some of their immediate ancestors, but not their reptilian descendants. The presence or absence of the otic notches is one of the traits used to separate the amniotes from the amphibian grade tetrapods. The notches have been interpreted as part of an auditory structure, and are often shown holding a tympanum similar to those seen in modern anurans. Analysis of the columella (the stapes in amphibians and reptiles) of labyrinthodonts however indicate it did not function in transmitting low energy vibrations, thus rendering them effectively deaf to airborne sound. The otic notch instead functioned as a spiracle, at least in the early forms. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Otic_notch }
  • Added
    • + otic notch database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otic_notch
    • + otic notch definition Otic notches are invagination in the posterior margin of the skull roof, one behind each orbit. Such notches are found in labyrinthodonts and some of their immediate ancestors, but not their reptilian descendants. The presence or absence of the otic notches is one of the traits used to separate the amniotes from the amphibian grade tetrapods. The notches have been interpreted as part of an auditory structure, and are often shown holding a tympanum similar to those seen in modern anurans. Analysis of the columella (the stapes in amphibians and reptiles) of labyrinthodonts however indicate it did not function in transmitting low energy vibrations, thus rendering them effectively deaf to airborne sound. The otic notch instead functioned as a spiracle, at least in the early forms. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otic_notch }

Changes for: alveolar gland

  • Deleted
    • - alveolar gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Alveolar_gland
    • - alveolar gland database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Gray1105.png
    • - alveolar gland definition In contrast to tubular glands, in the second main variety of gland, the secretory portion is enlarged and the lumen variously increased in size. These are termed alveolar glands (or saccular glands, or acinar glands, or acinous glands). Some sources draw a clear distinction between acinar and alveolar glands, based upon the shape of the lumen. A further complication in the case of the alveolar glands may occur in the form of still smaller saccular diverticuli growing out from the main sacculi. These are termed alveoli. The term ‘tubulo-alveolar’ (or ‘tubulo-acinar’, or ‘compound tubulo-acinar’, or ‘compound tubulo-alveolar’) is used to describe glands that start out as branched tubular, and branch further to terminate in alveoli. This type of gland is found in the salivary glands, esophagus, and mammary glands. The term ‘racemose gland’ is used to describe a ‘compound alveolar gland’ or ‘compound acinar gland’. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Alveolar_gland }
    • - alveolar gland has related synonym acinar gland { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Alveolar_gland }
    • - alveolar gland has related synonym alveolar gland { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Alveolar_gland }
    • - alveolar gland has related synonym saccular gland { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Alveolar_gland }
  • Added
    • + alveolar gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_gland
    • + alveolar gland definition In contrast to tubular glands, in the second main variety of gland, the secretory portion is enlarged and the lumen variously increased in size. These are termed alveolar glands (or saccular glands, or acinar glands, or acinous glands). Some sources draw a clear distinction between acinar and alveolar glands, based upon the shape of the lumen. A further complication in the case of the alveolar glands may occur in the form of still smaller saccular diverticuli growing out from the main sacculi. These are termed alveoli. The term ‘tubulo-alveolar’ (or ‘tubulo-acinar’, or ‘compound tubulo-acinar’, or ‘compound tubulo-alveolar’) is used to describe glands that start out as branched tubular, and branch further to terminate in alveoli. This type of gland is found in the salivary glands, esophagus, and mammary glands. The term ‘racemose gland’ is used to describe a ‘compound alveolar gland’ or ‘compound acinar gland’. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_gland }
    • + alveolar gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Gray1105.png
    • + alveolar gland has related synonym acinar gland { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_gland }
    • + alveolar gland has related synonym alveolar gland { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_gland }
    • + alveolar gland has related synonym saccular gland { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_gland }

Changes for: Ciaccio’s gland

  • Deleted
    • - Ciaccio’s gland database cross reference SCTID:278361003
    • - Ciaccio’s gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Ciaccio’s_glands
    • - Ciaccio’s gland definition Ciaccio’s glands are small tubular accessory lacrimal glands (glandulae lacrimales accessoriae) found in the lacrimal caruncle of the eyelid. They are located in the upper border of the tarsus, approximately in the middle between the extremities of the tarsal glands. Sometimes they are situated slightly above the tarsus. There are usually 2 to 5 of these glands in the upper eyelid, and their function is to produce tears which are secreted onto the surface of the conjunctiva. They are named after Italian anatomist Giuseppe Vincenzo Ciaccio (1824b1901), who described these glands in 1874. They are sometimes called Wolfring’s glands after Polish ophthalmologist Emilj von Wolfring (1832-1906), who described them during the same time period as did Ciaccio. Another type of accessory lacrimal gland are Krause’s glands, which are smaller, more numerous than Ciaccio’s glands and are found along the superior and inferior fornices of the conjunctival sac. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ciaccio’s_glands }
    • - Ciaccio’s gland has exact synonym Wolfring’s gland { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ciaccio’s_glands }
    • - Ciaccio’s gland has exact synonym gland of Wolfring { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ciaccio’s_glands , database cross reference=ncithesaurus:Gland_of_Wolfring }
  • Added
    • + Ciaccio’s gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaccio’s_glands
    • + Ciaccio’s gland database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/278361003
    • + Ciaccio’s gland definition Ciaccio’s glands are small tubular accessory lacrimal glands (glandulae lacrimales accessoriae) found in the lacrimal caruncle of the eyelid. They are located in the upper border of the tarsus, approximately in the middle between the extremities of the tarsal glands. Sometimes they are situated slightly above the tarsus. There are usually 2 to 5 of these glands in the upper eyelid, and their function is to produce tears which are secreted onto the surface of the conjunctiva. They are named after Italian anatomist Giuseppe Vincenzo Ciaccio (1824b1901), who described these glands in 1874. They are sometimes called Wolfring’s glands after Polish ophthalmologist Emilj von Wolfring (1832-1906), who described them during the same time period as did Ciaccio. Another type of accessory lacrimal gland are Krause’s glands, which are smaller, more numerous than Ciaccio’s glands and are found along the superior and inferior fornices of the conjunctival sac. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaccio’s_glands }
    • + Ciaccio’s gland has exact synonym Wolfring’s gland { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaccio’s_glands }
    • + Ciaccio’s gland has exact synonym gland of Wolfring { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaccio’s_glands , database cross reference=ncithesaurus:Gland_of_Wolfring }

Changes for: accessory lacrimal gland

Changes for: anterior jugular vein

Changes for: proximal phalanx of manus

Changes for: diaphragm

  • Deleted
    • - diaphragm database cross reference SCTID:181614006
    • - diaphragm database cross reference Wikipedia:Thoracid_diaphragm
    • - diaphragm homology notes The mammals are characterized by a diaphragm, which separates the thoracic portion of the body cavity from the abdominal region and assists in drawing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Modern reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm and it is reasonable to suppose that the diaphragm developed as a new device that made possible a large degree of oxygen intake for active animals. The change may have taken place during the transition from reptile to mammal (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000713 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471384618 Colbert EH, Evolution of the vertebrates: a history of the backboned animals through time (2001) p.278 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + diaphragm database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracid_diaphragm
    • + diaphragm database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0011980
    • + diaphragm database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181614006
    • + diaphragm homology notes The mammals are characterized by a diaphragm, which separates the thoracic portion of the body cavity from the abdominal region and assists in drawing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Modern reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm and it is reasonable to suppose that the diaphragm developed as a new device that made possible a large degree of oxygen intake for active animals. The change may have taken place during the transition from reptile to mammal (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000713 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471384618 Colbert EH, Evolution of the vertebrates: a history of the backboned animals through time (2001) p.278 }

Changes for: tubercle of rib

  • Deleted
    • - tubercle of rib database cross reference SCTID:361104005
    • - tubercle of rib database cross reference Wikipedia:Tubercle_(rib)
    • - tubercle of rib definition The tubercle of a rib is an eminence on the posterior surface, at the junction of the neck and body of the rib, and nearer the lower than the upper border. It consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Tubercle_(rib) }
  • Added
    • + tubercle of rib database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(rib)
    • + tubercle of rib database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0222809
    • + tubercle of rib database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361104005
    • + tubercle of rib definition The tubercle of a rib is an eminence on the posterior surface, at the junction of the neck and body of the rib, and nearer the lower than the upper border. It consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(rib) }

Changes for: costal cartilage

Changes for: external jugular vein

Changes for: true rib

Changes for: pectoralis minor

Changes for: head of rib

Changes for: body of rib

Changes for: craniocervical region vein

Changes for: olfactory gland

  • Deleted
    • - olfactory gland database cross reference SCTID:368891001
    • - olfactory gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Olfactory_glands
    • - olfactory gland database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray857.png
    • - olfactory gland definition Bowman’s glands (aka olfactory glands, glands of Bowman) are situated in the olfactory mucosa, beneath the olfactory epithelium, in the lamina propria, a connective tissue also containing fibroblasts, blood vessels, and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons. The structure of the Bowman’s glands consists of an acinus in the lamina propria and a secretory duct going out through the olfactory epithelium. Electron microscopy studies show that Bowman’s glands contain cells with large secretory vesicles. Bowman’s glands might secrete proteins such as Lysozyme, amylase and IgA similarly to serous glands. The exact composition of the secretions from Bowman’s glands is unclear, but there is evidence that Bowman’s glands do not produce odorant binding protein[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Olfactory_glands }
    • - olfactory gland has related synonym glandulae olfactoriae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Olfactory_glands , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + olfactory gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_glands
    • + olfactory gland database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/368891001
    • + olfactory gland definition Bowman’s glands (aka olfactory glands, glands of Bowman) are situated in the olfactory mucosa, beneath the olfactory epithelium, in the lamina propria, a connective tissue also containing fibroblasts, blood vessels, and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons. The structure of the Bowman’s glands consists of an acinus in the lamina propria and a secretory duct going out through the olfactory epithelium. Electron microscopy studies show that Bowman’s glands contain cells with large secretory vesicles. Bowman’s glands might secrete proteins such as Lysozyme, amylase and IgA similarly to serous glands. The exact composition of the secretions from Bowman’s glands is unclear, but there is evidence that Bowman’s glands do not produce odorant binding protein[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_glands }
    • + olfactory gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray857.png
    • + olfactory gland has related synonym glandulae olfactoriae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_glands , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: tectorial membrane of cochlea

  • Deleted
    • - tectorial membrane of cochlea database cross reference SCTID:368960006
    • - tectorial membrane of cochlea database cross reference Wikipedia:Tectorial_membrane_%28cochlea%29
    • - tectorial membrane of cochlea external definition The tectorial membrane (TM) is one of two acellular gels in the cochlea of the inner ear, the other being the basilar membrane (BM). The TM is located above the sulcus spiralis internus and the spiral organ of Corti and extends along the longitudinal length of the cochlea parallel to the BM. Radially the TM is divided into three zones, the limbal, middle and marginal zones. Of these the limbal zone is the thinnest (transversally) and overlies the auditory teeth of Huschke with its inside edge attached to the spiral limbus. The marginal zone is the thickest (transversally) and is divided from the middle zone by Hensen’s Stripe. It overlies the sensory inner hair cells and electrically-motile outer hair cells of the organ of Corti and during acoustic stimulation stimulates the inner hair cells through fluid coupling, and the outer hair cells via direct connection to their tallest stereocilia[Wikipedia:Tectorial_membrane_%28cochlea%29]. { source=Wikipedia:Tectorial_membrane_%28cochlea%29 }
  • Added
    • + tectorial membrane of cochlea database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectorial_membrane_%28cochlea%29
    • + tectorial membrane of cochlea database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0039432
    • + tectorial membrane of cochlea database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1184928
    • + tectorial membrane of cochlea database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/368960006
    • + tectorial membrane of cochlea external definition The tectorial membrane (TM) is one of two acellular gels in the cochlea of the inner ear, the other being the basilar membrane (BM). The TM is located above the sulcus spiralis internus and the spiral organ of Corti and extends along the longitudinal length of the cochlea parallel to the BM. Radially the TM is divided into three zones, the limbal, middle and marginal zones. Of these the limbal zone is the thinnest (transversally) and overlies the auditory teeth of Huschke with its inside edge attached to the spiral limbus. The marginal zone is the thickest (transversally) and is divided from the middle zone by Hensen’s Stripe. It overlies the sensory inner hair cells and electrically-motile outer hair cells of the organ of Corti and during acoustic stimulation stimulates the inner hair cells through fluid coupling, and the outer hair cells via direct connection to their tallest stereocilia[Wikipedia:Tectorial_membrane_%28cochlea%29]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectorial_membrane_%28cochlea%29 }

Changes for: entire embryonic mesenchyme

Changes for: foramen primum

Changes for: sternothyroid muscle

Changes for: sternohyoid muscle

Changes for: floating rib

Changes for: omohyoid muscle

Changes for: false rib

Changes for: clavicle

  • Deleted
    • - clavicle database cross reference SCTID:181910004
    • - clavicle database cross reference Wikipedia:Clavicle
    • - clavicle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg
    • - clavicle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg/200px-Pectoral_girdles-en.svg.png
    • - clavicle homology notes In early tetrapods, the connecting skull bone, the posttemporal, and adjoining shoulder bones, supracleithrum and postcleithrum (=anocleithrum), are absent, leaving a dermal shoulder girdle composed of the remaining ventral elements: the paired cleithrum and clavicle, and an unpaired midventral interclavicle that joins both halves of the girdle across the midline. (…) Several dermal elements of the shoulder persist in early synapsids. The clavicle and interclavicle are present in therapsids and monotremes, but in marsupials and placentals, the interclavicle is absent, the clavicle often is reduced in size, and the scapula becomes the predominant shoulder element.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000849 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.330-333 and Figure 9.18 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + clavicle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavicle
    • + clavicle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0008913
    • + clavicle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181910004
    • + clavicle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg
    • + clavicle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg/200px-Pectoral_girdles-en.svg.png
    • + clavicle homology notes In early tetrapods, the connecting skull bone, the posttemporal, and adjoining shoulder bones, supracleithrum and postcleithrum (=anocleithrum), are absent, leaving a dermal shoulder girdle composed of the remaining ventral elements: the paired cleithrum and clavicle, and an unpaired midventral interclavicle that joins both halves of the girdle across the midline. (…) Several dermal elements of the shoulder persist in early synapsids. The clavicle and interclavicle are present in therapsids and monotremes, but in marsupials and placentals, the interclavicle is absent, the clavicle often is reduced in size, and the scapula becomes the predominant shoulder element.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000849 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.330-333 and Figure 9.18 }

Changes for: cephalic vein

  • Deleted
    • - cephalic vein database cross reference SCTID:181391005
    • - cephalic vein database cross reference Wikipedia:Cephalic_vein
    • - cephalic vein database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Gray574.png
    • - cephalic vein definition In human anatomy, the cephalic vein is a superficial vein of the upper limb. It is also called the antecubital vein. It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle. Superiorly the cephalic vein passes between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and through the deltopectoral triangle, where it empties into the axillary vein. It is often visible through the skin, and its location in the deltopectoral groove is fairly consistent, making this site a good candidate for cannulation. It is often referred to as the ‘House-man’s Friend’ for this reason and is generally a good place for cannulaton when a large bore cannula needs to be sited. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cephalic_vein }
    • - cephalic vein has related synonym vena cephalica { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cephalic_vein , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + cephalic vein database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalic_vein
    • + cephalic vein database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226802
    • + cephalic vein database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181391005
    • + cephalic vein definition In human anatomy, the cephalic vein is a superficial vein of the upper limb. It is also called the antecubital vein. It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle. Superiorly the cephalic vein passes between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and through the deltopectoral triangle, where it empties into the axillary vein. It is often visible through the skin, and its location in the deltopectoral groove is fairly consistent, making this site a good candidate for cannulation. It is often referred to as the ‘House-man’s Friend’ for this reason and is generally a good place for cannulaton when a large bore cannula needs to be sited. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalic_vein }
    • + cephalic vein depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Gray574.png
    • + cephalic vein has related synonym vena cephalica { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalic_vein , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: lobe of liver

Changes for: uterine horn

Changes for: latissimus dorsi muscle

Changes for: transverse pericardial sinus

Changes for: left lobe of liver

Changes for: cerebellar hemisphere

Changes for: right lobe of liver

Changes for: dorsal thoracic nucleus

  • Deleted
    • - dorsal thoracic nucleus database cross reference Wikipedia:Clarke’s_column
    • - dorsal thoracic nucleus external definition Clarke’s column (column of Clarke, dorsal nucleus, posterior thoracic nucleus, nucleus dorsalis of Clarke) is a group of interneurons found in the medial part of Lamina VII, also known as the intermediate zone, of the spinal cord. It is mainly located from the T1 to L3-L4 levels and is an important structure for proprioception[Wikipedia:Posterior_thoracic_nucleus]. { source=Wikipedia:Posterior_thoracic_nucleus }
  • Added
    • + dorsal thoracic nucleus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke’s_column
    • + dorsal thoracic nucleus external definition Clarke’s column (column of Clarke, dorsal nucleus, posterior thoracic nucleus, nucleus dorsalis of Clarke) is a group of interneurons found in the medial part of Lamina VII, also known as the intermediate zone, of the spinal cord. It is mainly located from the T1 to L3-L4 levels and is an important structure for proprioception[Wikipedia:Posterior_thoracic_nucleus]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_thoracic_nucleus }

Changes for: cutaneous vein

Changes for: premaxilla

Changes for: intercostal muscle

  • Deleted
    • - intercostal muscle database cross reference SCTID:181746004
    • - intercostal muscle database cross reference Wikipedia:Intercostal_muscle
    • - intercostal muscle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Gray411.png
    • - intercostal muscle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray411.png/200px-Gray411.png
    • - intercostal muscle definition Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Intercostal_muscle }
    • - intercostal muscle homology notes Inspiration by active expansion of the thorax evolved later, in the ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals. This was powered originally by the intercostal muscles (as in lizards or crocodilians) and later (in mammals only) by a muscular diaphragm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000903 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0262112789 Kent RD, The MIT Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders (20039 p.56 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + intercostal muscle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal_muscle
    • + intercostal muscle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0021724
    • + intercostal muscle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181746004
    • + intercostal muscle definition Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal_muscle }
    • + intercostal muscle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Gray411.png
    • + intercostal muscle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray411.png/200px-Gray411.png
    • + intercostal muscle homology notes Inspiration by active expansion of the thorax evolved later, in the ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals. This was powered originally by the intercostal muscles (as in lizards or crocodilians) and later (in mammals only) by a muscular diaphragm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000903 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0262112789 Kent RD, The MIT Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders (20039 p.56 }

Changes for: chondrocranium

Changes for: thyrohyoid muscle

Changes for: nucleus pulposus

Changes for: spinal cord

Changes for: quadrate lobe of liver

Changes for: caudate lobe of liver

  • Deleted
    • - caudate lobe of liver database cross reference SCTID:362184009
    • - caudate lobe of liver database cross reference Wikipedia:Caudate_lobe_of_liver
    • - caudate lobe of liver database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png
    • - caudate lobe of liver database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png
    • - caudate lobe of liver definition The caudate lobe (posterior hepatic segment I, Spigelian lobe) is situated upon the postero-superior surface of the liver on the right lobe of the liver, opposite the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae. It is bounded on the left side by the physiological division of the liver called the ligamentum venosum. It is bounded, below, by the porta; on the right, by the fossa for the inferior vena cava; and, on the left, by the fossa for the ductus venosus. It looks backward, being nearly vertical in position; it is longer from above downward than from side to side, and is somewhat concave in the transverse direction. The caudate process is a small elevation of the hepatic substance extending obliquely and laterally, from the lower extremity of the caudate lobe to the under surface of the right lobe. It is situated behind the porta, and separates the fossa for the gall-bladder from the commencement of the fossa for the inferior vena cava. Budd-Chiari syndrome, caused by occlusion of hepatic venous outflow, can lead to hypertrophy of the caudate lobe due to its own caval anastomosis that allows for continued function of this lobe of the liver. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Caudate_lobe_of_liver }
    • - caudate lobe of liver external definition The portion of the right lobe of the liver between the fissure of the ligamentum venosum and the bare area of the liver. It ends into the superior recess of the lesser peritoneal sac. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000508 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - caudate lobe of liver has related synonym segment hepatis posterius I { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Caudate_lobe_of_liver , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - caudate lobe of liver homology notes The caudate lobe is the only real and constant hepatic lobe of mammals (…) .[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000508 , ontology=VHOG , source=PMID:1610084 Van Minh T, Galizia G, Lieto E, Anatomy of the caudate lobe of the liver. New aspects and surgical applications. (Article in French) Annales de chirurgie (1992) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + caudate lobe of liver database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudate_lobe_of_liver
    • + caudate lobe of liver database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0227489
    • + caudate lobe of liver database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362184009
    • + caudate lobe of liver definition The caudate lobe (posterior hepatic segment I, Spigelian lobe) is situated upon the postero-superior surface of the liver on the right lobe of the liver, opposite the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae. It is bounded on the left side by the physiological division of the liver called the ligamentum venosum. It is bounded, below, by the porta; on the right, by the fossa for the inferior vena cava; and, on the left, by the fossa for the ductus venosus. It looks backward, being nearly vertical in position; it is longer from above downward than from side to side, and is somewhat concave in the transverse direction. The caudate process is a small elevation of the hepatic substance extending obliquely and laterally, from the lower extremity of the caudate lobe to the under surface of the right lobe. It is situated behind the porta, and separates the fossa for the gall-bladder from the commencement of the fossa for the inferior vena cava. Budd-Chiari syndrome, caused by occlusion of hepatic venous outflow, can lead to hypertrophy of the caudate lobe due to its own caval anastomosis that allows for continued function of this lobe of the liver. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudate_lobe_of_liver }
    • + caudate lobe of liver depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png
    • + caudate lobe of liver depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png
    • + caudate lobe of liver external definition The portion of the right lobe of the liver between the fissure of the ligamentum venosum and the bare area of the liver. It ends into the superior recess of the lesser peritoneal sac. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000508 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + caudate lobe of liver has related synonym segment hepatis posterius I { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudate_lobe_of_liver , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + caudate lobe of liver homology notes The caudate lobe is the only real and constant hepatic lobe of mammals (…) .[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000508 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=PMID:1610084 Van Minh T, Galizia G, Lieto E, Anatomy of the caudate lobe of the liver. New aspects and surgical applications. (Article in French) Annales de chirurgie (1992) }

Changes for: lobe of thyroid gland

  • Deleted
    • - lobe of thyroid gland database cross reference SCTID:245537001
    • - lobe of thyroid gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Lobes_of_thyroid_gland
    • - lobe of thyroid gland database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray1174.png
    • - lobe of thyroid gland database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray1174.png/200px-Gray1174.png
    • - lobe of thyroid gland definition The lobes of the thyroid gland are conical in shape, the apex of each being directed upward and lateralward as far as the junction of the middle with the lower third of the thyroid cartilage; the base looks downward, and is on a level with the fifth or sixth tracheal ring. Each lobe is about 5 cm. long; its greatest width is about 3 cm. , and its thickness about 2 cm. The lateral or superficial surface is convex, and covered by the skin, the superficial and deep fasciæ, the Sternocleidomastoideus, the superior belly of the Omohyoideus, the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus, and beneath the last muscle by the pretracheal layer of the deep fascia, which forms a capsule for the gland. The deep or medial surface is moulded over the underlying structures, viz. , the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, the trachea, the Constrictor pharyngis inferior and posterior part of the Cricothyreoideus, the esophagus (particularly on the left side of the neck), the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and the recurrent nerves. The anterior border is thin, and inclines obliquely from above downward toward the middle line of the neck, while the posterior border is thick and overlaps the common carotid artery, and, as a rule, the parathyroids. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lobes_of_thyroid_gland }
    • - lobe of thyroid gland has related synonym lobuli glandulae thyroideae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lobes_of_thyroid_gland , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - lobe of thyroid gland homology notes Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (…) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (…) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000732 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm }
  • Added
    • + lobe of thyroid gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobes_of_thyroid_gland
    • + lobe of thyroid gland database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0447647
    • + lobe of thyroid gland database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/245537001
    • + lobe of thyroid gland definition The lobes of the thyroid gland are conical in shape, the apex of each being directed upward and lateralward as far as the junction of the middle with the lower third of the thyroid cartilage; the base looks downward, and is on a level with the fifth or sixth tracheal ring. Each lobe is about 5 cm. long; its greatest width is about 3 cm. , and its thickness about 2 cm. The lateral or superficial surface is convex, and covered by the skin, the superficial and deep fasciæ, the Sternocleidomastoideus, the superior belly of the Omohyoideus, the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus, and beneath the last muscle by the pretracheal layer of the deep fascia, which forms a capsule for the gland. The deep or medial surface is moulded over the underlying structures, viz. , the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, the trachea, the Constrictor pharyngis inferior and posterior part of the Cricothyreoideus, the esophagus (particularly on the left side of the neck), the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and the recurrent nerves. The anterior border is thin, and inclines obliquely from above downward toward the middle line of the neck, while the posterior border is thick and overlaps the common carotid artery, and, as a rule, the parathyroids. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobes_of_thyroid_gland }
    • + lobe of thyroid gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray1174.png
    • + lobe of thyroid gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray1174.png/200px-Gray1174.png
    • + lobe of thyroid gland has related synonym lobuli glandulae thyroideae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobes_of_thyroid_gland , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + lobe of thyroid gland homology notes Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (…) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (…) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000732 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm }

Changes for: right lobe of thyroid gland

Changes for: median artery

Changes for: scalenus medius

Changes for: splenius

Changes for: longus colli muscle

Changes for: left lobe of thyroid gland

Changes for: thyroglossal duct

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + thyroglossal duct database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroglossal_duct
    • + thyroglossal duct database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0231104
    • + thyroglossal duct database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308822005
    • + thyroglossal duct definition The thyroglossal duct is an embryological anatomical structure forming an open connection between the initial area of development of the thyroid gland and its final position. The thyroid gland starts developing in the oropharynx in the fetus and descends to its final position taking a path through the tongue, hyoid bone and neck muscles. The connection between its original position and its final position is the thyroglossal duct. This duct normally atrophies and closes off before birth but can remain open in some people. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroglossal_duct }
    • + thyroglossal duct depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Illu08_thyroid.jpg
    • + thyroglossal duct depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Illu08_thyroid.jpg/200px-Illu08_thyroid.jpg
    • + thyroglossal duct external definition An embryonic duct extending between the thyroid primordium and the posterior tongue. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000746 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/thyroglossal+duct }
    • + thyroglossal duct has exact synonym ductus thyreoglossus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroglossal_duct }
    • + thyroglossal duct has related synonym ductus thyroglossalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroglossal_duct , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + thyroglossal duct homology notes A duct, called the thyroglossal duct in mammals, is considered to be characteristic of thyroid development. The thyroglossal duct, degenerating in many species during late development, marks the way the thyroid primordium relocates during embryonic development from the pharynx to its position deep in the cervical mesenchyme. We cannot exclude that the duct of the endostyle and the thyroglossal duct may have evolved independently, but as they both represent a more or less persistent connection of the organ to the pharynx, it is likely that they are homologous structures.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000746 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1007/s00427-004-0450-0 Kluge B, Renault N, Rohr KB, Anatomical and molecular reinvestigation of lamprey endostyle development provides new insight into thyroid gland evolution. Development genes and evolution (2005) }

Changes for: vomeronasal organ

  • Deleted
    • - vomeronasal organ database cross reference SCTID:361346007
    • - vomeronasal organ database cross reference Wikipedia:Vomeronasal_organ
    • - vomeronasal organ database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Gray51.png
    • - vomeronasal organ database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gray51.png/200px-Gray51.png
    • - vomeronasal organ definition The vomeronasal organ (VNO), or Jacobson’s organ, is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals. It was discovered by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813. During embryological development, it forms from the nasal (olfactory) placode, at the anterior edge of the neural plate. It is a chemoreceptor organ which is completely separated from the nasal cavity the majority of the time, being enclosed in a separate bony or cartilaginous capsule which opens into the base of the nasal cavity. It is a tubular crescent shape and split into two pairs, separated by the nasal septum. It is the first processing stage of the accessory olfactory system, after which chemical stimuli go to the accessory olfactory bulb, then to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus. The vomeronasal organ is mainly used to detect pheromones, chemical messengers that carry information between individuals of the same species, hence is sometimes referred to as the ‘sixth sense. ‘ The VNO has two separate types of neuronal receptors, V1R and V2R, which are seven-transmembrane receptors that are coupled to G proteins. The receptors are distinct from each other and form the large family of receptors in the main olfactory system. Evidence shows that the VNO responds to nonvolatile cues which stimulate the receptor neurons. Information is then transferred to the accessory olfactory bulb as well as other centres of the brain such as the anterior part of the hypothalamus. Its presence in many animals has been widely studied and the importance of the vomeronasal system to the role of reproduction and social behavior (through influence on anterior hypothalamus) has been shown in many studies. Its presence and functionality in humans is widely controversial, though most studies agree the organ regresses during fetal development. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vomeronasal_organ }
    • - vomeronasal organ external definition An organ thought to supplement the olfactory system in receiving pheromonic communication. The sensory part of the organ is in two long, thin sacs, situated on either side of the nasal septum at its base. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000665 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vomeronasal+organ }
    • - vomeronasal organ has related synonym organum vomeronasale { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vomeronasal_organ , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - vomeronasal organ homology notes (…) the vomeronasal organ is known only in some tetrapods. It is absent in most turtles, crocodiles, birds, some bats, and aquatic mammals. In amphibians, it is in a recessed area off the main nasal cavity. (…) In mammals possesing this organ, it is an isolated area of olfactory membrane within the nasal cavity that is usually connected to the mouth via the nasopalatine duct (reference 1); The opinions concerning the presence and functioning of the vomeronasal organ in humans are controversial. The vomeronasal cavities appear early in human foetuses. (…) Historical examination of the nasal septum revealed the presence of vomeronasal cavities in approximately 70% of adults. In contrast to the situation in other mammals, the organ is not supported by a rigid tube of bone or cartilage (reference 2); (…) the best evidence for the homology of the human VNO to that of other primates (and of mammals in general) is ontogenetic in nature, based on a common embryonic origin from a thickening (vomeronasal primordium) on the medial aspect of each olfactory pit (reference 3); (…) suggesting that lungfish possess a region homologous to the accessory olfactory bulb of tetrapods. Based on these results, it seems appropriate to refer to the recess epithelium as a primordium of the vomeronasal organ (reference 4). [debated][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000665 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.669 (ref.1), PMID:9866877 Doving KB, Trotier D, Review: Structure and function of the vomeronasal organ. The Journal of Experimental Biology (1998) (ref.2), DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19810077.x Smith TD, Siegel MI, Bonar CJ, Bhatnagar KP, Mooney MP, Burrows AM, Smith MA, Maico LM, The existence of the vomeronasal organ in postnatal chimpanzees and evidence for its homology with that of humans. J Anat (2001) (ref.3) , DOI:10.1002/ar.22415 Nakamuta S, Nakamuta N, Taniguchi K, Taniguchi K, Histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the primordial vomeronasal organ in lungfish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) (2012) (ref.4) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + vomeronasal organ database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ
    • + vomeronasal organ database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361346007
    • + vomeronasal organ definition The vomeronasal organ (VNO), or Jacobson’s organ, is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals. It was discovered by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813. During embryological development, it forms from the nasal (olfactory) placode, at the anterior edge of the neural plate. It is a chemoreceptor organ which is completely separated from the nasal cavity the majority of the time, being enclosed in a separate bony or cartilaginous capsule which opens into the base of the nasal cavity. It is a tubular crescent shape and split into two pairs, separated by the nasal septum. It is the first processing stage of the accessory olfactory system, after which chemical stimuli go to the accessory olfactory bulb, then to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus. The vomeronasal organ is mainly used to detect pheromones, chemical messengers that carry information between individuals of the same species, hence is sometimes referred to as the ‘sixth sense. ‘ The VNO has two separate types of neuronal receptors, V1R and V2R, which are seven-transmembrane receptors that are coupled to G proteins. The receptors are distinct from each other and form the large family of receptors in the main olfactory system. Evidence shows that the VNO responds to nonvolatile cues which stimulate the receptor neurons. Information is then transferred to the accessory olfactory bulb as well as other centres of the brain such as the anterior part of the hypothalamus. Its presence in many animals has been widely studied and the importance of the vomeronasal system to the role of reproduction and social behavior (through influence on anterior hypothalamus) has been shown in many studies. Its presence and functionality in humans is widely controversial, though most studies agree the organ regresses during fetal development. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ }
    • + vomeronasal organ depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Gray51.png
    • + vomeronasal organ depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gray51.png/200px-Gray51.png
    • + vomeronasal organ external definition An organ thought to supplement the olfactory system in receiving pheromonic communication. The sensory part of the organ is in two long, thin sacs, situated on either side of the nasal septum at its base. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000665 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vomeronasal+organ }
    • + vomeronasal organ has related synonym organum vomeronasale { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + vomeronasal organ homology notes (…) the vomeronasal organ is known only in some tetrapods. It is absent in most turtles, crocodiles, birds, some bats, and aquatic mammals. In amphibians, it is in a recessed area off the main nasal cavity. (…) In mammals possesing this organ, it is an isolated area of olfactory membrane within the nasal cavity that is usually connected to the mouth via the nasopalatine duct (reference 1); The opinions concerning the presence and functioning of the vomeronasal organ in humans are controversial. The vomeronasal cavities appear early in human foetuses. (…) Historical examination of the nasal septum revealed the presence of vomeronasal cavities in approximately 70% of adults. In contrast to the situation in other mammals, the organ is not supported by a rigid tube of bone or cartilage (reference 2); (…) the best evidence for the homology of the human VNO to that of other primates (and of mammals in general) is ontogenetic in nature, based on a common embryonic origin from a thickening (vomeronasal primordium) on the medial aspect of each olfactory pit (reference 3); (…) suggesting that lungfish possess a region homologous to the accessory olfactory bulb of tetrapods. Based on these results, it seems appropriate to refer to the recess epithelium as a primordium of the vomeronasal organ (reference 4). [debated][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000665 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.669 (ref.1), PMID:9866877 Doving KB, Trotier D, Review: Structure and function of the vomeronasal organ. The Journal of Experimental Biology (1998) (ref.2), DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19810077.x Smith TD, Siegel MI, Bonar CJ, Bhatnagar KP, Mooney MP, Burrows AM, Smith MA, Maico LM, The existence of the vomeronasal organ in postnatal chimpanzees and evidence for its homology with that of humans. J Anat (2001) (ref.3) , DOI:10.1002/ar.22415 Nakamuta S, Nakamuta N, Taniguchi K, Taniguchi K, Histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the primordial vomeronasal organ in lungfish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) (2012) (ref.4) }

Changes for: serratus dorsalis superior muscle

Changes for: dorsal horn of spinal cord

Changes for: serratus ventralis

Changes for: ventral horn of spinal cord

Changes for: dorsal funiculus

  • Deleted
    • - dorsal funiculus database cross reference SCTID:362432005
    • - dorsal funiculus database cross reference Wikipedia:Dorsal_funiculus
    • - dorsal funiculus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-Section-English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis-Section-_English.svg.png
    • - dorsal funiculus definition The portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns (also called the posterior columns) which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a partition of glial cells. Histologically, these two fasciculi are on other sides of the dorsal intermediate sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dorsal_funiculus }
  • Added
    • + dorsal funiculus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_funiculus
    • + dorsal funiculus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362432005
    • + dorsal funiculus definition The portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns (also called the posterior columns) which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a partition of glial cells. Histologically, these two fasciculi are on other sides of the dorsal intermediate sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_funiculus }
    • + dorsal funiculus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-Section-English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis-Section-_English.svg.png

Changes for: scalenus posterior

Changes for: corpora quadrigemina

Changes for: popliteal artery

Changes for: iliocostalis muscle

Changes for: subscapularis muscle

Changes for: serratus dorsalis inferior muscle

Changes for: sternocleidomastoid

Changes for: vertebral foramen

Changes for: olfactory tract

Changes for: vertebral column

Changes for: anterior olfactory nucleus

Changes for: lentiform nucleus

Changes for: parathyroid gland

  • Deleted
    • - parathyroid gland database cross reference SCTID:181121007
    • - parathyroid gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Parathyroid_gland
    • - parathyroid gland definition The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone[GO]. Parathyroid glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Parathyroid_gland }
    • - parathyroid gland external definition Any one of several small structures, usually four, attached to the dorsal surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001188 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/parathyroid+gland }
    • - parathyroid gland homology notes The evolution of the tetrapods, and the shift from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, was believed to have required new controls for regulating calcium homeostasis, and thus the evolution of parathyroid glands (…) both the tetrapod parathyroid and the gills of fish contribute to the regulation of extracellular calcium levels. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the parathyroid gland evolved as a result of the transformation of the gills into the parathyroid glands of tetrapods and the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. This interpretation would also explain the positioning of the parathyroid gland within the pharynx in the tetrapod body. Were the parathyroid gland to have emerged de novo with the evolution of the tetrapods it could, as an endocrine organ, have been placed anywhere in the body and still exert its effect.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001188 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + parathyroid gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_gland
    • + parathyroid gland database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0030518
    • + parathyroid gland database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181121007
    • + parathyroid gland definition The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone[GO]. Parathyroid glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_gland }
    • + parathyroid gland external definition Any one of several small structures, usually four, attached to the dorsal surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001188 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/parathyroid+gland }
    • + parathyroid gland homology notes The evolution of the tetrapods, and the shift from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, was believed to have required new controls for regulating calcium homeostasis, and thus the evolution of parathyroid glands (…) both the tetrapod parathyroid and the gills of fish contribute to the regulation of extracellular calcium levels. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the parathyroid gland evolved as a result of the transformation of the gills into the parathyroid glands of tetrapods and the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. This interpretation would also explain the positioning of the parathyroid gland within the pharynx in the tetrapod body. Were the parathyroid gland to have emerged de novo with the evolution of the tetrapods it could, as an endocrine organ, have been placed anywhere in the body and still exert its effect.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001188 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) }

Changes for: olfactory bulb

Changes for: smooth muscle tissue

  • Deleted
    • - smooth muscle tissue database cross reference Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue
    • - smooth muscle tissue database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Glatte_Muskelzellen.jpg
    • - smooth muscle tissue definition Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. Tissue which consists of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Examples: Arrector muscle of hair, Muscularis mucosae. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue }
    • - smooth muscle tissue has related synonym textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - smooth muscle tissue homology notes (…) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (…) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an ‘acoel-like’ smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001246 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21416 Chiodin M, Achatz JG, Wanninger A, Martinez P, Molecular architecture of muscles in an acoel and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2011) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + smooth muscle tissue database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle_tissue
    • + smooth muscle tissue database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1267092
    • + smooth muscle tissue definition Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. Tissue which consists of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Examples: Arrector muscle of hair, Muscularis mucosae. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle_tissue }
    • + smooth muscle tissue depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Glatte_Muskelzellen.jpg
    • + smooth muscle tissue has related synonym textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle_tissue , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + smooth muscle tissue homology notes (…) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (…) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an ‘acoel-like’ smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001246 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21416 Chiodin M, Achatz JG, Wanninger A, Martinez P, Molecular architecture of muscles in an acoel and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2011) }

Changes for: pupillary membrane

Changes for: skeletal muscle tissue

Changes for: dorsum

Changes for: laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

Changes for: mesothelium

  • Deleted
    • - mesothelium database cross reference SCTID:361918002
    • - mesothelium database cross reference Wikipedia:Mesothelium
    • - mesothelium database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Mesothelium_peritoneal_wash_high_mag.jpg
    • - mesothelium definition Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). { database cross reference=FMA:14074 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Mesothelium }
  • Added
    • + mesothelium database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelium
    • + mesothelium database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0086610
    • + mesothelium database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361918002
    • + mesothelium definition Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelium , database cross reference=FMA:14074 }
    • + mesothelium depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Mesothelium_peritoneal_wash_high_mag.jpg

Changes for: dorsal root of spinal cord

Changes for: celiac ganglion

  • Deleted
    • - celiac ganglion database cross reference SCTID:362492008
    • - celiac ganglion database cross reference Wikipedia:Celiac_ganglia
    • - celiac ganglion database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray848.png
    • - celiac ganglion database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray848.png/200px-Gray848.png
    • - celiac ganglion definition The celiac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract. They have the appearance of lymph glands and are placed on either side of the midline in front of the crura of the diaphragm, close to the suprarenal glands (also called adrenal glands). The ganglion on the right side is placed behind the inferior vena cava. They are sometimes referred to as the semilunar ganglia or the solar ganglia. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Celiac_ganglia }
  • Added
    • + celiac ganglion database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_ganglia
    • + celiac ganglion database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0007571
    • + celiac ganglion database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362492008
    • + celiac ganglion definition The celiac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract. They have the appearance of lymph glands and are placed on either side of the midline in front of the crura of the diaphragm, close to the suprarenal glands (also called adrenal glands). The ganglion on the right side is placed behind the inferior vena cava. They are sometimes referred to as the semilunar ganglia or the solar ganglia. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_ganglia }
    • + celiac ganglion depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray848.png
    • + celiac ganglion depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray848.png/200px-Gray848.png

Changes for: ventral root of spinal cord

Changes for: superior mesenteric vein

Changes for: common iliac vein

Changes for: bare area of liver

Changes for: lateral pallium

Changes for: dorsal pallium

Changes for: renal vein

Changes for: ovarian vein

Changes for: suprarenal vein

Changes for: median nerve

Changes for: right renal vein

Changes for: left renal vein

Changes for: hepatic vein

Changes for: testicular vein

Changes for: fibrous joint

Changes for: manubrium of sternum

Changes for: mammillary body

Changes for: diaphysis of tibia

Changes for: xiphoid process

Changes for: sternebra

Changes for: haversian canal

Changes for: osteon

Changes for: dorsal ventricular ridge of pallium

Changes for: body of pancreas

Changes for: medial pallium

Changes for: tail of pancreas

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + tail of pancreas database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_of_pancreas
    • + tail of pancreas database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0227590
    • + tail of pancreas database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/245382003
    • + tail of pancreas definition The tail of the pancreas, located anatomically left near the hilum of the spleen, is not simply an anatomical distinction. The tail is the only part of the pancreas which contains Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) cells, which are responsible for secreting pancreatic polypeptide to coordinate exocrine and islet enzyme release. PP cells are found in the tail’s periphery. Beta cells and delta cells are found in the central part of the tail as with the rest of the pancreas. The cells described above are located exclusively in the islet cells; their secretions reach exocrine portions of the pancreas via the capillary network surrounding the islet cell populations. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_of_pancreas }
    • + tail of pancreas depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg
    • + tail of pancreas depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg/200px-Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg
    • + tail of pancreas has related synonym cauda pancreatis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_of_pancreas , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + tail of pancreas homology notes Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000452 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a ‘pancreatic stem cell’. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007) }

Changes for: allocortex

Changes for: paleocortex

  • Deleted
    • - paleocortex database cross reference Wikipedia:Paleocortex
    • - paleocortex definition Paleocortex is a type of cortical tissue that consists of either four or five cortical laminae (layers of neuronal cell bodies). It has fewer laminae than neocortex, which has six, but more than archicortex, which has three. Paleocortex, along with archicortex and periallocortex, is a type of allocortex. Because the number of laminae that compose a type of cortical tissue seems to be directly proportional to both the information-processing capabilities of that tissue and its phylogenetic age, paleocortex is thought to be an intermediate between neocortex and archicortex in both aspects. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Paleocortex }
  • Added
    • + paleocortex database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocortex
    • + paleocortex definition Paleocortex is a type of cortical tissue that consists of either four or five cortical laminae (layers of neuronal cell bodies). It has fewer laminae than neocortex, which has six, but more than archicortex, which has three. Paleocortex, along with archicortex and periallocortex, is a type of allocortex. Because the number of laminae that compose a type of cortical tissue seems to be directly proportional to both the information-processing capabilities of that tissue and its phylogenetic age, paleocortex is thought to be an intermediate between neocortex and archicortex in both aspects. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocortex }

Changes for: descending colon

  • Deleted
    • - descending colon database cross reference SCTID:362165006
    • - descending colon database cross reference Wikipedia:Descending_colon
    • - descending colon database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Gray1223.png
    • - descending colon database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gray1223.png/200px-Gray1223.png
    • - descending colon definition The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney. At the lower end of the kidney it turns medialward toward the lateral border of the psoas muscle, and then descends, in the angle between psoas and quadratus lumborum, to the crest of the ilium, where it ends in the sigmoid colon. The peritoneum covers its anterior surface and sides, and therefore the descending colon is described as retroperitoneal. (The transverse colon and sigmoid colon, which are immediately proximal and distal, are intraperitoneal). Its posterior surface is connected by areolar tissue with the lower and lateral part of the left kidney, the aponeurotic origin of the transversus abdominis, and the quadratus lumborum. It is smaller in caliber and more deeply placed than the ascending colon. It has a mesentery in 33% of people, and is therefore more frequently covered with peritoneum on its posterior surface than the ascending colon (which has a mesentery in 25% of people). However, it is less likely to undergo volvulus than the ascending colon. In front of it are some coils of small intestine. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Descending_colon }
    • - descending colon has exact synonym colon descendens { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Descending_colon , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + descending colon database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_colon
    • + descending colon database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0227389
    • + descending colon database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362165006
    • + descending colon definition The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney. At the lower end of the kidney it turns medialward toward the lateral border of the psoas muscle, and then descends, in the angle between psoas and quadratus lumborum, to the crest of the ilium, where it ends in the sigmoid colon. The peritoneum covers its anterior surface and sides, and therefore the descending colon is described as retroperitoneal. (The transverse colon and sigmoid colon, which are immediately proximal and distal, are intraperitoneal). Its posterior surface is connected by areolar tissue with the lower and lateral part of the left kidney, the aponeurotic origin of the transversus abdominis, and the quadratus lumborum. It is smaller in caliber and more deeply placed than the ascending colon. It has a mesentery in 33% of people, and is therefore more frequently covered with peritoneum on its posterior surface than the ascending colon (which has a mesentery in 25% of people). However, it is less likely to undergo volvulus than the ascending colon. In front of it are some coils of small intestine. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_colon }
    • + descending colon depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Gray1223.png
    • + descending colon depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gray1223.png/200px-Gray1223.png
    • + descending colon has exact synonym colon descendens { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_colon , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: submucosa of trachea

Changes for: sigmoid colon

Changes for: ascending colon

Changes for: musculoskeletal system

Changes for: transverse colon

  • Deleted
    • - transverse colon database cross reference SCTID:362163004
    • - transverse colon database cross reference Wikipedia:Transverse_colon
    • - transverse colon database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg
    • - transverse colon database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg/200px-Dickdarm-Schema.svg.png
    • - transverse colon definition The transverse colon the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath the lower end of the spleen, forming the splenic or left colic flexure. The right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver. In its course, it describes an arch, the concavity of which is directed backward and a little upward; toward its splenic end there is often an abrupt U-shaped curve which may descend lower than the main curve. It is almost completely invested by peritoneum, and is connected to the inferior border of the pancreas by a large and wide duplicature of that membrane, the transverse mesocolon. It is in relation, by its upper surface, with the liver and gall-bladder, the greater curvature of the stomach, and the lower end of the spleen; by its under surface, with the small intestine; by its anterior surface, with the anterior layers of the greater omentum and the abdominal parietes; its posterior surface is in relation from right to left with the descending portion of the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, and some of the convolutions of the jejunum and ileum. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Transverse_colon }
    • - transverse colon has exact synonym colon transversum { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Transverse_colon , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + transverse colon database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colon
    • + transverse colon database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0227386
    • + transverse colon database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362163004
    • + transverse colon definition The transverse colon the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath the lower end of the spleen, forming the splenic or left colic flexure. The right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver. In its course, it describes an arch, the concavity of which is directed backward and a little upward; toward its splenic end there is often an abrupt U-shaped curve which may descend lower than the main curve. It is almost completely invested by peritoneum, and is connected to the inferior border of the pancreas by a large and wide duplicature of that membrane, the transverse mesocolon. It is in relation, by its upper surface, with the liver and gall-bladder, the greater curvature of the stomach, and the lower end of the spleen; by its under surface, with the small intestine; by its anterior surface, with the anterior layers of the greater omentum and the abdominal parietes; its posterior surface is in relation from right to left with the descending portion of the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, and some of the convolutions of the jejunum and ileum. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colon }
    • + transverse colon depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg
    • + transverse colon depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg/200px-Dickdarm-Schema.svg.png
    • + transverse colon has exact synonym colon transversum { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colon , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: vasculature of eye

Changes for: vermiform appendix

Changes for: colon

  • Deleted
    • - colon database cross reference SCTID:302508007
    • - colon database cross reference Wikipedia:Colon_(anatomy)
    • - colon definition Last portion of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body[WP] In mammals, the colon consists of four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon[WP]. In zebrafish, the posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates[ZFIN]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Colon_(anatomy) , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • - colon homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000648 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + colon database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)
    • + colon database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0009368
    • + colon database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/302508007
    • + colon definition Last portion of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body[WP] In mammals, the colon consists of four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon[WP]. In zebrafish, the posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates[ZFIN]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy) , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • + colon homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000648 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 }

Changes for: cystic duct

Changes for: caecum

Changes for: tympanic ring

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + tympanic ring database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/95952001
    • + tympanic ring definition a C-shaped membranous bone that provides physical support to the tympanic membrane. The tympanic ring develops sequentially from an initial primordium in the first branchial arch growing in a circumferential fashion around the first pharyngeal cleft into the second branchial arch (Mallo and Gridley, 1996). In most mammals, the tympanic ring exists only during embryonic life, when it coordinates proper development and positioning of the eardrum (see below), and then becomes integrated into the temporal bone[PMID]. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11237469 , database cross reference=MP:0000030 }
    • + tympanic ring has related synonym ectotympanic ring { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectotympanic_ring }

Changes for: subfornical organ

Changes for: symphysis

Changes for: synovial joint

Changes for: fused metapodial bones 2-4

Changes for: spinal trigeminal tract

  • Deleted
    • - spinal trigeminal tract definition Brainstem tract formed by the central processes of first-order, trigeminal ganglion neurons that extends from the caudal medulla to the midpons. This tract conveys nociceptive and thermal information from the face to second-order neurons in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal complex. { database cross reference=BTO:0003701 , database cross reference=http://www.sylvius.com/ }
  • Added
    • + spinal trigeminal tract definition Brainstem tract formed by the central processes of first-order, trigeminal ganglion neurons that extends from the caudal medulla to the midpons. This tract conveys nociceptive and thermal information from the face to second-order neurons in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal complex. { database cross reference=http://www.sylvius.com/ , database cross reference=BTO:0003701 }

Changes for: gustatory nucleus

Changes for: right crus of diaphragm

Changes for: crus of diaphragm

Changes for: anatomical line along groove

Changes for: fused metatarsal bones 2-4

Changes for: palpebral vein

Changes for: left crus of diaphragm

Changes for: superior palpebral vein

Changes for: fundus of stomach

Changes for: body of stomach

Changes for: cardia of stomach

Changes for: lesser curvature of stomach

  • Deleted
    • - lesser curvature of stomach database cross reference SCTID:362133008
    • - lesser curvature of stomach database cross reference Wikipedia:Lesser_curvature_of_stomach
    • - lesser curvature of stomach database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png
    • - lesser curvature of stomach definition The lesser curvature of the stomach, extending between the cardiac and pyloric orifices, forms the right or posterior border of the stomach. It descends as a continuation of the right margin of the esophagus in front of the fibers of the right crus of the diaphragm, and then, turning to the right, it crosses the first lumbar vertebra and ends at the pylorus. Nearer its pyloric than its cardiac end is a well-marked notch, the incisura angularis, which varies somewhat in position with the state of distension of the viscus; it serves to separate the stomach into a right and a left portion. The lesser curvature gives attachment to the two layers of the hepatogastric ligament, and between these two layers are the left gastric artery and the right gastric branch of the hepatic artery. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lesser_curvature_of_stomach }
  • Added
    • + lesser curvature of stomach database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_curvature_of_stomach
    • + lesser curvature of stomach database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0227221
    • + lesser curvature of stomach database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362133008
    • + lesser curvature of stomach definition The lesser curvature of the stomach, extending between the cardiac and pyloric orifices, forms the right or posterior border of the stomach. It descends as a continuation of the right margin of the esophagus in front of the fibers of the right crus of the diaphragm, and then, turning to the right, it crosses the first lumbar vertebra and ends at the pylorus. Nearer its pyloric than its cardiac end is a well-marked notch, the incisura angularis, which varies somewhat in position with the state of distension of the viscus; it serves to separate the stomach into a right and a left portion. The lesser curvature gives attachment to the two layers of the hepatogastric ligament, and between these two layers are the left gastric artery and the right gastric branch of the hepatic artery. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_curvature_of_stomach }
    • + lesser curvature of stomach depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png

Changes for: nerve root

Changes for: greater curvature of stomach

Changes for: syndesmosis

Changes for: pyloric antrum

Changes for: pylorus

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + pylorus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylorus
    • + pylorus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0034196
    • + pylorus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362143006
    • + pylorus definition The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is divided in two parts: the pyloric antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach. the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum. The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal and lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from celiac ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylorus }
    • + pylorus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray1046.svg
    • + pylorus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png
    • + pylorus external definition The orifice which allows the passage from the stomach into the intestine. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000420 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + pylorus has related synonym valvula pylori { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylorus , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + pylorus homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000420 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 }

Changes for: wall of stomach

Changes for: synchondrosis

Changes for: wall of small intestine

Changes for: macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth

Changes for: cartilaginous joint

Changes for: macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth

Changes for: spiral organ of cochlea

Changes for: rib

  • Deleted
    • - rib database cross reference SCTID:302523002
    • - rib database cross reference Wikipedia:Rib
    • - rib definition An intersegmental rod-shaped bone that forms in the peritoneal membrane and attach to the vertebral parapophyses. They protect and support internal organs. In most vertebrates, ribs surround the chest. they enable lungs to expand by expanding the chest, they also protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. In some animals, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Rib , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
  • Added
    • + rib database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib
    • + rib database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0035561
    • + rib database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/302523002
    • + rib definition An intersegmental rod-shaped bone that forms in the peritoneal membrane and attach to the vertebral parapophyses. They protect and support internal organs. In most vertebrates, ribs surround the chest. they enable lungs to expand by expanding the chest, they also protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. In some animals, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }

Changes for: interparietal bone

Changes for: Wulst

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + Wulst definition A nuclear complex in the avian telecephalon dorsal to the DVR. The Wulst has telencephalic circuitry similar to the DVR. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23027930 }

Changes for: hyperpallium apicale

Changes for: interstitial part of hyperpallium apicale

Changes for: entopallium

Changes for: hepatic acinus

Changes for: biliary tree

Changes for: mesentery of small intestine

Changes for: portal lobule

Changes for: right hepatic duct

Changes for: left hepatic duct

Changes for: common bile duct

Changes for: perichondrium

Changes for: common hepatic duct

Changes for: fontanelle

Changes for: thoracic cavity

Changes for: endolymphatic sac

Changes for: visceral peritoneum

Changes for: basilar membrane of cochlea

Changes for: peritoneal cavity

  • Deleted
    • - peritoneal cavity database cross reference SCTID:181616008
    • - peritoneal cavity database cross reference Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity
    • - peritoneal cavity external definition The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum, which are normally in contact. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sac. The greater sac is the peritoneal cavity, and the lesser sac is the omental bursa. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000852 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/peritoneal+cavity }
    • - peritoneal cavity has related synonym cavitas peritonealis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - peritoneal cavity has related synonym saccus serosus peritonei { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - peritoneal cavity homology notes In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (…) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (…) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (…) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000852 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + peritoneal cavity database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_cavity
    • + peritoneal cavity database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1704247
    • + peritoneal cavity database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181616008
    • + peritoneal cavity external definition The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum, which are normally in contact. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sac. The greater sac is the peritoneal cavity, and the lesser sac is the omental bursa. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000852 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/peritoneal+cavity }
    • + peritoneal cavity has related synonym cavitas peritonealis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_cavity , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + peritoneal cavity has related synonym saccus serosus peritonei { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_cavity , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + peritoneal cavity homology notes In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (…) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (…) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (…) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000852 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 }

Changes for: costal arch

Changes for: levator cloacae

Changes for: transverse cloacal muscle

Changes for: palatine aponeurosis

  • Deleted
    • - palatine aponeurosis database cross reference Wikipedia:Palatine_aponeurosis
    • - palatine aponeurosis definition Attached to the posterior border of the hard palate is a thin, firm fibrous lamella called the palatine aponeurosis, which supports the muscles and gives strength to the soft palate. It is thicker above than below, where it becomes very thin and difficult to define. Laterally it is continuous with the pharyngeal aponeurosis. It serves as the insertion for the Tensor veli palatini and Levator veli palatini, and the origin for the Musculus uvulae, Palatopharyngeus, and Palatoglossus. It provides support for the soft palate. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Palatine_aponeurosis }
    • - palatine aponeurosis has exact synonym aponeurosis palatina { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Palatine_aponeurosis }
  • Added
    • + palatine aponeurosis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_aponeurosis
    • + palatine aponeurosis definition Attached to the posterior border of the hard palate is a thin, firm fibrous lamella called the palatine aponeurosis, which supports the muscles and gives strength to the soft palate. It is thicker above than below, where it becomes very thin and difficult to define. Laterally it is continuous with the pharyngeal aponeurosis. It serves as the insertion for the Tensor veli palatini and Levator veli palatini, and the origin for the Musculus uvulae, Palatopharyngeus, and Palatoglossus. It provides support for the soft palate. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_aponeurosis }
    • + palatine aponeurosis has exact synonym aponeurosis palatina { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_aponeurosis }

Changes for: vesicular appendage of epoophoron

Changes for: left testicular artery

Changes for: left renal artery

Changes for: meningeal dura mater

Changes for: right renal artery

Changes for: periosteal dura mater

Changes for: right testicular artery

Changes for: testicular artery

  • Deleted
    • - testicular artery database cross reference SCTID:244281003
    • - testicular artery database cross reference Wikipedia:Testicular_artery
    • - testicular artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray531.png
    • - testicular artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png
    • - testicular artery definition The testicular artery (the male gonadal artery, also called the internal spermatic arteries in older texts) is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the testis. It is a paired artery, with one for each of the testes. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian artery. Because the testis is found in a different location than that of its female equivalent, it has a different course than the ovarian artery. They are two slender vessels of considerable length, and arise from the front of the aorta a little below the renal arteries. Each passes obliquely downward and lateralward behind the peritoneum, resting on the Psoas major, the right spermatic lying in front of the inferior vena cava and behind the middle colic and ileocolic arteries and the terminal part of the ileum, the left behind the left colic and sigmoid arteries and the iliac colon. Each crosses obliquely over the ureter and the lower part of the external iliac artery to reach the abdominal inguinal ring, through which it passes, and accompanies the other constituents of the spermatic cord along the inguinal canal to the scrotum, where it becomes tortuous, and divides into several branches. Two or three of these accompany the ductus deferens, and supply the epididymis, anastomosing with the artery of the ductus deferens; others pierce the back part of the tunica albuginea, and supply the substance of the testis. The internal spermatic artery supplies one or two small branches to the ureter, and in the inguinal canal gives one or two twigs to the Cremaster. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Testicular_artery }
    • - testicular artery has related synonym arteria testicularis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Testicular_artery , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + testicular artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_artery
    • + testicular artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244281003
    • + testicular artery definition The testicular artery (the male gonadal artery, also called the internal spermatic arteries in older texts) is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the testis. It is a paired artery, with one for each of the testes. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian artery. Because the testis is found in a different location than that of its female equivalent, it has a different course than the ovarian artery. They are two slender vessels of considerable length, and arise from the front of the aorta a little below the renal arteries. Each passes obliquely downward and lateralward behind the peritoneum, resting on the Psoas major, the right spermatic lying in front of the inferior vena cava and behind the middle colic and ileocolic arteries and the terminal part of the ileum, the left behind the left colic and sigmoid arteries and the iliac colon. Each crosses obliquely over the ureter and the lower part of the external iliac artery to reach the abdominal inguinal ring, through which it passes, and accompanies the other constituents of the spermatic cord along the inguinal canal to the scrotum, where it becomes tortuous, and divides into several branches. Two or three of these accompany the ductus deferens, and supply the epididymis, anastomosing with the artery of the ductus deferens; others pierce the back part of the tunica albuginea, and supply the substance of the testis. The internal spermatic artery supplies one or two small branches to the ureter, and in the inguinal canal gives one or two twigs to the Cremaster. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_artery }
    • + testicular artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray531.png
    • + testicular artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png
    • + testicular artery has related synonym arteria testicularis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_artery , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: superior mesenteric artery

Changes for: inferior recess of lesser sac

Changes for: renal artery

  • Deleted
    • - renal artery database cross reference SCTID:181339005
    • - renal artery database cross reference Wikipedia:Renal_artery
    • - renal artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Gray1120.png
    • - renal artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/200px-Gray1120.png
    • - renal artery definition One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the kidneys. These are large arteries that branch from the dorsal aorta in primitive vertebrates. { database cross reference=ISBN10:0073040584 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Renal_artery }
    • - renal artery external definition The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] { ontology=Wikipedia , source=Wikipedia:Renal_artery }
    • - renal artery has related synonym arteria renalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Renal_artery , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + renal artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_artery
    • + renal artery database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0035065
    • + renal artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181339005
    • + renal artery definition One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the kidneys. These are large arteries that branch from the dorsal aorta in primitive vertebrates. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_artery , database cross reference=ISBN10:0073040584 }
    • + renal artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Gray1120.png
    • + renal artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/200px-Gray1120.png
    • + renal artery external definition The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] { ontology=Wikipedia , source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_artery }
    • + renal artery has related synonym arteria renalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_artery , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: inferior mesenteric artery

Changes for: layer of dura mater

  • Deleted
    • - layer of dura mater definition The intracranial dura mater, consisting of two layers: the outer periosteal layer which normally always adheres to the periosteum of the bones of the cranial vault; and the inner meningeal layer which in most places is fused with the outer. The two layers separate to accommodate meningeal vessels and large venous (dural) sinuses. The meningeal layer is also involved in the formation of the various dural folds, such as the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli and is comparable to and continuous with the dural mater of the spinal cord. The cranial epidural space is then a potential space between the bone and the combined periosteum/periosteal layer of the dura mater realised only pathologically and is neither continuous with or comparable to the vertebral epidural space { database cross reference=http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?periosteal+layer+of+dura+mater }
  • Added
    • + layer of dura mater definition The intracranial dura mater, consisting of two layers: the outer periosteal layer which normally always adheres to the periosteum of the bones of the cranial vault; and the inner meningeal layer which in most places is fused with the outer. The two layers separate to accommodate meningeal vessels and large venous (dural) sinuses. The meningeal layer is also involved in the formation of the various dural folds, such as the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli and is comparable to and continuous with the dural mater of the spinal cord. The cranial epidural space is then a potential space between the bone and the combined periosteum/periosteal layer of the dura mater realised only pathologically and is neither continuous with or comparable to the vertebral epidural space { database cross reference=http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?periosteal+layer+of+dura+mater }

Changes for: superior recess of lesser sac

Changes for: paradidymis

  • Deleted
    • - paradidymis database cross reference SCTID:279643005
    • - paradidymis database cross reference Wikipedia:Paradidymis
    • - paradidymis definition A small collection of convoluted tubules, situated in front of the lower part of the cord above the head of the epididymis. These tubes are lined with columnar ciliated epithelium, and probably represent the remains of a part of the Wolffian body but are functionless and vestigial. The Wolffian body operates as a kidney (metanephros) in fishes and amphibians, but the corresponding tissue is co-opted to form parts of the male reproductive system in other classes of vertebrate. The paradidymis represents a remnant of an unused, atrophied part of the Wolffian body[WP,modified]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Paradidymis }
  • Added
    • + paradidymis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradidymis
    • + paradidymis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279643005
    • + paradidymis definition A small collection of convoluted tubules, situated in front of the lower part of the cord above the head of the epididymis. These tubes are lined with columnar ciliated epithelium, and probably represent the remains of a part of the Wolffian body but are functionless and vestigial. The Wolffian body operates as a kidney (metanephros) in fishes and amphibians, but the corresponding tissue is co-opted to form parts of the male reproductive system in other classes of vertebrate. The paradidymis represents a remnant of an unused, atrophied part of the Wolffian body[WP,modified]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradidymis }

Changes for: sinovaginal bulb

Changes for: vaginal plate

Changes for: palpebral artery

Changes for: lateral palpebral artery

Changes for: embryonic urethral groove

Changes for: medial palpebral artery

Changes for: mucosa of stomach

  • Deleted
    • - mucosa of stomach database cross reference SCTID:362131005
    • - mucosa of stomach database cross reference Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa
    • - mucosa of stomach database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Illu_stomach2.jpg
    • - mucosa of stomach database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illu_stomach2.jpg/200px-Illu_stomach2.jpg
    • - mucosa of stomach definition The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general epithelial lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa }
    • - mucosa of stomach has related synonym tunica mucosa gastris { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + mucosa of stomach database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_mucosa
    • + mucosa of stomach database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0017136
    • + mucosa of stomach database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362131005
    • + mucosa of stomach definition The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general epithelial lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_mucosa }
    • + mucosa of stomach depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Illu_stomach2.jpg
    • + mucosa of stomach depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illu_stomach2.jpg/200px-Illu_stomach2.jpg
    • + mucosa of stomach has related synonym tunica mucosa gastris { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_mucosa , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: superior suprarenal artery

Changes for: ileocolic artery

Changes for: middle colic artery

Changes for: inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Changes for: splenic artery

Changes for: hepatic artery

Changes for: left gastric artery

Changes for: common iliac artery

Changes for: ovarian artery

Changes for: paroophoron

Changes for: remnant of processus vaginalis

Changes for: diaphysis of fibula

Changes for: canal of Nuck

Changes for: fibularis brevis

Changes for: fibularis tertius

Changes for: replacement element

Changes for: electroreceptor organ

Changes for: common tendinous ring

Changes for: clavotrapezius muscle

  • Deleted
    • - clavotrapezius muscle definition The most anterior of the trapezius muscles, found in felids, it is also the largest. Its fibers run obliquely to the ventral surface. Its origin is the superior nuchal line and median dorsal line and its insertion is the clavicle. Its action is to draw the clavicle dorsally and towards the head. { database cross reference=Clavotrapezius }
  • Added
    • + clavotrapezius muscle definition The most anterior of the trapezius muscles, found in felids, it is also the largest. Its fibers run obliquely to the ventral surface. Its origin is the superior nuchal line and median dorsal line and its insertion is the clavicle. Its action is to draw the clavicle dorsally and towards the head. { database cross reference=Clavotrapezius }

Changes for: acromiotrapezius muscle

  • Deleted
    • - acromiotrapezius muscle definition Acromiotrapezius is the middle trapezius muscle. It covers the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the scapula. Its origin is the neural spines of the cervical vertebrae and its insertion is in the metacromion process and fascia of the clavotrapezius. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal, and hold the two scapula together. { database cross reference=Acromiotrapezius }
  • Added
    • + acromiotrapezius muscle definition Acromiotrapezius is the middle trapezius muscle. It covers the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the scapula. Its origin is the neural spines of the cervical vertebrae and its insertion is in the metacromion process and fascia of the clavotrapezius. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal, and hold the two scapula together. { database cross reference=Acromiotrapezius }

Changes for: remnnant of ductus deferens

Changes for: lingual septum

Changes for: brille

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + brille database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brille
    • + brille definition A layer of transparent, immovable disc-shaped skin or scale covering the eyes of some animals for protection, especially in animals without eyelids. The brille has evolved from a fusion of the upper and lower eyelids. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brille }

Changes for: cephalic clasper

Changes for: clasper

  • Deleted
    • - clasper database cross reference Wikipedia:clasper
    • - clasper definition a male anatomical structure found some groups of animals, used in mating. Male cartilaginous fish have claspers formed from the posterior portion of their pelvic fin which serve as intromittent organs used to channel semen into the female’s cloaca during mating. The act of mating in some fish including sharks usually includes one of the claspers raised to allow water into the siphon through a specific orifice. The clasper is then inserted into the vagina, where it opens like an umbrella to anchor its position. The siphon then begins to contract expelling water and sperm. Male chimaeras have cephalic claspers on their heads, which are thought to aid in holding the female during mating { database cross reference=Wikipedia:clasper }
  • Added
    • + clasper database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/clasper
    • + clasper definition a male anatomical structure found some groups of animals, used in mating. Male cartilaginous fish have claspers formed from the posterior portion of their pelvic fin which serve as intromittent organs used to channel semen into the female’s cloaca during mating. The act of mating in some fish including sharks usually includes one of the claspers raised to allow water into the siphon through a specific orifice. The clasper is then inserted into the vagina, where it opens like an umbrella to anchor its position. The siphon then begins to contract expelling water and sperm. Male chimaeras have cephalic claspers on their heads, which are thought to aid in holding the female during mating { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/clasper }

Changes for: strand of awl hair

Changes for: strand of guard hair

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + strand of guard hair database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_hair
    • + strand of guard hair definition A long, straight truncal hair that contains two air cells in the medulla[MP]. A strand of hair from the top layer consisting of longer, often coarser, straight shafts of hair that stick out through the underfur. This is usually the visible layer for most mammals and contains most of the pigmentation. It protects the underfur from outside factors, such as rain, and is thus often water-repellent. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_hair , database cross reference=MP:0006365 }

Changes for: pelvic fin clasper

  • Deleted
    • - pelvic fin clasper definition The rod-like extension of the medial portion of the pelvic fin in male Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. Claspers are used as intromittent organs (not in clasping), the grooves on their facing surfaces together forming a tube for the transmission of sperm when the claspers are held together. The anterior proximal opening is called the apopyle, the posterior distal opening the rhipidion { database cross reference=http://fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=clasper }
    • - pelvic fin clasper has exact synonym myxopterygium { database cross reference=http://fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=clasper }
  • Added
    • + pelvic fin clasper definition The rod-like extension of the medial portion of the pelvic fin in male Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. Claspers are used as intromittent organs (not in clasping), the grooves on their facing surfaces together forming a tube for the transmission of sperm when the claspers are held together. The anterior proximal opening is called the apopyle, the posterior distal opening the rhipidion { database cross reference=http://fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=clasper }
    • + pelvic fin clasper has exact synonym myxopterygium { database cross reference=http://fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=clasper }

Changes for: median nuchal line

  • Deleted
    • - median nuchal line definition Of the nuchal lines, the one that runs from the external occipital protuberance a ridge or crest is the median nuchal line, often faintly marked, descends to the foramen magnum, and affords attachment to the ligamentum nuchae. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nuchal_lines }
  • Added
    • + median nuchal line definition Of the nuchal lines, the one that runs from the external occipital protuberance a ridge or crest is the median nuchal line, often faintly marked, descends to the foramen magnum, and affords attachment to the ligamentum nuchae. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuchal_lines }

Changes for: inferior nuchal line

  • Deleted
    • - inferior nuchal line definition Of the nuchal lines, the one running from the middle of the median line is the inferior nuchal line. Attached are the Obliquus capitis superior muscle, Rectus capitis posterior major muscle, and Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nuchal_lines }
  • Added
    • + inferior nuchal line definition Of the nuchal lines, the one running from the middle of the median line is the inferior nuchal line. Attached are the Obliquus capitis superior muscle, Rectus capitis posterior major muscle, and Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuchal_lines }

Changes for: spinotrapezius muscle

  • Deleted
    • - spinotrapezius muscle definition Spinotrapezius, also called thoracic trapezius, is the most posterior of the three trapezius muscles. It is triangular shaped. Posterior to the acromiotrapezius and overlaps latissimus dorsi on the front. Its origin is the neural spines of the thoracic vertebrae and its insertion is the scapular fascia. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal and caudal regions. { database cross reference=Spinotrapezius }
  • Added
    • + spinotrapezius muscle definition Spinotrapezius, also called thoracic trapezius, is the most posterior of the three trapezius muscles. It is triangular shaped. Posterior to the acromiotrapezius and overlaps latissimus dorsi on the front. Its origin is the neural spines of the thoracic vertebrae and its insertion is the scapular fascia. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal and caudal regions. { database cross reference=Spinotrapezius }

Changes for: nuchal line

Changes for: highest nuchal line

Changes for: superior nuchal line

  • Deleted
    • - superior nuchal line definition Of the nuchal lines, the one below the highest nuchal line is the superior nuchal line. To it is attached the Occipitalis muscle, the Splenius capitis muscle, the trapezius muscle, and the Sternocleidomastoid muscle. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nuchal_lines }
  • Added
    • + superior nuchal line definition Of the nuchal lines, the one below the highest nuchal line is the superior nuchal line. To it is attached the Occipitalis muscle, the Splenius capitis muscle, the trapezius muscle, and the Sternocleidomastoid muscle. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuchal_lines }

Changes for: serratus muscle

Changes for: hemotrichorial placental membrane

Changes for: tendon of quadriceps femoris

Changes for: vastus intermedius

Changes for: supracoracoideus muscle

  • Deleted
    • - supracoracoideus muscle definition A muscle that is important to the body support of limbed reptiles, underlies the front part of the pectoral muscle, arises from the coracoid, and passes to the underpart of the humerus { database cross reference=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/supracoracoideus }
  • Added
    • + supracoracoideus muscle definition A muscle that is important to the body support of limbed reptiles, underlies the front part of the pectoral muscle, arises from the coracoid, and passes to the underpart of the humerus { database cross reference=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/supracoracoideus }

Changes for: teres minor muscle

Changes for: pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Changes for: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Changes for: pharyngeal membrane of 1st arch

  • Deleted
    • - pharyngeal membrane of 1st arch homology notes In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001427 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0124020603 Kaufman MH, Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pharyngeal membrane of 1st arch homology notes In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001427 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0124020603 Kaufman MH, Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72 }

Changes for: pharyngeal membrane

Changes for: pharyngeal membrane of 4th arch

Changes for: pharyngeal membrane of 2nd arch

  • Deleted
    • - pharyngeal membrane of 2nd arch homology notes In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000877 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0124020603 Kaufman MH and Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pharyngeal membrane of 2nd arch homology notes In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000877 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0124020603 Kaufman MH and Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72 }

Changes for: pharyngeal membrane of 3rd arch

  • Deleted
    • - pharyngeal membrane of 3rd arch homology notes In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000876 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0124020603 Kaufman MH and Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pharyngeal membrane of 3rd arch homology notes In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000876 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0124020603 Kaufman MH and Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72 }

Changes for: internasal suture

Changes for: geschmacksstreifen

Changes for: intermediolateral nucleus

Changes for: left main bronchus

Changes for: right main bronchus

Changes for: lateral funiculus

Changes for: upper lobe of right lung

Changes for: alveolar atrium

Changes for: lower lobe of right lung

Changes for: middle lobe of right lung

Changes for: pulmonary alveolar duct

  • Deleted
    • - pulmonary alveolar duct database cross reference Wikipedia:Alveolar_duct
    • - pulmonary alveolar duct database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Gray975.png
    • - pulmonary alveolar duct definition Alveolar ducts are the tiny end ducts of the branching airways that fill the lungs. Each lung holds approximately 1.5 to 2 million of them. The tubules divide into two or three alveolar sacs at the distal end. They are formed from the confluence openings of several alveoli. Distal terminations of alveolar ducts are atria which then end in alveolar sacs. In human anatomy, respiratory bronchioles exists proximal to the alveolar ducts. The epithelial lining consists of smooth muscle knobs covered by nonciliated, simple cuboidal cells. The smooth muscle constricts under parasympathetic innervation and relax under sympathetic innervation. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Alveolar_duct }
  • Added
    • + pulmonary alveolar duct database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_duct
    • + pulmonary alveolar duct database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0391892
    • + pulmonary alveolar duct definition Alveolar ducts are the tiny end ducts of the branching airways that fill the lungs. Each lung holds approximately 1.5 to 2 million of them. The tubules divide into two or three alveolar sacs at the distal end. They are formed from the confluence openings of several alveoli. Distal terminations of alveolar ducts are atria which then end in alveolar sacs. In human anatomy, respiratory bronchioles exists proximal to the alveolar ducts. The epithelial lining consists of smooth muscle knobs covered by nonciliated, simple cuboidal cells. The smooth muscle constricts under parasympathetic innervation and relax under sympathetic innervation. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_duct }
    • + pulmonary alveolar duct depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Gray975.png

Changes for: respiratory bronchiole

Changes for: terminal bronchiole

  • Deleted
    • - terminal bronchiole database cross reference SCTID:278981008
    • - terminal bronchiole database cross reference Wikipedia:Terminal_bronchiole
    • - terminal bronchiole database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png
    • - terminal bronchiole database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png
    • - terminal bronchiole definition A terminal bronchiole is a bronchiole at the end of the conducting zone. At the transition into the respiratory zone, alveoli become present. The terminal bronchiole is the most distal segment of the conducting zone. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium containing Clara cells. Terminal bronchioles contain a limited number of ciliated cells and no goblet cells. Clara cells are non-ciliated, rounded protein secreting cells. Their secretions are a nonsticky, proteinaceous compound to maintain the airway in the smallest bronchioles. The secretion, called surfactant, reduces surface tension allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration. Clara cells, a stem cell of the respiratory system, produce enzymes that detoxify substances dissolved in the respiratory fluid. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Terminal_bronchiole }
    • - terminal bronchiole has related synonym bronchioli terminalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Terminal_bronchiole , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + terminal bronchiole database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_bronchiole
    • + terminal bronchiole database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0225666
    • + terminal bronchiole database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/278981008
    • + terminal bronchiole definition A terminal bronchiole is a bronchiole at the end of the conducting zone. At the transition into the respiratory zone, alveoli become present. The terminal bronchiole is the most distal segment of the conducting zone. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium containing Clara cells. Terminal bronchioles contain a limited number of ciliated cells and no goblet cells. Clara cells are non-ciliated, rounded protein secreting cells. Their secretions are a nonsticky, proteinaceous compound to maintain the airway in the smallest bronchioles. The secretion, called surfactant, reduces surface tension allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration. Clara cells, a stem cell of the respiratory system, produce enzymes that detoxify substances dissolved in the respiratory fluid. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_bronchiole }
    • + terminal bronchiole depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png
    • + terminal bronchiole depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png
    • + terminal bronchiole has related synonym bronchioli terminalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_bronchiole , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: zygomaticus muscle

Changes for: bronchiole

Changes for: substantia gelatinosa

Changes for: ventral funiculus

Changes for: bronchus

Changes for: segmental bronchus

  • Deleted
    • - segmental bronchus database cross reference SCTID:245513001
    • - segmental bronchus database cross reference Wikipedia:Segmental_bronchus
    • - segmental bronchus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg
    • - segmental bronchus definition The tertiary bronchi (also known as the segmental bronchi) arise from the secondary bronchi. The respiratory epithelium lining their lumen is surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle. This layer is composed of two ribbons of smooth muscle that spiral in opposite directions. The smooth muscle layer is surrounded by irregular plates of hyaline cartilage which help maintain the patency of the airway. Each of the tertiary bronchi serves a specific bronchopulmonary segment. There are 10 tertiary bronchi in the right lung, and eight in the left. The tertiary bronchi get smaller and divide into primary bronchioles. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Segmental_bronchus }
  • Added
    • + segmental bronchus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmental_bronchus
    • + segmental bronchus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0444439
    • + segmental bronchus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/245513001
    • + segmental bronchus definition The tertiary bronchi (also known as the segmental bronchi) arise from the secondary bronchi. The respiratory epithelium lining their lumen is surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle. This layer is composed of two ribbons of smooth muscle that spiral in opposite directions. The smooth muscle layer is surrounded by irregular plates of hyaline cartilage which help maintain the patency of the airway. Each of the tertiary bronchi serves a specific bronchopulmonary segment. There are 10 tertiary bronchi in the right lung, and eight in the left. The tertiary bronchi get smaller and divide into primary bronchioles. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmental_bronchus }
    • + segmental bronchus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg

Changes for: lobar bronchus

Changes for: main bronchus

Changes for: principal inferior olivary nucleus

Changes for: nucleus raphe pallidus

  • Deleted
    • - nucleus raphe pallidus database cross reference Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_pallidus
    • - nucleus raphe pallidus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png
    • - nucleus raphe pallidus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png
    • - nucleus raphe pallidus definition The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Also, the pallidus receives afferents from the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus and lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei . The pallidus has recently been shown to be involved in the activation of a fever as an immunoreaction. It has been implied that the preoptic area is constantly inhibiting the raphe pallidus, especially the rostral portion, with GABA. When the preoptic area receives immune signals from the body, the inhibition stops and the rostral portion of the raphe pallidus excites the intermediolateral cell column, which induces a fever . The raphe pallidus has also been known to mediate the tachycardia response, an extremely high heart rate known to be incited by emotional or psychological stress. Microinjections of a GABA-a antagonist into the raphe pallidus, induces an increased heart rate. Conversely, microinjections of muscimol, a GABA-a agonist, inhibit tachycardia in rats under air-stress stimuli. In both of these cases, GABA is mediating two different sympathetic responses, so clearly the nucleus raphe pallidus is a far more a complex nucleus than previously thought. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_pallidus }
    • - nucleus raphe pallidus has related synonym nucleus raphes pallidus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_pallidus , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + nucleus raphe pallidus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_pallidus
    • + nucleus raphe pallidus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0175517
    • + nucleus raphe pallidus definition The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Also, the pallidus receives afferents from the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus and lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei . The pallidus has recently been shown to be involved in the activation of a fever as an immunoreaction. It has been implied that the preoptic area is constantly inhibiting the raphe pallidus, especially the rostral portion, with GABA. When the preoptic area receives immune signals from the body, the inhibition stops and the rostral portion of the raphe pallidus excites the intermediolateral cell column, which induces a fever . The raphe pallidus has also been known to mediate the tachycardia response, an extremely high heart rate known to be incited by emotional or psychological stress. Microinjections of a GABA-a antagonist into the raphe pallidus, induces an increased heart rate. Conversely, microinjections of muscimol, a GABA-a agonist, inhibit tachycardia in rats under air-stress stimuli. In both of these cases, GABA is mediating two different sympathetic responses, so clearly the nucleus raphe pallidus is a far more a complex nucleus than previously thought. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_pallidus }
    • + nucleus raphe pallidus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png
    • + nucleus raphe pallidus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png
    • + nucleus raphe pallidus has related synonym nucleus raphes pallidus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_pallidus , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: distal segment of rib

Changes for: medial accessory inferior olivary nucleus

Changes for: lateral reticular nucleus

  • Deleted
    • - lateral reticular nucleus database cross reference Wikipedia:Lateral_reticular_nucleus
    • - lateral reticular nucleus definition The lateral reticular nucleus, of the funiculus, can be divided into three subnuclei, the parvocellular, magnocellular and the subtrigeminal. As is typical of the reticular formation, none of these are very distinct subnuclei, but rather blurred distinctions between cell types and location. The lateral reticular nucleus sends all of its projections to the cerebellum. The parvocellular portion of the LRN and the immediately adjacent magnocellular portion send most their projections to the vermis of the cerebellum. The rest of the magnocellular subnucleus sends its projections to the hemisphere regions of the cerebellum. The subtrigeminal nucleus sends its projections to the flocculonodular lobe. All of these efferent pathways are projected in an ipsilateral manner to the cerebellum, the most abundant of which are those to the vermis. This nucleus is also involved in the mediation of inspiration (in-breathing) with a part of the ventral r. nucleus. The afferent pathways to the LRN come from the spinal cord and higher brain structures. Most of the afferents come from the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord and project exclusively to the parts of the LRN that do not receive input from the cortex. The spinal cord projections terminate mostly in the parvocellular region along with the adjacent magnocellular cells. This implies that most input from the spinal cord is relayed into the vermis. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lateral_reticular_nucleus }
    • - lateral reticular nucleus has related synonym nucleus reticularis lateralis medullae oblongatae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lateral_reticular_nucleus , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + lateral reticular nucleus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_reticular_nucleus
    • + lateral reticular nucleus definition The lateral reticular nucleus, of the funiculus, can be divided into three subnuclei, the parvocellular, magnocellular and the subtrigeminal. As is typical of the reticular formation, none of these are very distinct subnuclei, but rather blurred distinctions between cell types and location. The lateral reticular nucleus sends all of its projections to the cerebellum. The parvocellular portion of the LRN and the immediately adjacent magnocellular portion send most their projections to the vermis of the cerebellum. The rest of the magnocellular subnucleus sends its projections to the hemisphere regions of the cerebellum. The subtrigeminal nucleus sends its projections to the flocculonodular lobe. All of these efferent pathways are projected in an ipsilateral manner to the cerebellum, the most abundant of which are those to the vermis. This nucleus is also involved in the mediation of inspiration (in-breathing) with a part of the ventral r. nucleus. The afferent pathways to the LRN come from the spinal cord and higher brain structures. Most of the afferents come from the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord and project exclusively to the parts of the LRN that do not receive input from the cortex. The spinal cord projections terminate mostly in the parvocellular region along with the adjacent magnocellular cells. This implies that most input from the spinal cord is relayed into the vermis. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_reticular_nucleus }
    • + lateral reticular nucleus has related synonym nucleus reticularis lateralis medullae oblongatae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_reticular_nucleus , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: oropharyngeal choana

Changes for: fastigial nucleus

Changes for: ciliary processes

Changes for: flat bone

  • Deleted
    • - flat bone database cross reference SCTID:332907008
    • - flat bone database cross reference Wikipedia:Flat_bone
    • - flat bone definition Flat bones are those bones which are found where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment, the bones are expanded into broad, flat plates, as in the cranium, the ilium, sternum, rib cage, the sacrum and the scapula. These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue, which is the location of red bone marrow. In an adult, most red blood cells are formed in flat bones. In the cranial bones, the layers of compact tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous table. The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploC+, and this, in certain regions of the skull, becomes absorbed so as to leave spaces filled with air (air-sinuses) between the two tables. The flat bones are: the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, scapula, os coxC&, sternum, and ribs. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Flat_bone }
    • - flat bone has related synonym os planum { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Flat_bone , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + flat bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_bone
    • + flat bone database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0222649
    • + flat bone database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/332907008
    • + flat bone definition Flat bones are those bones which are found where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment, the bones are expanded into broad, flat plates, as in the cranium, the ilium, sternum, rib cage, the sacrum and the scapula. These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue, which is the location of red bone marrow. In an adult, most red blood cells are formed in flat bones. In the cranial bones, the layers of compact tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous table. The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploC+, and this, in certain regions of the skull, becomes absorbed so as to leave spaces filled with air (air-sinuses) between the two tables. The flat bones are: the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, scapula, os coxC&, sternum, and ribs. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_bone }
    • + flat bone has related synonym os planum { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_bone , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: nucleus raphe magnus

  • Deleted
    • - nucleus raphe magnus database cross reference Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_magnus
    • - nucleus raphe magnus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png
    • - nucleus raphe magnus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png
    • - nucleus raphe magnus definition The nucleus raphe magnus, located directly rostral to the raphe obscurus, is afferently stimulated from axons in the spinal cord and cerebellum. This makes the magnus a likely candidate for part of the motor system; however, it seems to participate in the endogenous analgesia system. The magnus receives descending afferents from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, parvocellular reticular nucleus and the prelimbic, infralimbic, medial and lateral precentral cortices . All of these brain areas influence the main function of the raphe magnus. The main function of the magnus is mostly pain mediation; in fact it sends projections to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to directly inhibit pain. The periaquiductal gray, the epicenter of analgesia, sends efferent connections to the nucleus raphe magnus in when it is stimulated by opiates (endogenous or otherwise). Electrical stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia, as well as administration of morphine to the PAG or n.r. magnus. The antinociceptic effects of electrical stimulation of the PAG can be blocked by administering naloxone, an opiate antagonist, to the n.r. magnus. All of this seems to indicate that the magnus is part of the endogenous opiate system, and acts to inhibit pain in the spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_magnus }
    • - nucleus raphe magnus has related synonym nucleus raphes magnus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_magnus , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - nucleus raphe magnus has related synonym raphe magnus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_magnus }
  • Added
    • + nucleus raphe magnus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus
    • + nucleus raphe magnus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0175515
    • + nucleus raphe magnus definition The nucleus raphe magnus, located directly rostral to the raphe obscurus, is afferently stimulated from axons in the spinal cord and cerebellum. This makes the magnus a likely candidate for part of the motor system; however, it seems to participate in the endogenous analgesia system. The magnus receives descending afferents from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, parvocellular reticular nucleus and the prelimbic, infralimbic, medial and lateral precentral cortices . All of these brain areas influence the main function of the raphe magnus. The main function of the magnus is mostly pain mediation; in fact it sends projections to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to directly inhibit pain. The periaquiductal gray, the epicenter of analgesia, sends efferent connections to the nucleus raphe magnus in when it is stimulated by opiates (endogenous or otherwise). Electrical stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia, as well as administration of morphine to the PAG or n.r. magnus. The antinociceptic effects of electrical stimulation of the PAG can be blocked by administering naloxone, an opiate antagonist, to the n.r. magnus. All of this seems to indicate that the magnus is part of the endogenous opiate system, and acts to inhibit pain in the spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus }
    • + nucleus raphe magnus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png
    • + nucleus raphe magnus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png
    • + nucleus raphe magnus has related synonym nucleus raphes magnus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + nucleus raphe magnus has related synonym raphe magnus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus }

Changes for: gigantocellular nucleus

  • Deleted
    • - gigantocellular nucleus database cross reference Wikipedia:Gigantocellular_nucleus
    • - gigantocellular nucleus definition The gigantocellular nucleus, as the name indicates, is mainly composed of the so called giant neuronal cells. This nucleus has been known to innervate the caudal hypoglossal nucleus, and responds to glutamateric stimuli. The gigantocellular nucleus excites the hypoglossal nucleus, and can play a role in the actions of the said nerve . This nucleus receives connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Retrograde studies have shown that the deep mesencephalic reticular formation and oral pontine reticular nucleus project to the nucleus gigantocellularis. The dorsal rostral section of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis is also involved mediating in expiration (or out-breathing) along with the parvocellular nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Gigantocellular_nucleus }
  • Added
    • + gigantocellular nucleus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantocellular_nucleus
    • + gigantocellular nucleus definition The gigantocellular nucleus, as the name indicates, is mainly composed of the so called giant neuronal cells. This nucleus has been known to innervate the caudal hypoglossal nucleus, and responds to glutamateric stimuli. The gigantocellular nucleus excites the hypoglossal nucleus, and can play a role in the actions of the said nerve . This nucleus receives connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Retrograde studies have shown that the deep mesencephalic reticular formation and oral pontine reticular nucleus project to the nucleus gigantocellularis. The dorsal rostral section of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis is also involved mediating in expiration (or out-breathing) along with the parvocellular nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantocellular_nucleus }

Changes for: superior cerebellar peduncle

Changes for: middle cerebellar peduncle

  • Deleted
    • - middle cerebellar peduncle database cross reference SCTID:279219000
    • - middle cerebellar peduncle database cross reference Wikipedia:Middle_cerebellar_peduncle
    • - middle cerebellar peduncle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Gray705.png
    • - middle cerebellar peduncle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gray705.png/200px-Gray705.png
    • - middle cerebellar peduncle definition The middle cerebellar peduncles (brachia pontis) are composed entirely of centripetal fibers, which arise from the cells of the nuclei pontis of the opposite side and end in the cerebellar cortex; the fibers are arranged in three fasciculi, superior, inferior, and deep. The superior fasciculus, the most superficial, is derived from the upper transverse fibers of the pons; it is directed backward and lateralward superficial to the other two fasciculi, and is distributed mainly to the lobules on the inferior surface of the cerebellar hemisphere and to the parts of the superior surface adjoining the posterior and lateral margins. The inferior fasciculus is formed by the lowest transverse fibers of the pons; it passes under cover of the superior fasciculus and is continued downward and backward more or less parallel with it, to be distributed to the folia on the under surface close to the vermis. The deep fasciculus comprises most of the deep transverse fibers of the pons. It is at first covered by the superior and inferior fasciculi, but crosses obliquely and appears on the medial side of the superior, from which it receives a bundle; its fibers spread out and pass to the upper anterior cerebellar folia. The fibers of this fasciculus cover those of the restiform body. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Middle_cerebellar_peduncle }
    • - middle cerebellar peduncle has related synonym pedunculus cerebellaris medius { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Middle_cerebellar_peduncle , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + middle cerebellar peduncle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle
    • + middle cerebellar peduncle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0152392
    • + middle cerebellar peduncle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279219000
    • + middle cerebellar peduncle definition The middle cerebellar peduncles (brachia pontis) are composed entirely of centripetal fibers, which arise from the cells of the nuclei pontis of the opposite side and end in the cerebellar cortex; the fibers are arranged in three fasciculi, superior, inferior, and deep. The superior fasciculus, the most superficial, is derived from the upper transverse fibers of the pons; it is directed backward and lateralward superficial to the other two fasciculi, and is distributed mainly to the lobules on the inferior surface of the cerebellar hemisphere and to the parts of the superior surface adjoining the posterior and lateral margins. The inferior fasciculus is formed by the lowest transverse fibers of the pons; it passes under cover of the superior fasciculus and is continued downward and backward more or less parallel with it, to be distributed to the folia on the under surface close to the vermis. The deep fasciculus comprises most of the deep transverse fibers of the pons. It is at first covered by the superior and inferior fasciculi, but crosses obliquely and appears on the medial side of the superior, from which it receives a bundle; its fibers spread out and pass to the upper anterior cerebellar folia. The fibers of this fasciculus cover those of the restiform body. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle }
    • + middle cerebellar peduncle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Gray705.png
    • + middle cerebellar peduncle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gray705.png/200px-Gray705.png
    • + middle cerebellar peduncle has related synonym pedunculus cerebellaris medius { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: pontine nuclear group

Changes for: spleen B cell corona

Changes for: lymph node follicular corona

Changes for: alveolar sac

Changes for: left lung

Changes for: right lung

Changes for: lymph node T cell domain

Changes for: endocardium of atrium

Changes for: endocardium

Changes for: tectobulbar tract

Changes for: inferior cerebellar peduncle

Changes for: area postrema

Changes for: gracile nucleus

  • Deleted
    • - gracile nucleus database cross reference SCTID:369071003
    • - gracile nucleus database cross reference Wikipedia:Gracile_nucleus
    • - gracile nucleus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gray688.png
    • - gracile nucleus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray688.png/200px-Gray688.png
    • - gracile nucleus definition Located in the medulla oblongata, the gracile nucleus is one of the dorsal column nuclei that participate in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body (legs and trunk). It contains second-order neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system, which receive inputs from sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and send axons that synapse in the thalamus. The neurons contained within the nucleus form a visible bump called the gracile tubercle on the posterior side of the closed medulla at the floor of the fourth ventricle. The gracile nucleus and fasciculus carry epicritic, kinesthetic, and conscious proprioceptive information from the lower part of the body (below the level of T6 in the spinal cord). The counterpart to the gracile nucleus and fasciculus is the cuneate nucleus and fasciculus, which carries the same type of information, but from the upper body (above T6, excepting the face and ear - the information from the face and ear is carried by the primary sensory trigeminal nucleus). [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Gracile_nucleus }
    • - gracile nucleus has related synonym nucleus gracilis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Gracile_nucleus , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + gracile nucleus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracile_nucleus
    • + gracile nucleus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0228546
    • + gracile nucleus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/369071003
    • + gracile nucleus definition Located in the medulla oblongata, the gracile nucleus is one of the dorsal column nuclei that participate in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body (legs and trunk). It contains second-order neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system, which receive inputs from sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and send axons that synapse in the thalamus. The neurons contained within the nucleus form a visible bump called the gracile tubercle on the posterior side of the closed medulla at the floor of the fourth ventricle. The gracile nucleus and fasciculus carry epicritic, kinesthetic, and conscious proprioceptive information from the lower part of the body (below the level of T6 in the spinal cord). The counterpart to the gracile nucleus and fasciculus is the cuneate nucleus and fasciculus, which carries the same type of information, but from the upper body (above T6, excepting the face and ear - the information from the face and ear is carried by the primary sensory trigeminal nucleus). [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracile_nucleus }
    • + gracile nucleus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gray688.png
    • + gracile nucleus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray688.png/200px-Gray688.png
    • + gracile nucleus has related synonym nucleus gracilis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracile_nucleus , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: nucleus prepositus

Changes for: cerebellar nuclear complex

Changes for: chitin-based cuticle

Changes for: anterior lobe of cerebellum

Changes for: vas deferens

Changes for: dentate nucleus

Changes for: atrioventricular valve

Changes for: tricuspid valve

Changes for: respiratory airway

Changes for: mitral valve

Changes for: respiratory system

Changes for: hilus of dentate gyrus

Changes for: skin epidermis

Changes for: aortic valve

Changes for: cuticle

Changes for: habenulo-interpeduncular tract

Changes for: renal system

  • Deleted
    • - renal system database cross reference SCTID:362204003
    • - renal system database cross reference Wikipedia:Excretory_system
    • - renal system homology notes Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000723 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-3540428541 Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.406 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + renal system database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretory_system
    • + renal system database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1508753
    • + renal system database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362204003
    • + renal system homology notes Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000723 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-3540428541 Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.406 }

Changes for: circulatory system

Changes for: subcommissural organ

Changes for: obsolete spiracle

Changes for: digestive system

Changes for: embryonic frontal process

Changes for: embryonic nasal process

Changes for: cartilaginous vertebral centrum

Changes for: parabigeminal nucleus

Changes for: parvocellular oculomotor nucleus

  • Deleted
    • - parvocellular oculomotor nucleus database cross reference SCTID:62088007
    • - parvocellular oculomotor nucleus database cross reference Wikipedia:Edinger-westphal_nucleus
    • - parvocellular oculomotor nucleus definition The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (also known as the accessory oculomotor nucleus) is the accessory parasympathetic cranial nerve nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, supplying the constricting muscles of the iris. Alternatively, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is a term often used to refer to the adjacent population of non-preganglionic neurons that do not project to the ciliary ganglion, but rather project to the spinal cord, dorsal raphe nucleus, and septal nuclei. Unlike the classical, preganglionic Edinger-Westphal neurons that contain choline acetyltransferase, neurons of the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus have been shown to contain various stress- and feeding-related neuropeptides, such as Urocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. Proper nomenclature for this distinct brain region has not yet been established. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Edinger-westphal_nucleus }
  • Added
    • + parvocellular oculomotor nucleus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinger-westphal_nucleus
    • + parvocellular oculomotor nucleus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0228416
    • + parvocellular oculomotor nucleus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/62088007
    • + parvocellular oculomotor nucleus definition The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (also known as the accessory oculomotor nucleus) is the accessory parasympathetic cranial nerve nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, supplying the constricting muscles of the iris. Alternatively, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is a term often used to refer to the adjacent population of non-preganglionic neurons that do not project to the ciliary ganglion, but rather project to the spinal cord, dorsal raphe nucleus, and septal nuclei. Unlike the classical, preganglionic Edinger-Westphal neurons that contain choline acetyltransferase, neurons of the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus have been shown to contain various stress- and feeding-related neuropeptides, such as Urocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. Proper nomenclature for this distinct brain region has not yet been established. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinger-westphal_nucleus }

Changes for: diaphysis of ulna

Changes for: peripeduncular nucleus

Changes for: interpeduncular nucleus

Changes for: head of radius

Changes for: pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus

Changes for: hemolymph

  • Deleted
    • - hemolymph database cross reference Wikipedia:Hemolymph
    • - hemolymph definition Blood analogue used by all arthropods and most mollusks that have an open circulatory system. In these animals there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. The liquid fills all of the interior (the hemocoel) of the body and surrounds all cells. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hemolymph }
  • Added
    • + hemolymph database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolymph
    • + hemolymph definition Blood analogue used by all arthropods and most mollusks that have an open circulatory system. In these animals there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. The liquid fills all of the interior (the hemocoel) of the body and surrounds all cells. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolymph }

Changes for: dorsal tegmental nucleus

Changes for: locus ceruleus

Changes for: adipose tissue

Changes for: superior salivatory nucleus

Changes for: nervous system

Changes for: pulmonary valve

Changes for: musculature

Changes for: central nervous system

  • Deleted
    • - central nervous system database cross reference SCTID:278199004
    • - central nervous system database cross reference Wikipedia:Central_nervous_system
    • - central nervous system homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (…) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000293 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1), ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2), DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud’homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + central nervous system database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system
    • + central nervous system database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0927232
    • + central nervous system database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/278199004
    • + central nervous system homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (…) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000293 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1), ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2), DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud’homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3) }

Changes for: axon tract

  • Deleted
    • - axon tract definition A group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination[FBbt]. { database cross reference=http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html }
    • - axon tract external definition White matter structure of CNS that contains axons that arise predominantly in one central nervous system part and terminate in another. Tracts are generally named by their region or origin followed by their region of primary termination, e.g., mammillothalamic tract contains axons that arise from neurons in the mammillary bodies and terminate in the thalamus. (CUMBO) { source=http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms }
  • Added
    • + axon tract definition A group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination[FBbt]. { database cross reference=http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html }
    • + axon tract external definition White matter structure of CNS that contains axons that arise predominantly in one central nervous system part and terminate in another. Tracts are generally named by their region or origin followed by their region of primary termination, e.g., mammillothalamic tract contains axons that arise from neurons in the mammillary bodies and terminate in the thalamus. (CUMBO) { source=http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms }

Changes for: nerve fasciculus

Changes for: teres muscle

Changes for: kidney

Changes for: duodenum

  • Deleted
    • - duodenum database cross reference SCTID:181247007
    • - duodenum database cross reference Wikipedia:Duodenum
    • - duodenum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Tractus_intestinalis_duodenum.svg
    • - duodenum definition The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). { database cross reference=ISBN:0815318960 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Duodenum }
    • - duodenum external definition The fixed portion of the small intestine deeply lodged in the posterior wall of the abdomen and extending from the pylorus to the beginning of the jejunum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000052 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - duodenum taxon notes In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear, and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum. { has scope=NCBITaxon:32443 , source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum }
    • - duodenum taxon notes In humans, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 10–15 inches (25–38 centimetres) long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It begins with the duodenal bulb and ends at the ligament of Treitz. { has scope=NCBITaxon:9606 , source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum }
  • Added
    • + duodenum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum
    • + duodenum database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0013303
    • + duodenum database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181247007
    • + duodenum definition The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum , database cross reference=ISBN:0815318960 }
    • + duodenum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Tractus_intestinalis_duodenum.svg
    • + duodenum external definition The fixed portion of the small intestine deeply lodged in the posterior wall of the abdomen and extending from the pylorus to the beginning of the jejunum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000052 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + duodenum taxon notes In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear, and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum. { has scope=NCBITaxon:32443 , source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum }
    • + duodenum taxon notes In humans, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 10–15 inches (25–38 centimetres) long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It begins with the duodenal bulb and ends at the ligament of Treitz. { has scope=NCBITaxon:9606 , source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum }

Changes for: jejunum

Changes for: ileum

  • Deleted
    • - ileum database cross reference SCTID:181249005
    • - ileum database cross reference Wikipedia:Ileum
    • - ileum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg
    • - ileum definition The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ileum }
    • - ileum homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000647 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + ileum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileum
    • + ileum database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0020885
    • + ileum database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181249005
    • + ileum definition The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileum }
    • + ileum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg
    • + ileum homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000647 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 }

Changes for: gallbladder

Changes for: artery smooth muscle tissue

Changes for: right ovary

Changes for: left ovary

Changes for: solitary tract nuclear complex

Changes for: inferior olivary complex

Changes for: medulla of thymus

  • Deleted
    • - medulla of thymus database cross reference SCTID:188344009
    • - medulla of thymus database cross reference Medulla
    • - medulla of thymus definition Medullary portion of thymus. The reticulum is coarser than in the cortex, the lymphoid cells are relatively fewer in number, and there are found peculiar nest-like bodies, the concentric corpuscles of Hassall. These concentric corpuscles are composed of a central mass, consisting of one or more granular cells, and of a capsule formed of epithelioid cells. They are the remains of the epithelial tubes, which grow out from the third branchial pouches of the embryo to form the thymus. Each follicle is surrounded by a vascular plexus, from which vessels pass into the interior, and radiate from the periphery toward the center, forming a second zone just within the margin of the medullary portion. In the center of the medullary portion there are very few vessels, and they are of minute size. { database cross reference=Medulla }
    • - medulla of thymus present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7955 { source=doi:10.1177/0192623311409597 }
  • Added
    • + medulla of thymus database cross reference Medulla
    • + medulla of thymus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0229949
    • + medulla of thymus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/188344009
    • + medulla of thymus definition Medullary portion of thymus. The reticulum is coarser than in the cortex, the lymphoid cells are relatively fewer in number, and there are found peculiar nest-like bodies, the concentric corpuscles of Hassall. These concentric corpuscles are composed of a central mass, consisting of one or more granular cells, and of a capsule formed of epithelioid cells. They are the remains of the epithelial tubes, which grow out from the third branchial pouches of the embryo to form the thymus. Each follicle is surrounded by a vascular plexus, from which vessels pass into the interior, and radiate from the periphery toward the center, forming a second zone just within the margin of the medullary portion. In the center of the medullary portion there are very few vessels, and they are of minute size. { database cross reference=Medulla }
    • + medulla of thymus present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7955 { source=http://dx.doi.org//10.1177/0192623311409597 }

Changes for: lobule of thymus

Changes for: capsule of thymus

Changes for: cortex of thymus

Changes for: pronephros

  • Deleted
    • - pronephros database cross reference SCTID:308804007
    • - pronephros database cross reference Wikipedia:Pronephros
    • - pronephros definition In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO]. { database cross reference=GO:0048793 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pronephros }
    • - pronephros external definition A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the anterior region of the nephric ridge; forms only as a transient embryonic structure. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.748][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000037 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - pronephros homology notes In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (…) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000037 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.637 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pronephros database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronephros
    • + pronephros database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0231048
    • + pronephros database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308804007
    • + pronephros definition In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronephros , database cross reference=GO:0048793 }
    • + pronephros external definition A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the anterior region of the nephric ridge; forms only as a transient embryonic structure. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.748][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000037 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + pronephros homology notes In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (…) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000037 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.637 }

Changes for: cerebellar cortex

Changes for: superior olivary complex

Changes for: distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 3

Changes for: distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 2

Changes for: distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 1

Changes for: distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit

Changes for: distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 5

Changes for: distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 4

Changes for: chordate pharynx

Changes for: esophagus

  • Deleted
    • - esophagus database cross reference SCTID:181245004
    • - esophagus database cross reference Wikipedia:Esophagus
    • - esophagus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg
    • - esophagus definition Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Esophagus , database cross reference=http://www.rivm.nl/interspeciesinfo/inter/oesophagus/ }
    • - esophagus has related synonym œsophagus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Esophagus , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - esophagus homology notes The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000450 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + esophagus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus
    • + esophagus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0014876
    • + esophagus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181245004
    • + esophagus definition Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus , database cross reference=http://www.rivm.nl/interspeciesinfo/inter/oesophagus/ }
    • + esophagus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg
    • + esophagus has related synonym œsophagus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + esophagus homology notes The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000450 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996) }

Changes for: nail plate

Changes for: salivary gland

Changes for: tarsometatarsus

  • Deleted
    • - tarsometatarsus database cross reference Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsus
    • - tarsometatarsus definition The tarsometatarsus is a bone that is found in the lower leg of certain tetrapods, namely birds. It is formed from the fusion of several bones found in other types of animals, and homologous to the mammalian tarsal (ankle) and metatarsal (pes) bones. Despite this, the tarsometatarsus of birds is often referred to as just the tarsus or metatarsus. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsus }
  • Added
    • + tarsometatarsus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsus
    • + tarsometatarsus definition The tarsometatarsus is a bone that is found in the lower leg of certain tetrapods, namely birds. It is formed from the fusion of several bones found in other types of animals, and homologous to the mammalian tarsal (ankle) and metatarsal (pes) bones. Despite this, the tarsometatarsus of birds is often referred to as just the tarsus or metatarsus. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsus }

Changes for: midgut

  • Deleted
    • - midgut database cross reference SCTID:361410004
    • - midgut database cross reference Wikipedia:Midgut
    • - midgut database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg
    • - midgut definition Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. That part of the alimentary canal which lies between the gizzard and the hind intestine. { database cross reference=GO:0007494 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Midgut }
    • - midgut has related synonym mesenteron { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Midgut , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - midgut homology notes The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000290 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + midgut database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgut
    • + midgut database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0231052
    • + midgut database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361410004
    • + midgut definition Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. That part of the alimentary canal which lies between the gizzard and the hind intestine. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgut , database cross reference=GO:0007494 }
    • + midgut depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg
    • + midgut has related synonym mesenteron { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgut , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + midgut homology notes The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000290 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 }

Changes for: hindgut

Changes for: neural glomerulus

Changes for: primordium

Changes for: chin

Changes for: neural tube

Changes for: yolk sac

Changes for: foregut

Changes for: inferior orbital fissure

Changes for: spleen

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + spleen database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen
    • + spleen database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0037993
    • + spleen database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181279003
    • + spleen definition Organ found in virtually all vertebrate animals with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve in case of hemorrhagic shock, especially in animals like horses (not in humans), while recycling iron. It synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes, from blood and lymph node circulation, antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen }
    • + spleen depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Illu_spleen.jpg
    • + spleen depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Illu_spleen.jpg/200px-Illu_spleen.jpg
    • + spleen has related synonym lien { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + spleen homology notes With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000120 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0781765190 Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94 }

Changes for: liver

Changes for: small intestine

Changes for: pair of nares

Changes for: corpus cardiacum

Changes for: limb

Changes for: Malpighian tubule

Changes for: trunk

Changes for: pars intercerebralis

  • Deleted
    • - pars intercerebralis definition a neurosecretory center of the insect brain, located along the anterior midline[wiktionary]. A medial cleft or depression dividing the left and right protocerebrum and containing numerous large and small somata of neurosecretory and neuromodulatory neurons[FBbt]. { database cross reference=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pars_intercerebralis , database cross reference=http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html }
  • Added
    • + pars intercerebralis definition a neurosecretory center of the insect brain, located along the anterior midline[wiktionary]. A medial cleft or depression dividing the left and right protocerebrum and containing numerous large and small somata of neurosecretory and neuromodulatory neurons[FBbt]. { database cross reference=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pars_intercerebralis , database cross reference=http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html }

Changes for: hindlimb

Changes for: forelimb

Changes for: corpus allatum

Changes for: vestibulo-auditory system

Changes for: mushroom body

Changes for: visual system

Changes for: hypopharynx

Changes for: rectum

Changes for: caterpillar stage

Changes for: veliger stage

Changes for: trochophore stage

Changes for: glaucothoe stage

Changes for: copepodite stage

Changes for: neuromuscular junction

Changes for: diaphysis of radius

Changes for: obsolete neurite

Changes for: obsolete synapse

Changes for: obsolete motor nerve

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + obsolete motor nerve database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_nerve
    • + obsolete motor nerve definition General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic efferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. A motor nerve is an efferent nerve that exclusively contains the axons of somatic and branchial motoneurons, which innervate skeletal muscles (that ensure locomotion) and branchial muscles (that motorize the face and neck)[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_nerve }

Changes for: sensory nerve

Changes for: nervous system commissure

Changes for: nerve

Changes for: cell body

Changes for: obsolete dendrite

Changes for: anterior leaflet of mitral valve

Changes for: hemomonochorial placental membrane

Changes for: tendon of triceps brachii

Changes for: tibiotarsus

  • Deleted
    • - tibiotarsus database cross reference Wikipedia:Tibiotarsus
    • - tibiotarsus definition The tibiotarsus is the large bone between the femur and the tarsometatarsus in the leg of a bird. It is the fusion of the proximal part of the tarsus with the tibia. A similar structure also occurred in the Mesozoic Heterodontosauridae. These small ornithischian dinosaurs were unrelated to birds and the similarity of their pes bones is best explained by convergent evolution. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Tibiotarsus }
  • Added
    • + tibiotarsus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibiotarsus
    • + tibiotarsus definition The tibiotarsus is the large bone between the femur and the tarsometatarsus in the leg of a bird. It is the fusion of the proximal part of the tarsus with the tibia. A similar structure also occurred in the Mesozoic Heterodontosauridae. These small ornithischian dinosaurs were unrelated to birds and the similarity of their pes bones is best explained by convergent evolution. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibiotarsus }

Changes for: pneumatized bone

  • Deleted
    • - pneumatized bone database cross reference SCTID:333008005
    • - pneumatized bone database cross reference Wikipedia:Skeletal_pneumaticity
    • - pneumatized bone definition a bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD]. Skeletal pneumaticity is the presence of air spaces within bones. Skeletal pneumaticity exists only in synapsids and archosaurs. It is generally produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic diverticula (air sacs) from an air-filled space such as the lungs or nasal cavity. Pneumatization is highly variable between individuals, and bones not normally pneumatized can become pneumatized in pathological development. Pneumatization occurs in the skulls of mammals, crocodilians and birds among extant groups, as well as extinct archosaurs including the dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Pneumatic spaces include the paranasal sinuses and some of the mastoid cells[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Skeletal_pneumaticity , database cross reference=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=11303 }
  • Added
    • + pneumatized bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_pneumaticity
    • + pneumatized bone database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/333008005
    • + pneumatized bone definition a bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD]. Skeletal pneumaticity is the presence of air spaces within bones. Skeletal pneumaticity exists only in synapsids and archosaurs. It is generally produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic diverticula (air sacs) from an air-filled space such as the lungs or nasal cavity. Pneumatization is highly variable between individuals, and bones not normally pneumatized can become pneumatized in pathological development. Pneumatization occurs in the skulls of mammals, crocodilians and birds among extant groups, as well as extinct archosaurs including the dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Pneumatic spaces include the paranasal sinuses and some of the mastoid cells[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_pneumaticity , database cross reference=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=11303 }

Changes for: strand of hair

Changes for: tendon of biceps brachii

Changes for: chordotonal organ

  • Deleted
    • - chordotonal organ database cross reference Wikipedia:Chordotonal_organ
    • - chordotonal organ definition Chordotonal organs are arthropod sensory structures consisting of special sensilla called the scolopidia, which are mechano-transducers and respond mainly to stretch or flexion. In insects, they consist of bundles of internal sensilla, each of which has a cap cell, an enveloping cell and one or more sense cells. The distal end of the organ is usually attached to the cuticle of the body wall, marked by a pit, a thickened disc or a nodule of chitin, and the base of the organ is connected with the hypodermis, often by a special ligament. { database cross reference=FB:FBrf0056378 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Chordotonal_organ }
  • Added
    • + chordotonal organ database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordotonal_organ
    • + chordotonal organ definition Chordotonal organs are arthropod sensory structures consisting of special sensilla called the scolopidia, which are mechano-transducers and respond mainly to stretch or flexion. In insects, they consist of bundles of internal sensilla, each of which has a cap cell, an enveloping cell and one or more sense cells. The distal end of the organ is usually attached to the cuticle of the body wall, marked by a pit, a thickened disc or a nodule of chitin, and the base of the organ is connected with the hypodermis, often by a special ligament. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordotonal_organ , database cross reference=FB:FBrf0056378 }

Changes for: dento-alveolar joint

Changes for: gustatory system

Changes for: obsolete photoreceptor

Changes for: neurilemma

Changes for: sensory system

Changes for: posterior leaflet of mitral valve

Changes for: zoea stage

Changes for: post-larval stage

Changes for: choroidal gland

  • Deleted
    • - choroidal gland external definition [In bony fish].](Teleosts bear a body of capillary adjacent to the optic nerve called the choroidal gland. Though its function is not known, it is believed to be a supplemental oxygen carrier[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid#In_bony_fish].) { source=In bony fish }
    • - choroidal gland external definition a gland on the dorsal half of the fish eyeball[http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en_ichthyology/2916/choroid]l { source=http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en_ichthyology/2916/choroid }
  • Added
    • + choroidal gland external definition [In bony fish].](Teleosts bear a body of capillary adjacent to the optic nerve called the choroidal gland. Though its function is not known, it is believed to be a supplemental oxygen carrier[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid#In_bony_fish].) { source=In bony fish }
    • + choroidal gland external definition a gland on the dorsal half of the fish eyeball[http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en_ichthyology/2916/choroid]l { source=http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en_ichthyology/2916/choroid }

Changes for: stratum argenteum of choroid

Changes for: blood vessel layer of choroid

Changes for: endocardium of ventricle

Changes for: inferior articular process of vertebra

Changes for: myocardium of ventricle

Changes for: skin of trunk

Changes for: skin of head

Changes for: ocular angle artery

Changes for: pleural fluid

Changes for: sweat

Changes for: urine

Changes for: lateral ventricle subependymal layer

Changes for: spleen central arteriole

Changes for: spleen trabecular vein

Changes for: vertebral bone 1

Changes for: calcareous tooth

Changes for: synovial fluid

Changes for: caudal vertebra

Changes for: sacral vertebra

Changes for: vertebral bone 2

Changes for: subcostal vein

Changes for: incisor tooth

Changes for: axillary lymph node

Changes for: flocculus

Changes for: anatomical entity

Changes for: head of pancreas

Changes for: skin of back

Changes for: parotid duct

Changes for: ventral pancreatic duct

Changes for: vertebral arch joint

Changes for: intervertebral disk

Changes for: somatic muscle

Changes for: brainstem white matter

Changes for: pericardial cavity

  • Deleted
    • - pericardial cavity database cross reference SCTID:362027001
    • - pericardial cavity database cross reference Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity
    • - pericardial cavity database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray968.png
    • - pericardial cavity database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png
    • - pericardial cavity definition Cavity of serous sac surrounded by serous pericardium.[FMA] { database cross reference=FMA:FMA , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity }
    • - pericardial cavity has exact synonym pericardial space { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity }
    • - pericardial cavity has related synonym cavitas pericardiaca { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - pericardial cavity homology notes In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (…) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (…) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (…) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000556 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - pericardial cavity present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7718 { source=PMID:20959416 }
  • Added
    • + pericardial cavity database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_cavity
    • + pericardial cavity database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0225972
    • + pericardial cavity database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362027001
    • + pericardial cavity definition Cavity of serous sac surrounded by serous pericardium.[FMA] { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_cavity , database cross reference=FMA:FMA }
    • + pericardial cavity depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray968.png
    • + pericardial cavity depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png
    • + pericardial cavity has exact synonym pericardial space { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_cavity }
    • + pericardial cavity has related synonym cavitas pericardiaca { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_cavity , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + pericardial cavity homology notes In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (…) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (…) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (…) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000556 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 }
    • + pericardial cavity present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7718 { source=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20959416 }

Changes for: ileocecal junction

Changes for: inferior vena cava

Changes for: superficial cervical artery

Changes for: external carotid artery

Changes for: anterolateral ligament of knee

Changes for: superior articular process of vertebra

Changes for: pedicle of vertebra

Changes for: transverse process of vertebra

Changes for: neural spine

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + neural spine database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinous_process
    • + neural spine database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/264259004
    • + neural spine definition The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus, where they form a sail- or finback. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinous_process }
    • + neural spine depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Processusspinosusvertebrae.png
    • + neural spine depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Processusspinosusvertebrae.png/200px-Processusspinosusvertebrae.png

Changes for: vertebral centrum

Changes for: pennate muscle

  • Deleted
    • - pennate muscle database cross reference Wikipedia:Pennate_muscle
    • - pennate muscle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Rectus_femoris.png
    • - pennate muscle definition A pennate muscle (also called a penniform muscle) is a muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (in a slanting position) to its tendon. These types of muscles generally allow better stabilization and force production but less flexibility. Individual muscle fibers are formed into bundles of fasciculi and these bundles of fasciculi are formed into bundles of fascicles which compose the entire muscle itself. In a pennate muscle, the fascicles will form an angle with its central tendon. If all the fascicles are on the same side of the tendon, the pennate muscle is called unipennate. Examples of this include certain muscles in the manus. If there are fascicles on both sides of the central tendon, the pennate muscle is called bipennate. The rectus femoris, a large muscle in the quadriceps, is typical. If the central tendon branches within a pennate muscle, the muscle is called multipennate, as seen in the deltoid muscle in the shoulder. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pennate_muscle }
    • - pennate muscle has related synonym penniform muscle { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pennate_muscle }
  • Added
    • + pennate muscle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennate_muscle
    • + pennate muscle definition A pennate muscle (also called a penniform muscle) is a muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (in a slanting position) to its tendon. These types of muscles generally allow better stabilization and force production but less flexibility. Individual muscle fibers are formed into bundles of fasciculi and these bundles of fasciculi are formed into bundles of fascicles which compose the entire muscle itself. In a pennate muscle, the fascicles will form an angle with its central tendon. If all the fascicles are on the same side of the tendon, the pennate muscle is called unipennate. Examples of this include certain muscles in the manus. If there are fascicles on both sides of the central tendon, the pennate muscle is called bipennate. The rectus femoris, a large muscle in the quadriceps, is typical. If the central tendon branches within a pennate muscle, the muscle is called multipennate, as seen in the deltoid muscle in the shoulder. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennate_muscle }
    • + pennate muscle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Rectus_femoris.png
    • + pennate muscle has related synonym penniform muscle { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennate_muscle }

Changes for: pyloric stomach

  • Deleted
    • - pyloric stomach database cross reference SCTID:280119005
    • - pyloric stomach database cross reference Wikipedia:Starfish
    • - pyloric stomach definition The mouth of a starfish is located on the underside of the body, and opens through a short esophagus into firstly a cardiac stomach, and then, a second, pyloric stomach. Each arm also contains two pyloric caeca, long hollow tubes branching outwards from the pyloric stomach. Each pyloric caecum is lined by a series of digestive glands, which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. A short intestine runs from the upper surface of the pyloric stomach to open at an anus in the center of the upper body { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Starfish }
  • Added
    • + pyloric stomach database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish
    • + pyloric stomach database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280119005
    • + pyloric stomach definition The mouth of a starfish is located on the underside of the body, and opens through a short esophagus into firstly a cardiac stomach, and then, a second, pyloric stomach. Each arm also contains two pyloric caeca, long hollow tubes branching outwards from the pyloric stomach. Each pyloric caecum is lined by a series of digestive glands, which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. A short intestine runs from the upper surface of the pyloric stomach to open at an anus in the center of the upper body { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish }

Changes for: upper back muscle

Changes for: lower back muscle

Changes for: velar vocal fold

  • Deleted
    • - velar vocal fold definition On of a pair of medial protrusions of the intra-pharyngeal ostium (an oval opening within the soft palate that connects the oral and nasal portions of the pharynx), used in vocalization in Koalas. { database cross reference=doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.069 }
  • Added
    • + velar vocal fold definition On of a pair of medial protrusions of the intra-pharyngeal ostium (an oval opening within the soft palate that connects the oral and nasal portions of the pharynx), used in vocalization in Koalas. { database cross reference=http://dx.doi.org//10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.069 }

Changes for: pouch sphincter

Changes for: blood-testis barrier

Changes for: genu of facial nerve

Changes for: thalamic eminence

Changes for: ventral pallium

Changes for: tube foot

Changes for: tibialis

Changes for: dorsal thoracic segment of trunk

Changes for: cerebellopontine angle

Changes for: intersegmental pulmonary vein

Changes for: rumen epithelium

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + rumen epithelium definition The rumen epithelium is the tissue which lines the largest of the four fore stomachs in the ruminant animal -cows and sheep. Rumen epithelial cells are important because they are responsible for the absorption of nutrients from the rumen into the blood. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10764086 , database cross reference=BTO:0001195 }

Changes for: columnella muscle

Changes for: columnella

Changes for: filoplume feather

Changes for: down feather

Changes for: cnida

Changes for: plastron

Changes for: spirocyst

Changes for: nematocyst

Changes for: carapace

Changes for: tooth bud

Changes for: periventricular gray matter

Changes for: nacre

  • Deleted
    • - nacre database cross reference Wikipedia:Nacre
    • - nacre definition an organic-inorganic composite material produced by some mollusks as an inner shell layer; it is also what makes up pearls. It is very strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is found in some ancient lineages of bivalve gastropod and cephalopod. The inner layer in the great majority of mollusk shells is porcellaneous, not nacreous, frequently resulting in a non-iridescent shine or less commonly in non-nacreous iridescence such as flame structure (e.g. conch pearl). Pearls and the inside layer of pearl oyster and freshwater pearl mussel shells are made of nacre. Many other families of mollusk also have a nacreous inner shell layer, including marine gastropods such as the Haliotidae, the Trochidae and the Turbinidae. Nacre is composed of hexagonal platelets of aragonite (a form of calcium carbonate) 10-20 µm wide and 0.5 µm thick arranged in a continuous parallel lamina. These layers are separated by sheets of organic matrix composed of elastic biopolymers (such as chitin, lustrin and silk-like proteins)[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nacre }
    • - nacre has exact synonym mother of pearl { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nacre }
  • Added
    • + nacre database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacre
    • + nacre definition an organic-inorganic composite material produced by some mollusks as an inner shell layer; it is also what makes up pearls. It is very strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is found in some ancient lineages of bivalve gastropod and cephalopod. The inner layer in the great majority of mollusk shells is porcellaneous, not nacreous, frequently resulting in a non-iridescent shine or less commonly in non-nacreous iridescence such as flame structure (e.g. conch pearl). Pearls and the inside layer of pearl oyster and freshwater pearl mussel shells are made of nacre. Many other families of mollusk also have a nacreous inner shell layer, including marine gastropods such as the Haliotidae, the Trochidae and the Turbinidae. Nacre is composed of hexagonal platelets of aragonite (a form of calcium carbonate) 10-20 µm wide and 0.5 µm thick arranged in a continuous parallel lamina. These layers are separated by sheets of organic matrix composed of elastic biopolymers (such as chitin, lustrin and silk-like proteins)[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacre }
    • + nacre has exact synonym mother of pearl { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacre }

Changes for: periventricular white matter

Changes for: echinopluteus larval stage

Changes for: pedicellaria

  • Deleted
    • - pedicellaria database cross reference Wikipedia:Pedicellaria
    • - pedicellaria definition a small wrench or claw-shaped structure commonly found on Echinoderms, particularly in sea stars (class Asteroidea) and sea urchins (class Echinoidea). Pedicellariae are poorly understood but in some taxa, they are thought to keep the body surface clear of algae, encrusting organisms, and other debris in conjunction with the ciliated epidermis present in all echinoderms. Pedicellariae in some taxa, such as the deep-sea Brisingida, and the Antarctic Labidiaster are known to function in food capture. In forcipulate sea stars, each pedicellaria is typically composed three forceps-like valves. Other asteroids can have pedicellariae composed of only two components. In some asteroid sea stars pedicellariae are present around the base of a spine or on the surface of the animal’s body. In other sea stars, they are present in pits on the abactinal, marginal, or actinal surface; oftentimes on the adambulacral plate adjacent to the tube foot furrow. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pedicellaria }
    • - pedicellaria has exact synonym pedicellariae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pedicellaria , has synonym type=plural term }
  • Added
    • + pedicellaria database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicellaria
    • + pedicellaria definition a small wrench or claw-shaped structure commonly found on Echinoderms, particularly in sea stars (class Asteroidea) and sea urchins (class Echinoidea). Pedicellariae are poorly understood but in some taxa, they are thought to keep the body surface clear of algae, encrusting organisms, and other debris in conjunction with the ciliated epidermis present in all echinoderms. Pedicellariae in some taxa, such as the deep-sea Brisingida, and the Antarctic Labidiaster are known to function in food capture. In forcipulate sea stars, each pedicellaria is typically composed three forceps-like valves. Other asteroids can have pedicellariae composed of only two components. In some asteroid sea stars pedicellariae are present around the base of a spine or on the surface of the animal’s body. In other sea stars, they are present in pits on the abactinal, marginal, or actinal surface; oftentimes on the adambulacral plate adjacent to the tube foot furrow. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicellaria }
    • + pedicellaria has exact synonym pedicellariae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicellaria , has synonym type=plural term }

Changes for: right supracardinal vein

Changes for: left supracardinal vein

Changes for: periodontal ligament

Changes for: echinopluteus larva

Changes for: mollusc shell

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + mollusc shell database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc_shell
    • + mollusc shell definition a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses, supports and protects the soft parts of an animal in the phylum Mollusca, which includes snails, clams, tusk shells, and several other classes. Not all shelled molluscs live in the sea, many live on the land and in freshwater. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc_shell }

Changes for: turtle shell

  • Deleted
    • - turtle shell database cross reference Shell
    • - turtle shell definition a highly complicated shield for the ventral and dorsal parts of the turtle, completely enclosing all the vital organs of the turtle and in some cases even the head. It is constructed of modified bony elements such as the ribs, parts of the pelvis and other bones found in most reptiles. The bone of the shell consists of both skeletal and dermal bone, showing that the complete enclosure of the shell probably evolved by including dermal armor into the rib cage.[WP]. { database cross reference=Shell }
  • Added
    • + turtle shell database cross reference Shell
    • + turtle shell definition a highly complicated shield for the ventral and dorsal parts of the turtle, completely enclosing all the vital organs of the turtle and in some cases even the head. It is constructed of modified bony elements such as the ribs, parts of the pelvis and other bones found in most reptiles. The bone of the shell consists of both skeletal and dermal bone, showing that the complete enclosure of the shell probably evolved by including dermal armor into the rib cage.[WP]. { database cross reference=Shell }

Changes for: perivascular space

Changes for: periungual skin

Changes for: water vascular system

  • Deleted
    • - water vascular system database cross reference Wikipedia:Water_vascular_system
    • - water vascular system definition The water vascular system is a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration.[1] The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet. Echinoderms move by alternately contracting muscles that force water into the tube feet, causing them to extend and push against the ground, then relaxing to allow the feet to retract.[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Water_vascular_system }
  • Added
    • + water vascular system database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vascular_system
    • + water vascular system definition The water vascular system is a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration.[1] The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet. Echinoderms move by alternately contracting muscles that force water into the tube feet, causing them to extend and push against the ground, then relaxing to allow the feet to retract.[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vascular_system }

Changes for: Aristotle’s lantern

Changes for: spine appendage

  • Deleted
    • - spine appendage database cross reference Wikipedia:Spine_(zoology)
    • - spine appendage definition a hard, thorny or needle-like structure which occurs on various animals. Animals such as porcupines and sea urchins grow spines as a self-defense mechanism. Spines are often formed of keratin. Other animals with spines are hedgehogs, spiny mice and at least two ornithischian dinosaurs. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Spine_(zoology) }
  • Added
    • + spine appendage database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(zoology)
    • + spine appendage definition a hard, thorny or needle-like structure which occurs on various animals. Animals such as porcupines and sea urchins grow spines as a self-defense mechanism. Spines are often formed of keratin. Other animals with spines are hedgehogs, spiny mice and at least two ornithischian dinosaurs. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(zoology) }

Changes for: parametrium

Changes for: lumen of urethra

Changes for: lymph node primary follicle

Changes for: efferent lymphatic vessel

Changes for: afferent lymphatic vessel

Changes for: spleen trabecular artery

Changes for: spleen marginal sinus

Changes for: tibial vein

Changes for: uncinate process of pancreas

Changes for: uncinate process of ethmoid

Changes for: superior tarsal muscle

Changes for: proximal segment of rib

Changes for: pterygoid bone

  • Deleted
    • - pterygoid bone database cross reference SCTID:415639001
    • - pterygoid bone definition a bone which corresponds to the inner plate of the pterygoid process of the human skull, but which, in all vertebrates below mammals, is not connected with the posterior nares, but serves to connect the palatine bones with the point of suspension of the lower jaw { database cross reference=http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/Pterygoid+bone }
    • - pterygoid bone external definition In tetrapods, the pterygoid is a complex, but relatively stable, paired palatal bone with a number of parts. For the following discussion, it may be best to refer to the images of tetrapod palates at, for example Ornithosuchus, Therapsida, or Palatines. In many tetrapods, it is the largest palatal bone and serves as the main structural support. Most typically, the pterygoids meet extensively on the mid-line of the palate and jointly send a process, the palatal ramus, anteriorly, which may cover the parasphenoid more or less completely. Sometimes this term is used to include the main body of the pterygoid as well. More variably, there are one or two anterolateral processes which go by various names, such as ectopterygoid ramus. In many amniotes, the pterygoid develops a strong transverse process or transverse flange which forms a bar running laterally across the palate. The pterygoid also articulates with (where present) the dorsoventral supports for the palate: the epipterygoid (dorsal) and the basipterygoid process of the braincase. Finally, the pterygoid sends a long, robust quadrate ramus with complex curvature down (posteroventrally) to grasp the quadrate and support the jaw articulation. Basally, in fishes, the terminology tends to be a little different. Refer to the image of the Frasnian actinistian Diplocercides. The pterygoid bone of tetrapods is, roughly speaking, derived from the middle, entopterygoid (see also entry at entopterygoid for alternative definitions) portion of the palatoquadrate complex. The entopterygoid is not actually a part of the palatoquadrate. It is a dermal bone which has replaced the middle section of the primitively continuous endochondral bone of the palatoquadrate, the original upper jaw. In tetrapods, the pterygoid advances further, and also replaces the central part of the posterior, pterygoquadrate unit. This becomes the quadrate ramus. The upper part of this unit, the portion involved in the dorsal and basipterygoid articulations between jaw and braincase, is referred to as the metapterygoid. In tetrapods, most of this region is incorporated into the pterygoid as well, with the exception of the ascending process of the palatoquadrate, which becomes the epipterygoid. Since the anterior braincase articulation is lost in tetrapods, the only remaining sections of the palatoquadrate are the epipterygoid and the quadrate (or, in mammals, the incus). Everything else is either lost or is replaced by the pterygoid[Palaeos] { source=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPte.html }
    • - pterygoid bone external definition In tetrapods, the pterygoid is a complex, but relatively stable, paired palatal bone with a number of parts. In many tetrapods, it is the largest palatal bone and serves as the main structural support. Most typically, the pterygoids meet extensively on the mid-line of the palate and jointly send a process, the palatal ramus, anteriorly, which may cover the parasphenoid more or less completely. Sometimes this term is used to include the main body of the pterygoid as well. More variably, there are one or two anterolateral processes which go by various names, such as ectopterygoid ramus. In many amniotes, the pterygoid develops a strong transverse process or transverse flange which forms a bar running laterally across the palate. The pterygoid also articulates with (where present) the dorsoventral supports for the palate: the epipterygoid (dorsal) and the basipterygoid process of the braincase. Finally, the pterygoid sends a long, robust quadrate ramus with complex curvature down (posteroventrally) to grasp the quadrate and support the jaw articulation. The pterygoid bone of tetrapods is, roughly speaking, derived from the middle entopterygoid portion of the palatoquadrate complex of fishes. The entopterygoid is not actually a part of the palatoquadrate. It is a dermal bone which has replaced the middle section of the primitively continuous endochondral bone of the palatoquadrate, the original upper jaw. In tetrapods, the pterygoid advances further, and also replaces the central part of the posterior, pterygoquadrate unit. This becomes the quadrate ramus. The upper part of this unit, the portion involved in the dorsal and basipterygoid articulations between jaw and braincase, is referred to as the metapterygoid. In tetrapods, most of this region is incorporated into the pterygoid as well, with the exception of the ascending process of the palatoquadrate, which becomes the epipterygoid. { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , source=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPte.html }
  • Added
    • + pterygoid bone database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/415639001
    • + pterygoid bone definition a bone which corresponds to the inner plate of the pterygoid process of the human skull, but which, in all vertebrates below mammals, is not connected with the posterior nares, but serves to connect the palatine bones with the point of suspension of the lower jaw { database cross reference=http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/Pterygoid+bone }
    • + pterygoid bone external definition In tetrapods, the pterygoid is a complex, but relatively stable, paired palatal bone with a number of parts. For the following discussion, it may be best to refer to the images of tetrapod palates at, for example Ornithosuchus, Therapsida, or Palatines. In many tetrapods, it is the largest palatal bone and serves as the main structural support. Most typically, the pterygoids meet extensively on the mid-line of the palate and jointly send a process, the palatal ramus, anteriorly, which may cover the parasphenoid more or less completely. Sometimes this term is used to include the main body of the pterygoid as well. More variably, there are one or two anterolateral processes which go by various names, such as ectopterygoid ramus. In many amniotes, the pterygoid develops a strong transverse process or transverse flange which forms a bar running laterally across the palate. The pterygoid also articulates with (where present) the dorsoventral supports for the palate: the epipterygoid (dorsal) and the basipterygoid process of the braincase. Finally, the pterygoid sends a long, robust quadrate ramus with complex curvature down (posteroventrally) to grasp the quadrate and support the jaw articulation. Basally, in fishes, the terminology tends to be a little different. Refer to the image of the Frasnian actinistian Diplocercides. The pterygoid bone of tetrapods is, roughly speaking, derived from the middle, entopterygoid (see also entry at entopterygoid for alternative definitions) portion of the palatoquadrate complex. The entopterygoid is not actually a part of the palatoquadrate. It is a dermal bone which has replaced the middle section of the primitively continuous endochondral bone of the palatoquadrate, the original upper jaw. In tetrapods, the pterygoid advances further, and also replaces the central part of the posterior, pterygoquadrate unit. This becomes the quadrate ramus. The upper part of this unit, the portion involved in the dorsal and basipterygoid articulations between jaw and braincase, is referred to as the metapterygoid. In tetrapods, most of this region is incorporated into the pterygoid as well, with the exception of the ascending process of the palatoquadrate, which becomes the epipterygoid. Since the anterior braincase articulation is lost in tetrapods, the only remaining sections of the palatoquadrate are the epipterygoid and the quadrate (or, in mammals, the incus). Everything else is either lost or is replaced by the pterygoid[Palaeos] { source=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPte.html }
    • + pterygoid bone external definition In tetrapods, the pterygoid is a complex, but relatively stable, paired palatal bone with a number of parts. In many tetrapods, it is the largest palatal bone and serves as the main structural support. Most typically, the pterygoids meet extensively on the mid-line of the palate and jointly send a process, the palatal ramus, anteriorly, which may cover the parasphenoid more or less completely. Sometimes this term is used to include the main body of the pterygoid as well. More variably, there are one or two anterolateral processes which go by various names, such as ectopterygoid ramus. In many amniotes, the pterygoid develops a strong transverse process or transverse flange which forms a bar running laterally across the palate. The pterygoid also articulates with (where present) the dorsoventral supports for the palate: the epipterygoid (dorsal) and the basipterygoid process of the braincase. Finally, the pterygoid sends a long, robust quadrate ramus with complex curvature down (posteroventrally) to grasp the quadrate and support the jaw articulation. The pterygoid bone of tetrapods is, roughly speaking, derived from the middle entopterygoid portion of the palatoquadrate complex of fishes. The entopterygoid is not actually a part of the palatoquadrate. It is a dermal bone which has replaced the middle section of the primitively continuous endochondral bone of the palatoquadrate, the original upper jaw. In tetrapods, the pterygoid advances further, and also replaces the central part of the posterior, pterygoquadrate unit. This becomes the quadrate ramus. The upper part of this unit, the portion involved in the dorsal and basipterygoid articulations between jaw and braincase, is referred to as the metapterygoid. In tetrapods, most of this region is incorporated into the pterygoid as well, with the exception of the ascending process of the palatoquadrate, which becomes the epipterygoid. { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , source=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPte.html }

Changes for: pelvic cavity

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + pelvic cavity database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_cavity
    • + pelvic cavity database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/281903009
    • + pelvic cavity definition The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis and which primarily contains reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the rectum. The pelvis is a marvel of physiology and is deceptively complex. It contains the lower urinary tract, reproductive system, lower digestive tract, major arteries and veins, muscle systems, nerve systems and bone systems. They all have to work together in a little crowded “house”. It can be affected by many different diseases and by many drugs in many different ways. One part may impact upon another, for example constipation may overload the rectum and compress the urinary bladder, or childbirth might damage the pudendal nerves and later lead to anal weakness. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_cavity }
    • + pelvic cavity depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg
    • + pelvic cavity has related synonym cavitas pelvis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_cavity , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: forehead

Changes for: bone of hip region

Changes for: scute

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + scute database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scute
    • + scute database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/17148007
    • + scute definition A bony external plate or scale, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodilians, the feet of some birds. Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of fish and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface. Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer, that is superficially similar to that of scales. Scutes will usually not overlap as snake scales (but see the pangolin). The outer keratin layer is shed piecemeal, and not in one continuous layer of skin as seen in snakes or lizards. The dermal base may contain bone and produce dermal armour. Scutes with a bony base are properly called osteoderms. Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles. The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct glyptodon, and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fishes, such as sturgeons[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scute }
    • + scute has exact synonym scuta { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scute , has synonym type=plural term }
    • + scute has exact synonym scutae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scute , has synonym type=plural term }
    • + scute has exact synonym scutum { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scute }
    • + scute has narrow synonym osteoderm { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scute }

Changes for: subiculum

  • Deleted
    • - subiculum database cross reference SCTID:369097009
    • - subiculum database cross reference Wikipedia:Subiculum
    • - subiculum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg
    • - subiculum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg/200px-Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg
    • - subiculum definition The subiculum is the most inferior component of the hippocampal formation. It lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper. It receives input from CA1 and entorhinal cortical layer III pyramidal neurons and is the main output of the hippocampus. The pyramidal neurons send projections to the nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, prefrontal cortex, lateral hypothalamus, nucleus reuniens, mammillary nuclei, entorhinal cortex and amygdala. The pyramidal neurons in the subiculum exhibit transitions between two modes of action potential output: bursting and single spiking. The transitions between these two modes is thought to be important for routing information out of the hippocampus. It is the site responsible for ictal activity in some cases of human epilepsy. It has also been implicated in working memory and drug addiction. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Subiculum }
  • Added
    • + subiculum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subiculum
    • + subiculum database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0152316
    • + subiculum database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/369097009
    • + subiculum definition The subiculum is the most inferior component of the hippocampal formation. It lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper. It receives input from CA1 and entorhinal cortical layer III pyramidal neurons and is the main output of the hippocampus. The pyramidal neurons send projections to the nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, prefrontal cortex, lateral hypothalamus, nucleus reuniens, mammillary nuclei, entorhinal cortex and amygdala. The pyramidal neurons in the subiculum exhibit transitions between two modes of action potential output: bursting and single spiking. The transitions between these two modes is thought to be important for routing information out of the hippocampus. It is the site responsible for ictal activity in some cases of human epilepsy. It has also been implicated in working memory and drug addiction. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subiculum }
    • + subiculum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg
    • + subiculum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg/200px-Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg

Changes for: ventricular system choroidal fissure

Changes for: subcutaneous adipose tissue

Changes for: trabecula of lymph node

Changes for: adenohypophysis

  • Deleted
    • - adenohypophysis database cross reference SCTID:245532007
    • - adenohypophysis database cross reference Wikipedia:Adenohypophysis
    • - adenohypophysis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray1181.png/200px-Gray1181.png
    • - adenohypophysis definition The glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction[WP]. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). This lobe contains cells that produce prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and proopiomelanocortin[ZFA]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Adenohypophysis , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • - adenohypophysis homology notes It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke’s pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (…) Rathke’s pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (…) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000141 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + adenohypophysis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenohypophysis
    • + adenohypophysis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0032008
    • + adenohypophysis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1280369
    • + adenohypophysis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/245532007
    • + adenohypophysis definition The glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction[WP]. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). This lobe contains cells that produce prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and proopiomelanocortin[ZFA]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenohypophysis , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • + adenohypophysis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray1181.png/200px-Gray1181.png
    • + adenohypophysis homology notes It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke’s pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (…) Rathke’s pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (…) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000141 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 }

Changes for: capsule of lymph node

Changes for: integument

Changes for: median eminence of neurohypophysis

Changes for: neurohypophysis

  • Deleted
    • - neurohypophysis database cross reference SCTID:245527006
    • - neurohypophysis database cross reference Wikipedia:Neurohypophysis
    • - neurohypophysis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG/200px-Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG
    • - neurohypophysis definition comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Neurohypophysis }
    • - neurohypophysis homology notes It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke’s pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (…) Rathke’s pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (…) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000142 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + neurohypophysis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurohypophysis
    • + neurohypophysis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0032009
    • + neurohypophysis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1280368
    • + neurohypophysis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/245527006
    • + neurohypophysis definition comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurohypophysis }
    • + neurohypophysis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG/200px-Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG
    • + neurohypophysis homology notes It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke’s pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (…) Rathke’s pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (…) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000142 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 }

Changes for: crotaphion

Changes for: cranial cavity

Changes for: lateral globus pallidus

  • Deleted
    • - lateral globus pallidus database cross reference SCTID:361560008
    • - lateral globus pallidus database cross reference Wikipedia:Lateral_globus_pallidus
    • - lateral globus pallidus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif
    • - lateral globus pallidus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif/200px-Brain_structure.gif
    • - lateral globus pallidus external definition The lateral globus pallidus (or external, GPe) receives a strong glutamatergic projection from the subthalamic nucleus. The two form a particular system: a coupled pacemaker. The axons of the external globus pallidum go essentially to the subthalamic nucleus. They go also to other elements of the basal ganglia system, the striatum, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the internal globus pallidus, where they release the neurotransmitter GABA. GPe is particular in comparison to the other elements of the set by the fact that it does not work as an output base of the basal ganglia (not sending axons to the thalamus) but as the main regulator of the basal ganglia system. It is sometimes used as a target for deep brain stimulation as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Lateral_globus_pallidus]. { source=Wikipedia:Lateral_globus_pallidus }
  • Added
    • + lateral globus pallidus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_globus_pallidus
    • + lateral globus pallidus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0262267
    • + lateral globus pallidus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361560008
    • + lateral globus pallidus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif
    • + lateral globus pallidus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif/200px-Brain_structure.gif
    • + lateral globus pallidus external definition The lateral globus pallidus (or external, GPe) receives a strong glutamatergic projection from the subthalamic nucleus. The two form a particular system: a coupled pacemaker. The axons of the external globus pallidum go essentially to the subthalamic nucleus. They go also to other elements of the basal ganglia system, the striatum, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the internal globus pallidus, where they release the neurotransmitter GABA. GPe is particular in comparison to the other elements of the set by the fact that it does not work as an output base of the basal ganglia (not sending axons to the thalamus) but as the main regulator of the basal ganglia system. It is sometimes used as a target for deep brain stimulation as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Lateral_globus_pallidus]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_globus_pallidus }

Changes for: medial globus pallidus

  • Deleted
    • - medial globus pallidus database cross reference SCTID:361562000
    • - medial globus pallidus database cross reference Wikipedia:Medial_globus_pallidus
    • - medial globus pallidus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif
    • - medial globus pallidus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif/200px-Brain_structure.gif
    • - medial globus pallidus external definition The medial globus pallidus (or internal, GPi) is one of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. The GABA-containing neurons send their axons to specific nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (VA and VL), to the centromedian complex and to the pedunculopontine complex. The efferent bundle is constituted first of the ansa and fasciculus lenticularis, then crosses the internal capsule as the Edinger’s comb system then arrives at the laterosuperior corner of the subthalamic nucleus and constitutes the Forel’s field H2, then H, and suddenly changes its direction to form H1 that goes to the inferior part of the thalamus. The distribution of axonal islands is widespread in the lateral region of the thalamus. The innervation of the central region is done by collaterals. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Medial_globus_pallidus]. { source=Wikipedia:Medial_globus_pallidus }
  • Added
    • + medial globus pallidus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_globus_pallidus
    • + medial globus pallidus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0262283
    • + medial globus pallidus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361562000
    • + medial globus pallidus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif
    • + medial globus pallidus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif/200px-Brain_structure.gif
    • + medial globus pallidus external definition The medial globus pallidus (or internal, GPi) is one of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. The GABA-containing neurons send their axons to specific nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (VA and VL), to the centromedian complex and to the pedunculopontine complex. The efferent bundle is constituted first of the ansa and fasciculus lenticularis, then crosses the internal capsule as the Edinger’s comb system then arrives at the laterosuperior corner of the subthalamic nucleus and constitutes the Forel’s field H2, then H, and suddenly changes its direction to form H1 that goes to the inferior part of the thalamus. The distribution of axonal islands is widespread in the lateral region of the thalamus. The innervation of the central region is done by collaterals. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Medial_globus_pallidus]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_globus_pallidus }

Changes for: orbitosphenoid

Changes for: dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

  • Deleted
    • - dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus definition The main division of the lateral geniculate body; consists of two magnocellular layers [TA] (strata magnocellularia [TA]) and four parvocellular layers [TA] (strata parvocellularia [TA]) and serves as a processing station in the major pathway from the retina to the cerebral cortex, receiving fibers from the optic tract and giving rise to the geniculocalcarine radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe. { database cross reference=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=61422 }
  • Added
    • + dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0175292
    • + dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus definition The main division of the lateral geniculate body; consists of two magnocellular layers [TA] (strata magnocellularia [TA]) and four parvocellular layers [TA] (strata parvocellularia [TA]) and serves as a processing station in the major pathway from the retina to the cerebral cortex, receiving fibers from the optic tract and giving rise to the geniculocalcarine radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe. { database cross reference=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=61422 }

Changes for: intercerebral commissure

Changes for: cerebellar peduncular complex

Changes for: saphenous nerve

Changes for: autopod region

  • Deleted
    • - autopod region database cross reference SCTID:95936004
    • - autopod region definition Terminal segment of free limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + autopod region database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0687080
    • + autopod region database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/95936004
    • + autopod region definition Terminal segment of free limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: epicranium

Changes for: coronal suture

Changes for: tooth cavity

Changes for: helix

Changes for: prostate duct

Changes for: glottis

Changes for: trabecular bone tissue

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + trabecular bone tissue database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabecular_bone
    • + trabecular bone tissue definition Cancellous bone, synonymous with trabecular bone or spongy bone, is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compared to compact bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue, it has a higher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff. It typically occupies the interior region of bones. Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, which is the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula. Its Latin name is substantia spongiosa or substantia spongiosa ossium. The words cancellous and trabecular refer to the tiny, lattice-shaped that form the tissue. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabecular_bone }
    • + trabecular bone tissue depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Illu_compact_spongy_bone.jpg/200px-Illu_compact_spongy_bone.jpg
    • + trabecular bone tissue has exact synonym substantia spongiosa ossium { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabecular_bone }
    • + trabecular bone tissue has exact synonym substantia spongiosa { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabecular_bone }

Changes for: bone marrow cavity

  • Deleted
    • - bone marrow cavity database cross reference Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovaryry_cavity
    • - bone marrow cavity definition the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity. Located in the main shaft (cortical bone) of a long bone (diaphysis) (consisting mostly of compact bone), the medullary cavity has walls composed of spongy bone (cancellous bone) and is lined with a thin, vascular membrane (endosteum) { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovaryry_cavity }
    • - bone marrow cavity dubious for taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7955 { source=doi:10.1177/0192623311409597 }
  • Added
    • + bone marrow cavity database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_of_ovaryry_cavity
    • + bone marrow cavity definition the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity. Located in the main shaft (cortical bone) of a long bone (diaphysis) (consisting mostly of compact bone), the medullary cavity has walls composed of spongy bone (cancellous bone) and is lined with a thin, vascular membrane (endosteum) { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_of_ovaryry_cavity }
    • + bone marrow cavity dubious for taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7955 { source=http://dx.doi.org//10.1177/0192623311409597 }

Changes for: bone tissue

Changes for: lamellar bone

Changes for: ventral lateral geniculate nucleus

Changes for: asterion of skull

Changes for: bregma

Changes for: endochondral element

Changes for: dermal skeleton

Changes for: odontoid tissue

Changes for: synostosis

Changes for: endoskeleton

  • Deleted
    • - endoskeleton database cross reference Wikipedia:Endoskeleton
    • - endoskeleton definition Skeletal subdivision that undergoes indirect development and includes elements that develop as a replacement or substitution of other elements or tissues. { database cross reference=GO_REF:0000034 , database cross reference=PSPUB:0000170 , database cross reference=VSAO:0000037 , database cross reference=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 }
    • - endoskeleton external definition An endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue. Endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper body tissues. The vertebrate is basically an endoskeleton made up of two types of tissues (bone and cartilage). During early embryonic development the endoskeleton is composed of notochord and cartilage. The notochord in most vertebrates is replaced by vertebral column and cartilage is replaced by bone in most adults. In three phyla and one subclass of animals, endoskeletons of various complexity are found: Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera, and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton may function purely for support (as in the case of sponges), but often serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The poriferan ‘skeleton’ consists of microscopic calcareous or siliceous spicules or a spongin network. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusk exoskeleton evolved into several sorts of internal structure, the ‘cuttlebone’ of cuttlefish being the best-known version. Yet they do have cartilaginous tissue in their body, even if it is not mineralized, especially in the head, where it forms a primitive cranium. The endoskeleton gives shape,support and protection to the body and provides a mean of locomotion.[Wikipedia:Endoskeleton]t { source=Wikipedia:Endoskeleton }
  • Added
    • + endoskeleton database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoskeleton
    • + endoskeleton definition Skeletal subdivision that undergoes indirect development and includes elements that develop as a replacement or substitution of other elements or tissues. { database cross reference=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 , database cross reference=GO_REF:0000034 , database cross reference=PSPUB:0000170 , database cross reference=VSAO:0000037 }
    • + endoskeleton external definition An endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue. Endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper body tissues. The vertebrate is basically an endoskeleton made up of two types of tissues (bone and cartilage). During early embryonic development the endoskeleton is composed of notochord and cartilage. The notochord in most vertebrates is replaced by vertebral column and cartilage is replaced by bone in most adults. In three phyla and one subclass of animals, endoskeletons of various complexity are found: Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera, and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton may function purely for support (as in the case of sponges), but often serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The poriferan ‘skeleton’ consists of microscopic calcareous or siliceous spicules or a spongin network. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusk exoskeleton evolved into several sorts of internal structure, the ‘cuttlebone’ of cuttlefish being the best-known version. Yet they do have cartilaginous tissue in their body, even if it is not mineralized, especially in the head, where it forms a primitive cranium. The endoskeleton gives shape,support and protection to the body and provides a mean of locomotion.[Wikipedia:Endoskeleton]t { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoskeleton }

Changes for: papillary muscle of heart

Changes for: long bone

Changes for: stapes base

Changes for: acromion

Changes for: deltopectoral crest

Changes for: cochlear labyrinth

  • Deleted
    • - cochlear labyrinth database cross reference Wikipedia:Cochlear_labyrinth
    • - cochlear labyrinth database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray923.png/200px-Gray923.png
    • - cochlear labyrinth definition The labyrinth is a system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. It is named by analogy with the mythical maze that imprisoned the Minotaur, because of its appearance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cochlear_labyrinth }
  • Added
    • + cochlear labyrinth database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_labyrinth
    • + cochlear labyrinth database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0931689
    • + cochlear labyrinth definition The labyrinth is a system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. It is named by analogy with the mythical maze that imprisoned the Minotaur, because of its appearance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_labyrinth }
    • + cochlear labyrinth depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray923.png/200px-Gray923.png

Changes for: conjunctival vein

Changes for: secondary pulmonary lobule

  • Deleted
    • - secondary pulmonary lobule definition a unit of lung supplied by three to five terminal bronchioles and contained by fibrous septa. { database cross reference=PMID:3259815 }
    • - secondary pulmonary lobule external definition a pyramidal mass of lung tissue with sides that are bounded by the incomplete interlobular connective tissue septa and with a base, which is 1-2 cm in diameter, which usually faces the pleural surface of the lung; lobules that occupy a more central position in the lung are not well defined and are considered to consist of three to five pulmonary acini with proximate terminal bronchioles. { source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/secondary+pulmonary+lobule }
  • Added
    • + secondary pulmonary lobule definition a unit of lung supplied by three to five terminal bronchioles and contained by fibrous septa. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3259815 }
    • + secondary pulmonary lobule external definition a pyramidal mass of lung tissue with sides that are bounded by the incomplete interlobular connective tissue septa and with a base, which is 1-2 cm in diameter, which usually faces the pleural surface of the lung; lobules that occupy a more central position in the lung are not well defined and are considered to consist of three to five pulmonary acini with proximate terminal bronchioles. { source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/secondary+pulmonary+lobule }

Changes for: porion

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + porion database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porion
    • + porion definition The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It underlies the tragus. The anatomical landmark has significance in biological anthropology and craniometry. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porion }
    • + porion depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray189.png

Changes for: frontal suture

Changes for: lambdoid suture

Changes for: sagittal suture

  • Deleted
    • - sagittal suture database cross reference SCTID:244511007
    • - sagittal suture database cross reference Wikipedia:Sagittal_suture
    • - sagittal suture database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Kort-lang-skalle.gif
    • - sagittal suture database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kort-lang-skalle.gif/200px-Kort-lang-skalle.gif
    • - sagittal suture definition The sagittal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet. If certain bones of the skull grow too fast then ‘premature closure’ of the sutures may occur. This can result in skull deformities. If the sagittal suture closes early the skull becomes long, narrow, and wedge-shaped, a condition called ‘scaphocephaly. ‘ Two anatomical landmarks are found on the sagittal suture: the bregma and the vertex of the skull. The bregma is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures, and the vertex is the highest point on the skull and is many times near the midpoint of the sagittal suture. The sagittal suture is also known as the ‘interparietal suture’ and the ‘sutura interparietalis. ‘ The term is derived from the Latin word Sagitta, meaning ‘arrow’. The derivation of this term may be demonstrated by observing how the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, like an arrow, by the lambdoid suture. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Sagittal_suture }
    • - sagittal suture has related synonym sutura sagittalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Sagittal_suture , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + sagittal suture database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_suture
    • + sagittal suture database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244511007
    • + sagittal suture definition The sagittal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet. If certain bones of the skull grow too fast then ‘premature closure’ of the sutures may occur. This can result in skull deformities. If the sagittal suture closes early the skull becomes long, narrow, and wedge-shaped, a condition called ‘scaphocephaly. ‘ Two anatomical landmarks are found on the sagittal suture: the bregma and the vertex of the skull. The bregma is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures, and the vertex is the highest point on the skull and is many times near the midpoint of the sagittal suture. The sagittal suture is also known as the ‘interparietal suture’ and the ‘sutura interparietalis. ‘ The term is derived from the Latin word Sagitta, meaning ‘arrow’. The derivation of this term may be demonstrated by observing how the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, like an arrow, by the lambdoid suture. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_suture }
    • + sagittal suture depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Kort-lang-skalle.gif
    • + sagittal suture depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kort-lang-skalle.gif/200px-Kort-lang-skalle.gif
    • + sagittal suture has related synonym sutura sagittalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_suture , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: uterine artery

Changes for: groove for sigmoid sinus

Changes for: infratemporal fossa

  • Deleted
    • - infratemporal fossa database cross reference SCTID:260616009
    • - infratemporal fossa database cross reference Wikipedia:Infratemporal_fossa
    • - infratemporal fossa database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray189.png
    • - infratemporal fossa definition The infratemporal fossa is an irregularly shaped cavity, situated below and medial to the zygomatic arch. Boundaries defined by: anteriorly, by the infratemporal surface of the maxilla and the ridge which descends from its zygomatic process posteriorly, by the articular tubercle of the temporal and the spinal angularis of the sphenoid superiorly, by the greater wing of the sphenoid below the infratemporal crest, and by the under surface of the temporal squama, containing the foramen ovale, which transmits the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, and the foramen spinosum, which transmits the middle meningeal artery inferiorly, by the medial pterygoid muscle attaching to the mandible medially, by the lateral pterygoid plate laterally, by the ramus of mandible, which contains the mandibular foramen, leading to the mandibular canal through which the inferior alveolar nerve passes. This also contains the lingula, a triangular piece of bone that overlies the mandibular foramen antero-medially. Finally, the mylohyoid groove descends obliquely transmitting the mylohyoid nerve the only motor branch of the anterior division of the trigeminal nerve. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Infratemporal_fossa }
    • - infratemporal fossa has related synonym fossa infratemporalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Infratemporal_fossa }
    • - infratemporal fossa has related synonym infratemporal { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Infratemporal_fossa }
    • - infratemporal fossa has related synonym pterygomaxillary fossa { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Infratemporal_fossa }
  • Added
    • + infratemporal fossa database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infratemporal_fossa
    • + infratemporal fossa database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/260616009
    • + infratemporal fossa definition The infratemporal fossa is an irregularly shaped cavity, situated below and medial to the zygomatic arch. Boundaries defined by: anteriorly, by the infratemporal surface of the maxilla and the ridge which descends from its zygomatic process posteriorly, by the articular tubercle of the temporal and the spinal angularis of the sphenoid superiorly, by the greater wing of the sphenoid below the infratemporal crest, and by the under surface of the temporal squama, containing the foramen ovale, which transmits the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, and the foramen spinosum, which transmits the middle meningeal artery inferiorly, by the medial pterygoid muscle attaching to the mandible medially, by the lateral pterygoid plate laterally, by the ramus of mandible, which contains the mandibular foramen, leading to the mandibular canal through which the inferior alveolar nerve passes. This also contains the lingula, a triangular piece of bone that overlies the mandibular foramen antero-medially. Finally, the mylohyoid groove descends obliquely transmitting the mylohyoid nerve the only motor branch of the anterior division of the trigeminal nerve. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infratemporal_fossa }
    • + infratemporal fossa depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray189.png
    • + infratemporal fossa has related synonym fossa infratemporalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infratemporal_fossa }
    • + infratemporal fossa has related synonym infratemporal { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infratemporal_fossa }
    • + infratemporal fossa has related synonym pterygomaxillary fossa { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infratemporal_fossa }

Changes for: lambda

Changes for: jugal point

Changes for: ossification center

  • Deleted
    • - ossification center database cross reference Wikipedia:Ossification_center
    • - ossification center database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Gray79.png
    • - ossification center definition The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed a ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between two cells of the same row also becomes calcified, and transverse bars of calcified substance stretch across from one calcareous column to another. Thus there are longitudinal groups of the cartilage cells enclosed in oblong cavities, the walls of which are formed of calcified matrix which cuts off all nutrition from the cells; the cells, in consequence, atrophy, leaving spaces called the primary areolC&. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ossification_center }
    • - ossification center has related synonym center of ossification { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ossification_center }
    • - ossification center has related synonym centrum ossificationis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ossification_center , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + ossification center database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossification_center
    • + ossification center definition The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed a ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between two cells of the same row also becomes calcified, and transverse bars of calcified substance stretch across from one calcareous column to another. Thus there are longitudinal groups of the cartilage cells enclosed in oblong cavities, the walls of which are formed of calcified matrix which cuts off all nutrition from the cells; the cells, in consequence, atrophy, leaving spaces called the primary areolC&. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossification_center }
    • + ossification center depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Gray79.png
    • + ossification center has related synonym center of ossification { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossification_center }
    • + ossification center has related synonym centrum ossificationis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossification_center , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: arch of centrum of vertebra

  • Deleted
    • - arch of centrum of vertebra homology notes (…) certain common components [of vertebral structure] are found in nearly all vertebrate. A representative vertebra has a vertebral arch or neural arch, which extends dorsally around the spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001670 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.270 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + arch of centrum of vertebra homology notes (…) certain common components [of vertebral structure] are found in nearly all vertebrate. A representative vertebra has a vertebral arch or neural arch, which extends dorsally around the spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001670 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.270 }

Changes for: secondary ossification center

Changes for: primary ossification center

Changes for: obelion

Changes for: occipital bun

Changes for: ophryon

Changes for: spheno-maxillary fossa

Changes for: spheno-petrosal fissure

Changes for: simian shelf

  • Deleted
    • - simian shelf database cross reference Wikipedia:Simian_shelf
    • - simian shelf definition The simian shelf is a bony thickening on the front of the ape mandible. Its function is to reinforce the jaw, though it also has the effect of considerably reducing the movement of the tongue by restricting the area available for muscles. Humans are the only apes to have protruding chins, though some fossils of early humans show evidence of a simian shelf. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Simian_shelf }
  • Added
    • + simian shelf database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian_shelf
    • + simian shelf definition The simian shelf is a bony thickening on the front of the ape mandible. Its function is to reinforce the jaw, though it also has the effect of considerably reducing the movement of the tongue by restricting the area available for muscles. Humans are the only apes to have protruding chins, though some fossils of early humans show evidence of a simian shelf. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian_shelf }

Changes for: palpebral bone

Changes for: stephanion

Changes for: amnioserosa

Changes for: non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Changes for: region of conjunctiva

Changes for: bulbar conjunctiva

Changes for: conjunctival fornix

Changes for: os opticus

Changes for: pterygomaxillary fissure

  • Deleted
    • - pterygomaxillary fissure database cross reference Wikipedia:Pterygomaxillary_fissure
    • - pterygomaxillary fissure database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray189.png
    • - pterygomaxillary fissure definition The pterygomaxillary fissure is a fissure of the human skull. It is vertical, and descends at right angles from the medial end of the inferior orbital fissure; it is a triangular interval, formed by the divergence of the maxilla from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. It connects the infratemporal with the pterygopalatine fossa, and transmits the terminal part of the maxillary artery. Alveolar branches of the maxillary nerve go from the pterygopalatine fossa to the infratemporal region via this fissure. In older texts, the pterygomaxillary fissure is sometimes called the pterygopalatine fissure. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pterygomaxillary_fissure }
  • Added
    • + pterygomaxillary fissure database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygomaxillary_fissure
    • + pterygomaxillary fissure definition The pterygomaxillary fissure is a fissure of the human skull. It is vertical, and descends at right angles from the medial end of the inferior orbital fissure; it is a triangular interval, formed by the divergence of the maxilla from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. It connects the infratemporal with the pterygopalatine fossa, and transmits the terminal part of the maxillary artery. Alveolar branches of the maxillary nerve go from the pterygopalatine fossa to the infratemporal region via this fissure. In older texts, the pterygomaxillary fissure is sometimes called the pterygopalatine fissure. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygomaxillary_fissure }
    • + pterygomaxillary fissure depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray189.png

Changes for: postorbital process

Changes for: sagittal keel

  • Deleted
    • - sagittal keel database cross reference Wikipedia:Sagittal_keel
    • - sagittal keel definition The Sagittal keel (torus) is a thickening of bone on part or all of the midline of the frontal bone, or parietal bones where they meet along the sagittal suture, or on both bones.. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Sagittal_keel }
    • - sagittal keel taxon notes Sagittal keels occur in Homo erectus and occasionally Homo heidelbergensis, where they probably served as an armour against shock to the roof of the skull, and as the attachment point for the temporalis muscles. Most Homo sapiens lost them likely as part of the general trend toward thinning of the cranial bones during the Pleistocene, to make room for larger brains. However there is a very small portion of modern humans who have this, but its function and etiology are unknown. Patrick Stewart of Star Trek and the martial artist Shi Yan Ming present good examples of modern humans with this feature. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_bun , taxon=Homo erectus }
  • Added
    • + sagittal keel database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_keel
    • + sagittal keel definition The Sagittal keel (torus) is a thickening of bone on part or all of the midline of the frontal bone, or parietal bones where they meet along the sagittal suture, or on both bones.. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_keel }
    • + sagittal keel taxon notes Sagittal keels occur in Homo erectus and occasionally Homo heidelbergensis, where they probably served as an armour against shock to the roof of the skull, and as the attachment point for the temporalis muscles. Most Homo sapiens lost them likely as part of the general trend toward thinning of the cranial bones during the Pleistocene, to make room for larger brains. However there is a very small portion of modern humans who have this, but its function and etiology are unknown. Patrick Stewart of Star Trek and the martial artist Shi Yan Ming present good examples of modern humans with this feature. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_bun , taxon=Homo erectus }

Changes for: sagittal crest

  • Deleted
    • - sagittal crest database cross reference Wikipedia:Sagittal_crest
    • - sagittal crest database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Paranthropus_aethiopicus.JPG
    • - sagittal crest definition A sagittal crest is a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull of many mammalian and reptilian skulls, among others. The presence of this ridge of bone indicates that there are exceptionally strong jaw muscles. The sagittal crest serves primarily for attachment of the temporalis muscle, which is one of the main chewing muscles. Development of the sagittal crest is thought to be connected to the development of this muscle. A sagittal crest usually develops during the childhood of an animal in conjunction with the growth of the temporalis muscle, as a result of convergence and gradual heightening of the temporal lines. A sagittal crest tends to be present on the skulls of adult animals that rely on powerful biting and clenching of their teeth, usually as a part of their hunting strategy. Skulls of some dinosaur species, including tyrannosaurs, possessed well developed sagittal crests. Among mammals, dogs, cats, lions, and many other carnivores have sagittal crests, as do some leaf eaters, including tapirs and some apes. Sagittal crests are found in robust great apes, and some early hominins. Prominent sagittal crests are found among male gorillas and orangutans, and do occur but only rarely in male chimpanzees such as Bili Apes. The largest sagittal crest ever discovered in the human lineage belongs to the ‘Black Skull’, Paranthropus aethiopicus field number KNM WT 17000, the earliest known robust hominid ancestor and the oldest robust australopithecine discovered to date. The prominence of the crest appears to have been an adaptation for the aethiopicus’s heavy chewing, and the Black Skull’s cheek teeth are correspondingly large. Smaller sagittal crests are also present on the skulls of other Paranthropines, including Paranthropus boisei and Paranthropus robustus. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Sagittal_crest }
  • Added
    • + sagittal crest database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_crest
    • + sagittal crest definition A sagittal crest is a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull of many mammalian and reptilian skulls, among others. The presence of this ridge of bone indicates that there are exceptionally strong jaw muscles. The sagittal crest serves primarily for attachment of the temporalis muscle, which is one of the main chewing muscles. Development of the sagittal crest is thought to be connected to the development of this muscle. A sagittal crest usually develops during the childhood of an animal in conjunction with the growth of the temporalis muscle, as a result of convergence and gradual heightening of the temporal lines. A sagittal crest tends to be present on the skulls of adult animals that rely on powerful biting and clenching of their teeth, usually as a part of their hunting strategy. Skulls of some dinosaur species, including tyrannosaurs, possessed well developed sagittal crests. Among mammals, dogs, cats, lions, and many other carnivores have sagittal crests, as do some leaf eaters, including tapirs and some apes. Sagittal crests are found in robust great apes, and some early hominins. Prominent sagittal crests are found among male gorillas and orangutans, and do occur but only rarely in male chimpanzees such as Bili Apes. The largest sagittal crest ever discovered in the human lineage belongs to the ‘Black Skull’, Paranthropus aethiopicus field number KNM WT 17000, the earliest known robust hominid ancestor and the oldest robust australopithecine discovered to date. The prominence of the crest appears to have been an adaptation for the aethiopicus’s heavy chewing, and the Black Skull’s cheek teeth are correspondingly large. Smaller sagittal crests are also present on the skulls of other Paranthropines, including Paranthropus boisei and Paranthropus robustus. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_crest }
    • + sagittal crest depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Paranthropus_aethiopicus.JPG

Changes for: retromolar space

Changes for: middle part of esophagus

Changes for: gustatory gland

Changes for: upper esophagus

Changes for: lower esophagus

Changes for: cecal tonsil

Changes for: dermal layer of tongue

Changes for: blowhole

Changes for: cranial skeletal system

Changes for: optic pedicel

Changes for: scleral sesamoid bone

Changes for: nictitating membrane lamina

Changes for: suprainiac fossa

Changes for: sylvian point

Changes for: temporal fossa

Changes for: zygomasseteric system

  • Deleted
    • - zygomasseteric system database cross reference Wikipedia:Zygomasseteric_system
    • - zygomasseteric system definition The zygomasseteric system (or zygomasseteric structure) in rodents is the anatomical arrangement of the masseter muscle of the jaw and the zygomatic arch of the skull. The anteroposterior or propalinal (front-to-back) motion of the rodent jaw is enabled by an extension of the zygomatic arch and the division of the masseter into three distinct parts. The main types are described as protrogomorphous, sciuromorphous, hystricomorphous, and myomorphous. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Zygomasseteric_system }
  • Added
    • + zygomasseteric system database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomasseteric_system
    • + zygomasseteric system definition The zygomasseteric system (or zygomasseteric structure) in rodents is the anatomical arrangement of the masseter muscle of the jaw and the zygomatic arch of the skull. The anteroposterior or propalinal (front-to-back) motion of the rodent jaw is enabled by an extension of the zygomatic arch and the division of the masseter into three distinct parts. The main types are described as protrogomorphous, sciuromorphous, hystricomorphous, and myomorphous. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomasseteric_system }

Changes for: zygomatic fossa

  • Deleted
    • - zygomatic fossa database cross reference Wikipedia:Zygomatic_fossa
    • - zygomatic fossa definition The Zygomatic Fossa is an irregularly shaped cavity, situated below and on the inner side of the zygoma; bounded, in front, by the zygomatic surface of the superior maxillary bone and the ridge which descends from its malar process; behind, by the posterior border of the external pterygoid plate and the eminentia articularis; above, by the pterygoid ridge on the outer surface of the great wing of the sphenoid and the under part of the squamous portion of the temporal; below by the alveolar border of the superior maxilla; internally, by the external pterygoid plate; and externally, by the zygomatic arch ramus of the lower jaw. It contains the lower part of the temporal, the External and Internal pterygoid muscles, the internal maxillary artery and vein, and inferior maxillary nerve and their branches. At its upper and inner part may be observed two fissures, the spheno-maxillary and pterygo-maxillary. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Zygomatic_fossa }
  • Added
    • + zygomatic fossa database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_fossa
    • + zygomatic fossa definition The Zygomatic Fossa is an irregularly shaped cavity, situated below and on the inner side of the zygoma; bounded, in front, by the zygomatic surface of the superior maxillary bone and the ridge which descends from its malar process; behind, by the posterior border of the external pterygoid plate and the eminentia articularis; above, by the pterygoid ridge on the outer surface of the great wing of the sphenoid and the under part of the squamous portion of the temporal; below by the alveolar border of the superior maxilla; internally, by the external pterygoid plate; and externally, by the zygomatic arch ramus of the lower jaw. It contains the lower part of the temporal, the External and Internal pterygoid muscles, the internal maxillary artery and vein, and inferior maxillary nerve and their branches. At its upper and inner part may be observed two fissures, the spheno-maxillary and pterygo-maxillary. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_fossa }

Changes for: external occipital protuberance

Changes for: structure with developmental contribution from neural crest

Changes for: neural crest-derived structure

Changes for: sacral spinal cord central canal

Changes for: lumbar spinal cord central canal

Changes for: frontomarginal sulcus

Changes for: barbed keratin-coated spine

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord central canal

Changes for: keratin-coated spine

Changes for: cervical spinal cord central canal

Changes for: muscularis orbicularis

Changes for: unbarbed keratin-coated spine

Changes for: lamina of cerebellum

Changes for: cervical fascia

Changes for: deep cervical fascia

Changes for: abdominal fascia

Changes for: prevertebral cervical fascia

Changes for: parietal pleura

Changes for: visceral pleura

Changes for: pleural cavity

  • Deleted
    • - pleural cavity database cross reference SCTID:361999006
    • - pleural cavity database cross reference Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity
    • - pleural cavity database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Gray965.png
    • - pleural cavity database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gray965.png/200px-Gray965.png
    • - pleural cavity definition Cavity of serous sac surropunded by the pleura.[FMA] { database cross reference=FMA:FMA , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity }
    • - pleural cavity has related synonym cavitas pleurallis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - pleural cavity homology notes In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (…) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (…) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (…) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000581 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pleural cavity database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_cavity
    • + pleural cavity database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0178802
    • + pleural cavity database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361999006
    • + pleural cavity definition Cavity of serous sac surropunded by the pleura.[FMA] { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_cavity , database cross reference=FMA:FMA }
    • + pleural cavity depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Gray965.png
    • + pleural cavity depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gray965.png/200px-Gray965.png
    • + pleural cavity has related synonym cavitas pleurallis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_cavity , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + pleural cavity homology notes In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (…) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (…) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (…) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000581 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 }

Changes for: precommissural fornix of forebrain

Changes for: subdivision of spinal cord central canal

Changes for: medullary lamina of thalamus

Changes for: superficial cervical fascia

Changes for: panniculus adiposus

Changes for: external medullary lamina of thalamus

Changes for: epidermal ridge of digit

Changes for: crypt of Lieberkuhn of appendix

Changes for: crypt of Lieberkuhn of colon

Changes for: crypt of Lieberkuhn of jejunum

Changes for: parietal serous pericardium

Changes for: crypt of Lieberkuhn of duodenum

Changes for: pericardium

Changes for: crypt of Lieberkuhn of ileum

Changes for: pericardial fluid

Changes for: transversus thoracis

  • Deleted
    • - transversus thoracis database cross reference SCTID:244933000
    • - transversus thoracis database cross reference Wikipedia:Transversus_thoracis
    • - transversus thoracis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Transversus_thoracis.png/200px-Transversus_thoracis.png
    • - transversus thoracis definition The tranversus thoracis lies internal to the thoracic cage, anteriorly. It is a thin plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, situated upon the inner surface of the front wall of the chest. It is in the same layer as the subcostal muscles. It arises on either side from the lower third of the posterior surface of the body of the sternum, from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process, and from the sternal ends of the costal cartilages of the lower three or four true ribs. Its fibers diverge upward and lateralward, to be inserted by slips into the lower borders and inner surfaces of the costal cartilages of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. The lowest fibers of this muscle are horizontal in their direction, and are continuous with those of the Transversus abdominis; the intermediate fibers are oblique, while the highest are almost vertical. This muscle varies in its attachments, not only in different subjects, but on opposite sides of the same subject. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Transversus_thoracis }
  • Added
    • + transversus thoracis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_thoracis
    • + transversus thoracis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1744608
    • + transversus thoracis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244933000
    • + transversus thoracis definition The tranversus thoracis lies internal to the thoracic cage, anteriorly. It is a thin plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, situated upon the inner surface of the front wall of the chest. It is in the same layer as the subcostal muscles. It arises on either side from the lower third of the posterior surface of the body of the sternum, from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process, and from the sternal ends of the costal cartilages of the lower three or four true ribs. Its fibers diverge upward and lateralward, to be inserted by slips into the lower borders and inner surfaces of the costal cartilages of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. The lowest fibers of this muscle are horizontal in their direction, and are continuous with those of the Transversus abdominis; the intermediate fibers are oblique, while the highest are almost vertical. This muscle varies in its attachments, not only in different subjects, but on opposite sides of the same subject. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_thoracis }
    • + transversus thoracis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Transversus_thoracis.png/200px-Transversus_thoracis.png

Changes for: internal intercostal muscle

  • Deleted
    • - internal intercostal muscle database cross reference SCTID:244890001
    • - internal intercostal muscle database cross reference Wikipedia:Intercostal_muscle
    • - internal intercostal muscle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray411.png/200px-Gray411.png
    • - internal intercostal muscle definition Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Intercostal_muscle }
    • - internal intercostal muscle homology notes Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000905 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + internal intercostal muscle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal_muscle
    • + internal intercostal muscle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1744536
    • + internal intercostal muscle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244890001
    • + internal intercostal muscle definition Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal_muscle }
    • + internal intercostal muscle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray411.png/200px-Gray411.png
    • + internal intercostal muscle homology notes Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000905 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193 }

Changes for: pericardial sac

Changes for: immune system

Changes for: vertebra

Changes for: cervical vertebra

Changes for: autonomic nervous system

Changes for: clitoris

  • Deleted
    • - clitoris database cross reference SCTID:181442003
    • - clitoris database cross reference Wikipedia:Clitoris
    • - clitoris database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Clitoris_anatomy_labeled-en.svg
    • - clitoris database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Clitoris_anatomy_labeled-en.svg/200px-Clitoris_anatomy_labeled-en.svg.png
    • - clitoris definition The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. In humans, the visible button-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the urethra and vagina. Unlike the penis, which is homologous to the clitoris, the clitoris does not contain the distal portion of the urethra. The only known exception to this is in the Spotted Hyena. In this species, the urogenital system is unique in that the female urinates, mates and gives birth via an enlarged, erectile clitoris, known as a pseudo-penis. In humans, the clitoris is the most sensitive erogenous zone of a woman, the stimulation of which may produce sexual excitement and clitoral erection; its continuing stimulation may produce sexual pleasure in the woman and orgasm. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Clitoris }
  • Added
    • + clitoris database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoris
    • + clitoris database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0008984
    • + clitoris database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181442003
    • + clitoris definition The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. In humans, the visible button-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the urethra and vagina. Unlike the penis, which is homologous to the clitoris, the clitoris does not contain the distal portion of the urethra. The only known exception to this is in the Spotted Hyena. In this species, the urogenital system is unique in that the female urinates, mates and gives birth via an enlarged, erectile clitoris, known as a pseudo-penis. In humans, the clitoris is the most sensitive erogenous zone of a woman, the stimulation of which may produce sexual excitement and clitoral erection; its continuing stimulation may produce sexual pleasure in the woman and orgasm. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoris }
    • + clitoris depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Clitoris_anatomy_labeled-en.svg
    • + clitoris depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Clitoris_anatomy_labeled-en.svg/200px-Clitoris_anatomy_labeled-en.svg.png

Changes for: layer of hippocampal field

Changes for: abdominal segment of trunk

Changes for: integumental system

Changes for: tail

Changes for: lumbar vertebra

Changes for: cartilage tissue

Changes for: basal ganglion

Changes for: hippocampal formation

Changes for: fourth ventricle

Changes for: hepatobiliary system

  • Deleted
    • - hepatobiliary system database cross reference Wikipedia:Hepatobiliary_system
    • - hepatobiliary system definition The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins. The parts are: liver, bile duct, gall bladder and hepatic duct { database cross reference=GO:0061008 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hepatobiliary_system }
  • Added

Changes for: oral epithelium

  • Deleted
    • - oral epithelium definition Epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added

Changes for: visceral serous pericardium

Changes for: limb bone

Changes for: arm skin

Changes for: cervical lymph node

Changes for: distal sesamoid impar ligament

Changes for: distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 3

Changes for: distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit 3

Changes for: proximal phalanx of digit 5

Changes for: distal interphalangeal joint of digit 3

Changes for: proximal phalanx of digit 3

Changes for: proximal phalanx of digit 4

Changes for: striatum

Changes for: pituitary stalk

  • Deleted
    • - pituitary stalk database cross reference SCTID:245529009
    • - pituitary stalk database cross reference Wikipedia:Pituitary_stalk
    • - pituitary stalk database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG
    • - pituitary stalk definition The pituitary stalk (also known as the infundibular stalk or simply the infundibulum) is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. It carries axons from the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus down to the posterior pituitary where they release their hormones into the blood. This connection is called the hypothalamohypophyseal tract, and is responsible for the release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pituitary_stalk }
    • - pituitary stalk has related synonym infundibulum neurohypophyseos { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pituitary_stalk , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - pituitary stalk homology notes It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke’s pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (…) Rathke’s pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (…) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000245 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pituitary stalk database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_stalk
    • + pituitary stalk database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0447641
    • + pituitary stalk database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0751440
    • + pituitary stalk database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/245529009
    • + pituitary stalk definition The pituitary stalk (also known as the infundibular stalk or simply the infundibulum) is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. It carries axons from the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus down to the posterior pituitary where they release their hormones into the blood. This connection is called the hypothalamohypophyseal tract, and is responsible for the release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_stalk }
    • + pituitary stalk depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG
    • + pituitary stalk has related synonym infundibulum neurohypophyseos { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_stalk , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + pituitary stalk homology notes It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke’s pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (…) Rathke’s pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (…) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000245 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 }

Changes for: pars tuberalis of adenohypophysis

Changes for: pars intermedia of adenohypophysis

  • Deleted
    • - pars intermedia of adenohypophysis database cross reference SCTID:245534008
    • - pars intermedia of adenohypophysis database cross reference Wikipedia:Pars_intermedia
    • - pars intermedia of adenohypophysis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray1181.png
    • - pars intermedia of adenohypophysis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray1181.png/200px-Gray1181.png
    • - pars intermedia of adenohypophysis definition boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains three types of cells: basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke’s pouch. In human fetal life, this area produces melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH which causes the release of melanin pigment in skin melanocytes (pigment cells). However, the pars intermedia is normally either very small or entirely absent in adulthood. In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians) MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color. This color change is due to MSH stimulating the dispersion of melanin pigment in dermal (skin) melanophore cells. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pars_intermedia }
    • - pars intermedia of adenohypophysis has related synonym pars intermedia adenohypophyseos { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pars_intermedia , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - pars intermedia of adenohypophysis homology notes It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke’s pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (…) Rathke’s pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (…) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001178 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pars intermedia of adenohypophysis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_intermedia
    • + pars intermedia of adenohypophysis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/245534008
    • + pars intermedia of adenohypophysis definition boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains three types of cells: basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke’s pouch. In human fetal life, this area produces melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH which causes the release of melanin pigment in skin melanocytes (pigment cells). However, the pars intermedia is normally either very small or entirely absent in adulthood. In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians) MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color. This color change is due to MSH stimulating the dispersion of melanin pigment in dermal (skin) melanophore cells. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_intermedia }
    • + pars intermedia of adenohypophysis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray1181.png
    • + pars intermedia of adenohypophysis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray1181.png/200px-Gray1181.png
    • + pars intermedia of adenohypophysis has related synonym pars intermedia adenohypophyseos { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_intermedia , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + pars intermedia of adenohypophysis homology notes It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke’s pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (…) Rathke’s pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (…) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001178 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 }

Changes for: lateral hypothalamic area

Changes for: ventral tegmental nucleus

Changes for: myenteric nerve plexus

Changes for: primary visual cortex

Changes for: cerebral hemisphere white matter

Changes for: proximal phalanx of digit 2

Changes for: proximal phalanx of digit 1

Changes for: lens fiber

  • Deleted
    • - lens fiber database cross reference Lens fibers
    • - lens fiber definition The lens fibers form the bulk of the lens. They are long, thin, transparent cells, with diameters typically between 4-7 micrometres and lengths of up to 12 mm long. { database cross reference=Lens fibers }
    • - lens fiber external definition Fibres resembling a ribbon and arranged in very thin plates in the lens. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000444 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - lens fiber homology notes (…) the line, or Y, or star sutures common to mammalian lenses, including those of primates. In the case of line or Y sutures, the overlapping of lens fibers in each successive shell is coincident and results in the formation of four or six three-dimensional suture planes that extend from the lens nucleus to the periphery.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000444 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1167/iovs.03-0466 Sivak JG, Through the lens clearly: phylogeny and development, The Proctor lecture. Investigative ophthalmology and visual science (2004) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added

Changes for: patella

Changes for: ulnare

Changes for: inferior cervical ganglion

Changes for: cervicothoracic ganglion

Changes for: palatine gland

Changes for: fungiform papilla

Changes for: posterior limb of internal capsule

Changes for: extreme capsule

Changes for: subdivision of internal capsule

Changes for: anterior limb of internal capsule

Changes for: lenticular fasciculus

Changes for: ethmoid sinus

Changes for: uterine gland

Changes for: decidua

Changes for: intersomitic artery

Changes for: internal thoracic artery

Changes for: common plantar digital arteries

Changes for: dorsal metacarpal artery

Changes for: spinal artery

Changes for: inferior palpebral vein

Changes for: dorsolateral oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: vesical vein

Changes for: erector spinae muscle group

Changes for: anterior abdominal wall muscle

Changes for: nerve trunk

Changes for: hamstring muscle

  • Deleted
    • - hamstring muscle database cross reference Wikipedia:Hamstring
    • - hamstring muscle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray1239.png
    • - hamstring muscle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG/200px-Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG
    • - hamstring muscle definition In human anatomy, the hamstring refers to one of the three posterior thigh muscles, or to the tendons that make up the borders of the space behind the knee. In modern anatomical contexts, however, they usually refer to the posterior thigh muscles, or the tendons of the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus and the biceps femoris. In quadrupeds, it refers to the single large tendon found behind the knee or comparable area. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hamstring }
  • Added
    • + hamstring muscle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstring
    • + hamstring muscle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0584895
    • + hamstring muscle definition In human anatomy, the hamstring refers to one of the three posterior thigh muscles, or to the tendons that make up the borders of the space behind the knee. In modern anatomical contexts, however, they usually refer to the posterior thigh muscles, or the tendons of the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus and the biceps femoris. In quadrupeds, it refers to the single large tendon found behind the knee or comparable area. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstring }
    • + hamstring muscle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray1239.png
    • + hamstring muscle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG/200px-Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG

Changes for: intestine secretion

Changes for: lymphoid system

Changes for: foliate papilla

Changes for: filiform papilla

  • Deleted
    • - filiform papilla database cross reference SCTID:58743008
    • - filiform papilla database cross reference Wikipedia:Filiform_papilla
    • - filiform papilla database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray1016.png
    • - filiform papilla database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1016.png/200px-Gray1016.png
    • - filiform papilla definition The filiform papillae are thin, long ‘V’-shaped cones that don’t contain taste buds but are the most numerous. These papillae are mechanical and not involved in gustation covering most of the dorsum (upper surface). They are small and arranged in lines parallel to the V-shaped row of circumvallate papillae, except at the tip of the tongue where they are aligned transversely. Projecting from their apices are numerous filamentous processes, or secondary papillae. These are of a whitish tint, owing to the thickness and density of the epithelium of which they are composed. This epithelium has undergone a peculiar modification as the cells have become cornified and elongated into dense, imbricated, brush-like processes. They contain also a number of elastic fibers, which render them firmer and more elastic than the papillae of mucous membrane generally. The larger and longer papillae of this group are sometimes termed papillae conicae. Fungiform papillae are found dispersed throughout the filiform papillae. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Filiform_papilla }
    • - filiform papilla has related synonym papillae filiformes { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Filiform_papilla , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + filiform papilla database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiform_papilla
    • + filiform papilla database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226966
    • + filiform papilla database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0545782
    • + filiform papilla database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1267556
    • + filiform papilla database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/58743008
    • + filiform papilla definition The filiform papillae are thin, long ‘V’-shaped cones that don’t contain taste buds but are the most numerous. These papillae are mechanical and not involved in gustation covering most of the dorsum (upper surface). They are small and arranged in lines parallel to the V-shaped row of circumvallate papillae, except at the tip of the tongue where they are aligned transversely. Projecting from their apices are numerous filamentous processes, or secondary papillae. These are of a whitish tint, owing to the thickness and density of the epithelium of which they are composed. This epithelium has undergone a peculiar modification as the cells have become cornified and elongated into dense, imbricated, brush-like processes. They contain also a number of elastic fibers, which render them firmer and more elastic than the papillae of mucous membrane generally. The larger and longer papillae of this group are sometimes termed papillae conicae. Fungiform papillae are found dispersed throughout the filiform papillae. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiform_papilla }
    • + filiform papilla depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray1016.png
    • + filiform papilla depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1016.png/200px-Gray1016.png
    • + filiform papilla has related synonym papillae filiformes { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiform_papilla , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: esophagus mucosa

Changes for: omasal lamina

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord lateral horn

Changes for: infundibular stem

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: inferior occipital gyrus

Changes for: celiac lymph node

Changes for: mesenteric lymph node

Changes for: abdominal lymph node

Changes for: lesser trochanter

Changes for: spiral modiolar artery

Changes for: round window of inner ear

Changes for: greater trochanter

Changes for: oval window

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + oval window database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_window
    • + oval window database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362561009
    • + oval window definition The oval window (or vestibular window) is a membrane-covered opening which leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear. Vibrations that come into contact with the tympanic membrane travel through the three ossicles and into the inner ear. The oval window is the intersection of the middle ear with the inner ear, and is directly contacted by the stapes; by the time vibrations reach the oval window, they have been amplified over twenty times from what they were when they contacted the tympanic membrane, a testament to the amplifying power of the middle ear. It is a reniform (kidney-shaped) opening leading from the tympanic cavity into the vestibule of the internal ear; its long diameter is horizontal, and its convex border is upward. In the recent state it is occupied by the base of the stapes, the circumference of which is fixed by the annular ligament to the margin of the foramen. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_window }
    • + oval window depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Gray911.png
    • + oval window depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray911.png/200px-Gray911.png
    • + oval window has related synonym fenestra ovalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_window , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + oval window has related synonym fenestra vestibuli { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_window , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: zygomatic arch

  • Deleted
    • - zygomatic arch database cross reference SCTID:272682006
    • - zygomatic arch database cross reference Wikipedia:Zygomatic_arch
    • - zygomatic arch database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gray188-Sphenozygomatic_suture.png
    • - zygomatic arch database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gray188-Sphenozygomatic_suture.png/200px-Gray188-Sphenozygomatic_suture.png
    • - zygomatic arch definition The zygomatic arch or cheek bone is formed by the zygomatic process of temporal bone (a bone extending forward from the side of the skull, over the opening of the ear) and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone (the side of the cheekbone), the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process of the mandible. The term zygomatic derives from the Latin zyosislymore meaning malar bone or cheekbone. The zygomatic arch is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term usually refers to the zygomatic bone or occasionally the zygomatic process. The zygomatic process of the temporal arises by two roots: an anterior, directed inward in front of the mandibular fossa, where it expands to form the articular tubercle. a posterior, which runs backward above the external acoustic meatus and is continuous with the supramastoid crest. The upper border of the arch gives attachment to the temporal fascia; the lower border and medial surface give origin to the Masseter. The zygomatic arch is significant in evolutionary biology, as it is part of the structures derived from the ancestral single temporal fenestra of the synapsid ancestor of mammals. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Zygomatic_arch }
    • - zygomatic arch has related synonym arcus zygomaticus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Zygomatic_arch , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + zygomatic arch database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_arch
    • + zygomatic arch database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0162485
    • + zygomatic arch database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/272682006
    • + zygomatic arch definition The zygomatic arch or cheek bone is formed by the zygomatic process of temporal bone (a bone extending forward from the side of the skull, over the opening of the ear) and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone (the side of the cheekbone), the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process of the mandible. The term zygomatic derives from the Latin zyosislymore meaning malar bone or cheekbone. The zygomatic arch is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term usually refers to the zygomatic bone or occasionally the zygomatic process. The zygomatic process of the temporal arises by two roots: an anterior, directed inward in front of the mandibular fossa, where it expands to form the articular tubercle. a posterior, which runs backward above the external acoustic meatus and is continuous with the supramastoid crest. The upper border of the arch gives attachment to the temporal fascia; the lower border and medial surface give origin to the Masseter. The zygomatic arch is significant in evolutionary biology, as it is part of the structures derived from the ancestral single temporal fenestra of the synapsid ancestor of mammals. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_arch }
    • + zygomatic arch depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gray188-Sphenozygomatic_suture.png
    • + zygomatic arch depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gray188-Sphenozygomatic_suture.png/200px-Gray188-Sphenozygomatic_suture.png
    • + zygomatic arch has related synonym arcus zygomaticus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_arch , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: scleral ossicle

Changes for: layer of sclera

Changes for: episcleral layer of eyeball

Changes for: scleral mesenchyme

Changes for: suprachoroid lamina

Changes for: substantia propria of sclera

Changes for: nasal concha of ethmoid bone

Changes for: parapodium

Changes for: upper part of vagina

Changes for: axilla

Changes for: internal female genitalia

Changes for: dorsum of tongue

Changes for: madreporite

  • Deleted
    • - madreporite database cross reference Wikipedia:Madreporite
    • - madreporite definition The madreporite is an opening used to filter water into the water vascular system of echinoderms. It is visible as a small red or yellow button-like structure, looking like a small wart, on the aboral surface of the central disk of a sea star. Close up, it is visibly structured, resembling a ‘madrepore’ colony. From this, it derives its name. The water vascular system of the sea star consists of a series of seawater-filled ducts that function in locomotion and feeding and respiration. Its main parts are the madreporite, the stone canal, the ring canal, the radial canals, the lateral canals, and the tube feet. The sieve-like madreporite allows entry of seawater into the stone canal, which connects to the ring canal around the mouth. Five or more radial canals extend from the ring canal, one in each arm above the ambulacral groove. From the radial canals extend many lateral canals, each of which leads to a tube foot. Each tube foot is a closed cylinder with muscular walls, having a sucker at the outer end and a bulb-like ampulla at its inner end within the body cavity. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Madreporite }
  • Added
    • + madreporite database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madreporite
    • + madreporite definition The madreporite is an opening used to filter water into the water vascular system of echinoderms. It is visible as a small red or yellow button-like structure, looking like a small wart, on the aboral surface of the central disk of a sea star. Close up, it is visibly structured, resembling a ‘madrepore’ colony. From this, it derives its name. The water vascular system of the sea star consists of a series of seawater-filled ducts that function in locomotion and feeding and respiration. Its main parts are the madreporite, the stone canal, the ring canal, the radial canals, the lateral canals, and the tube feet. The sieve-like madreporite allows entry of seawater into the stone canal, which connects to the ring canal around the mouth. Five or more radial canals extend from the ring canal, one in each arm above the ambulacral groove. From the radial canals extend many lateral canals, each of which leads to a tube foot. Each tube foot is a closed cylinder with muscular walls, having a sucker at the outer end and a bulb-like ampulla at its inner end within the body cavity. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madreporite }

Changes for: 4th arch mesenchyme from neural crest

  • Deleted
    • - 4th arch mesenchyme from neural crest homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000580 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 4th arch mesenchyme from neural crest homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000580 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: 3rd arch mesenchyme from neural crest

  • Deleted
    • - 3rd arch mesenchyme from neural crest homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000571 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 3rd arch mesenchyme from neural crest homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000571 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: utricle duct

Changes for: middle meningeal artery

Changes for: saccule duct

Changes for: anterior meningeal artery

Changes for: basiotic bone

Changes for: otic ganglion

Changes for: prevertebral ganglion

Changes for: cingulum of brain

Changes for: pterygopalatine ganglion

Changes for: styloid process of temporal bone

Changes for: filum terminale internum

Changes for: mollusc hepatopancreas

Changes for: hepatopancreas

Changes for: obsolete embryoid body

Changes for: operculum of brain

Changes for: umbilical blood vessel

Changes for: postsphenoidal bone

Changes for: pericardial sinus

Changes for: fourth ventricle median aperture

Changes for: fourth ventricle lateral aperture

Changes for: interventricular foramen of CNS

Changes for: pharyngeal arch mesenchymal region

Changes for: cervical vertebra 1 arcus anterior

Changes for: hyoid bone greater horn

Changes for: hyoid bone body

Changes for: hyoid apparatus

Changes for: hyoid bone lesser horn

Changes for: zone of hyoid bone

Changes for: mesocardium

  • Deleted
    • - mesocardium definition The part of the embryonic mesentery which connects the embryonic heart with the body wall in front and the foregut behind. { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesocardium }
  • Added
    • + mesocardium definition The part of the embryonic mesentery which connects the embryonic heart with the body wall in front and the foregut behind. { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesocardium }

Changes for: cloacal sphincter

Changes for: filum terminale externum

Changes for: uterine tube isthmus

Changes for: space surrounding organism

Changes for: anal pterya

Changes for: uterine tube magnum

Changes for: primordial ovarian follicle

Changes for: cerebellum fissure

Changes for: major sublingual duct

Changes for: mesentery of foregut-midgut junction

  • Deleted
    • - mesentery of foregut-midgut junction homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000430 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + mesentery of foregut-midgut junction homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000430 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 }

Changes for: minor sublingual duct

Changes for: conus arteriosus

Changes for: uterine tube infundibulum

Changes for: medulla oblongata anterior median fissure

Changes for: lacrimal punctum

Changes for: oblique pericardial sinus

Changes for: Hassall’s corpuscle

Changes for: scleral cartilage

Changes for: motor root of facial nerve

Changes for: ambiens muscle

  • Deleted
    • - ambiens muscle external definition The tendon of the ambiens muscle passes obliquely over the knee joint. It assists in the control of the bird’s toes. This muscle is present in some reptiles but not mammals. It is present in caiques and some other South American genera, but missing in most parrot genera. This was first noted by Garrod (1874) who proposed using this and other anatomical differences to classify parrots. For oproperty_value external_definitionanatomical differences among parrots see carotid arteries, furcula, and uropygial gland { source=http://caiquesite.com/glossary.htm }
  • Added
    • + ambiens muscle external definition The tendon of the ambiens muscle passes obliquely over the knee joint. It assists in the control of the bird’s toes. This muscle is present in some reptiles but not mammals. It is present in caiques and some other South American genera, but missing in most parrot genera. This was first noted by Garrod (1874) who proposed using this and other anatomical differences to classify parrots. For oproperty_value external_definitionanatomical differences among parrots see carotid arteries, furcula, and uropygial gland { source=http://caiquesite.com/glossary.htm }

Changes for: merocrine gland

Changes for: tubal tonsil

Changes for: choroid tapetum lucidum

Changes for: retinal tapetum lucidum

Changes for: fourth lumbar dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: zygomatic gland

Changes for: molar gland

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 21

  • Deleted
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 21 database cross reference Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_21
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 21 definition Brodmann area 21, or BA21, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the lateral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in auditory processing and language. Language function is left lateralized in most individuals. BA21 is superior to BA20 and inferior to BA40 and BA41. This area is also known as middle temporal area 21. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the middle temporal gyrus. It is bounded rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H), ventrally by the inferior temporal area 20, caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H), and dorsally by the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_21 }
  • Added
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 21 database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_21
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 21 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1272539
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 21 definition Brodmann area 21, or BA21, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the lateral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in auditory processing and language. Language function is left lateralized in most individuals. BA21 is superior to BA20 and inferior to BA40 and BA41. This area is also known as middle temporal area 21. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the middle temporal gyrus. It is bounded rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H), ventrally by the inferior temporal area 20, caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H), and dorsally by the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_21 }

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 20

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 19

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 25

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 23

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 22

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 28

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 27

Changes for: thymus

Changes for: bone marrow

Changes for: tonsil

Changes for: palatine tonsil

Changes for: metacarpal bone

Changes for: cricoid cartilage

Changes for: cranial muscle

Changes for: muscle of neck

Changes for: choroidal tapetum cellulosum

Changes for: muscle of abdomen

Changes for: choroidal guanine tapetum

Changes for: perineal muscle

Changes for: posterior meningeal artery

Changes for: choroidal tapetum fibrosum

Changes for: stroma of thyroid gland

Changes for: palatopharyngeus muscle

Changes for: rete testis

Changes for: Bruch’s membrane

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + Bruch’s membrane database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruch’s_membrane
    • + Bruch’s membrane database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280652000
    • + Bruch’s membrane definition A transparent, nearly structureless innermost layer of the choroid in contact with the pigmented layer of the retina. Bruch’s membrane consists of five layers (from inside to outside): 1. the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium; 2. the inner collagenous zone; 3. a central band of elastic fibers; 4. the outer collagenous zone; 5. the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris. The retinal pigment epithelium transports metabolic waste from the photoreceptors across Bruch’s membrane to the choroid. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruch’s_membrane , database cross reference=MP:0005239 }

Changes for: eyeball of camera-type eye

Changes for: squamoparietal suture

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 10

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 9

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 12

  • Deleted
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 12 database cross reference Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_12
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 12 definition Brodmann area 12 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It occupies the most rostral portion of the frontal lobe. Brodmann-1909 did not regard it as homologous, either topographically or cytoarchitecturally, to rostral area 12 of the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): a quite distinct internal granular layer (IV) separates slender pyramidal cells of the external pyramidal layer (III) and the internal pyramidal layer (V); the multiform layer (VI) is expanded, contains widely dispersed spindle cells and merges gradually with the underlying cortical white matter; all cells, including the pyramidal cells of the external and internal pyramidal layers are inordinately small; the internal pyramidal layer (V) also contains spindle cells in groups of two to five located close to its border with the internal granular layer (IV). { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_12 }
  • Added
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 12 database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_12
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 12 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1272534
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 12 definition Brodmann area 12 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It occupies the most rostral portion of the frontal lobe. Brodmann-1909 did not regard it as homologous, either topographically or cytoarchitecturally, to rostral area 12 of the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): a quite distinct internal granular layer (IV) separates slender pyramidal cells of the external pyramidal layer (III) and the internal pyramidal layer (V); the multiform layer (VI) is expanded, contains widely dispersed spindle cells and merges gradually with the underlying cortical white matter; all cells, including the pyramidal cells of the external and internal pyramidal layers are inordinately small; the internal pyramidal layer (V) also contains spindle cells in groups of two to five located close to its border with the internal granular layer (IV). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_12 }

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 13

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 15

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 16

  • Deleted
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 16 database cross reference Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_16
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 16 definition Brodmann area 16 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It is a relatively undifferentiated cortical area that Brodmann regarded as part of the insula because of the relation of its innermost multiform layer (VI) with the claustrum (VICl). The laminar organization of cortex is almost totally lacking. The molecular layer (I) is wide as in area 15 of Brodmann-1905. The space between layer I and layer VI is composed of a mixture of pyramidal cells and spindle cells with no significant number of granule cells. Pyramidal cells clump in the outer part to form glomeruli similar to those seen in some of the primary olfactory areas (Brodmann-1905). This term also refers to an area known as peripaleocortical claustral - a cytoarchitecturally defined (agranular) portion of the insula at its rostral extreme where it approaches most closely the claustrum and the prepyriform area (Stephan-76). { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_16 }
  • Added
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 16 database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_16
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 16 definition Brodmann area 16 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It is a relatively undifferentiated cortical area that Brodmann regarded as part of the insula because of the relation of its innermost multiform layer (VI) with the claustrum (VICl). The laminar organization of cortex is almost totally lacking. The molecular layer (I) is wide as in area 15 of Brodmann-1905. The space between layer I and layer VI is composed of a mixture of pyramidal cells and spindle cells with no significant number of granule cells. Pyramidal cells clump in the outer part to form glomeruli similar to those seen in some of the primary olfactory areas (Brodmann-1905). This term also refers to an area known as peripaleocortical claustral - a cytoarchitecturally defined (agranular) portion of the insula at its rostral extreme where it approaches most closely the claustrum and the prepyriform area (Stephan-76). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_16 }

Changes for: rectus abdominis muscle

  • Deleted
    • - rectus abdominis muscle database cross reference SCTID:256672008
    • - rectus abdominis muscle database cross reference Wikipedia:Rectus_abdominis_muscle
    • - rectus abdominis muscle database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rectus_abdominis.png/200px-Rectus_abdominis.png
    • - rectus abdominis muscle definition The rectus abdominis muscle is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen (and in some other animals). There are two parallel muscles, separated by a midline band of connective tissue called the linea alba (white line). It extends from the pubic symphysis/pubic crest inferiorly to the xiphisternum/xiphoid process and lower costal cartilages (5–7) superiorly. It is contained in the Rectus sheath. The rectus is usually crossed by three fibrous bands licked by the tendinous inscriptions. While the ‘sixpack’ is by far the most common configuration of the muscle bellies of the rectus, there exist rare anatomic variations which result in the appearance of eight (‘eightpack’), ten, or—even rarer—asymmetrically arranged segments. All these variations are functionally equivalent. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Rectus_abdominis_muscle }
  • Added
    • + rectus abdominis muscle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_abdominis_muscle
    • + rectus abdominis muscle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0206066
    • + rectus abdominis muscle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/256672008
    • + rectus abdominis muscle definition The rectus abdominis muscle is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen (and in some other animals). There are two parallel muscles, separated by a midline band of connective tissue called the linea alba (white line). It extends from the pubic symphysis/pubic crest inferiorly to the xiphisternum/xiphoid process and lower costal cartilages (5–7) superiorly. It is contained in the Rectus sheath. The rectus is usually crossed by three fibrous bands licked by the tendinous inscriptions. While the ‘sixpack’ is by far the most common configuration of the muscle bellies of the rectus, there exist rare anatomic variations which result in the appearance of eight (‘eightpack’), ten, or—even rarer—asymmetrically arranged segments. All these variations are functionally equivalent. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_abdominis_muscle }
    • + rectus abdominis muscle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rectus_abdominis.png/200px-Rectus_abdominis.png

Changes for: supraspinatus muscle

Changes for: trapezius muscle

Changes for: pectoralis major

Changes for: forelimb zeugopod

Changes for: pes

Changes for: ocular fundus

Changes for: connective tissue

Changes for: muscle tissue

Changes for: spiral colon

Changes for: torus pylorus

Changes for: manual digit

Changes for: uvular muscle

Changes for: pancreas primordium

Changes for: pancreatic bud

Changes for: dorsal pancreatic bud

  • Deleted
    • - dorsal pancreatic bud database cross reference SCTID:361435005
    • - dorsal pancreatic bud database cross reference Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud
    • - dorsal pancreatic bud database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gray982.png/200px-Gray982.png
    • - dorsal pancreatic bud definition pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud }
    • - dorsal pancreatic bud homology notes In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (…) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (…). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001428 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + dorsal pancreatic bud database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_bud
    • + dorsal pancreatic bud database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361435005
    • + dorsal pancreatic bud definition pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_bud }
    • + dorsal pancreatic bud depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gray982.png/200px-Gray982.png
    • + dorsal pancreatic bud homology notes In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (…) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (…). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001428 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000) }

Changes for: ventral pancreatic bud

  • Deleted
    • - ventral pancreatic bud database cross reference SCTID:361437002
    • - ventral pancreatic bud database cross reference Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud
    • - ventral pancreatic bud database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gray982.png/200px-Gray982.png
    • - ventral pancreatic bud definition pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud }
    • - ventral pancreatic bud homology notes In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (…) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (…). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001429 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + ventral pancreatic bud database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_bud
    • + ventral pancreatic bud database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361437002
    • + ventral pancreatic bud definition pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_bud }
    • + ventral pancreatic bud depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gray982.png/200px-Gray982.png
    • + ventral pancreatic bud homology notes In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (…) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (…). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001429 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000) }

Changes for: photoreceptor inner segment layer

  • Deleted
    • - photoreceptor inner segment layer homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001172 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + photoreceptor inner segment layer homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001172 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: photoreceptor outer segment layer

  • Deleted
    • - photoreceptor outer segment layer homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001173 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + photoreceptor outer segment layer homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001173 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: fibrous pericardium

Changes for: obsolete macula lagena

Changes for: left pupil

Changes for: gut epithelium

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 2

Changes for: retrosplenial region

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 8

Changes for: conducting system of heart

  • Deleted
    • - conducting system of heart database cross reference SCTID:281489000
    • - conducting system of heart homology notes The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001271 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + conducting system of heart database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/281489000
    • + conducting system of heart homology notes The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001271 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003) }

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 7

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 4

Changes for: pelvis

Changes for: thalamic complex

Changes for: perineum

Changes for: right pupil

Changes for: serous pericardium

Changes for: peritoneum

Changes for: sinoatrial node

Changes for: ruminant esophageal groove

Changes for: atrioventricular node

Changes for: venous blood vessel

Changes for: atrioventricular bundle

Changes for: purkinje fiber

Changes for: cartilage element of chondrocranium

Changes for: cranial cartilage

Changes for: transverse gyrus of Heschl

Changes for: blood clot

Changes for: lateral vaginal canal

Changes for: meninx

  • Deleted
    • - meninx database cross reference Wikipedia:Meninx
    • - meninx database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Illu_meninges.jpg/200px-Illu_meninges.jpg
    • - meninx definition Membrane organ that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord. { database cross reference=FMA:9589 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Meninx , database cross reference=http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap15.html }
    • - meninx external definition Membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. It is represented by a single layer in fishes, two in amphibians, reptiles and birds and three in mammals (named dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater). [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001295 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/meninges }
    • - meninx homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001295 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + meninx database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninx
    • + meninx database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0025285
    • + meninx definition Membrane organ that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninx , database cross reference=http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap15.html , database cross reference=FMA:9589 }
    • + meninx depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Illu_meninges.jpg/200px-Illu_meninges.jpg
    • + meninx external definition Membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. It is represented by a single layer in fishes, two in amphibians, reptiles and birds and three in mammals (named dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater). [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001295 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/meninges }
    • + meninx homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001295 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 11

Changes for: pia mater

  • Deleted
    • - pia mater database cross reference SCTID:362305004
    • - pia mater database cross reference Wikipedia:Pia_mater
    • - pia mater database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray770-en.svg
    • - pia mater database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray770.png/200px-Gray770.png
    • - pia mater external definition delicate innermost layer of the meninges—the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The thin, mesh-like pia mater closely envelops the entire surface of the brain, running down into the fissures of the cortex. It joins with the ependyma which lines the ventricles to form choroid plexuses that produce cerebrospinal fluid. In the spinal cord, the pia mater attaches to the dura mater by the denticular ligaments through the arachnoid membrane. The pia mater is a neural crest derivative[Wikipedia:Pia_mater]. { source=Wikipedia:Pia_mater }
  • Added
    • + pia mater database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_mater
    • + pia mater database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0031869
    • + pia mater database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362305004
    • + pia mater depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray770-en.svg
    • + pia mater depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray770.png/200px-Gray770.png
    • + pia mater external definition delicate innermost layer of the meninges—the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The thin, mesh-like pia mater closely envelops the entire surface of the brain, running down into the fissures of the cortex. It joins with the ependyma which lines the ventricles to form choroid plexuses that produce cerebrospinal fluid. In the spinal cord, the pia mater attaches to the dura mater by the denticular ligaments through the arachnoid membrane. The pia mater is a neural crest derivative[Wikipedia:Pia_mater]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_mater }

Changes for: Brodmann area

Changes for: median vaginal canal

  • Deleted
    • - median vaginal canal definition A median canal in the reproductive system of marsupials that connects the uteri to a common tract, joining with the two lateral vaginas. Connects the uterine openings directly with the urogenital sinus { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + median vaginal canal definition A median canal in the reproductive system of marsupials that connects the uteri to a common tract, joining with the two lateral vaginas. Connects the uterine openings directly with the urogenital sinus { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: stomach lumen

Changes for: endocrine gland

Changes for: adrenal gland

Changes for: arytenoid swellings

Changes for: bulbo-urethral gland

Changes for: prostate gland

Changes for: tympanic membrane

  • Deleted
    • - tympanic membrane database cross reference SCTID:181180005
    • - tympanic membrane database cross reference Wikipedia:Tympanic_membrane
    • - tympanic membrane definition A thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear, consisting of two epithelia (one part of the the external accoustic meatus epithelium, the other part of the tympanic cavity epithelium) with a fibrous layer between them. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=PMID:11237469 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Tympanic_membrane }
    • - tympanic membrane external definition The thin membrane which closes externally the cavity of the middle ear and is deeply sited at the bottom of the external auditory meatus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001146 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - tympanic membrane has related synonym tympanum { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Tympanic_membrane }
    • - tympanic membrane homology notes In particular, a tympanic membrane was not present in the earliest tetrapods (…). An ear utilizing a tympanic membrane evolved independently at least three times in tetrapods: (1) in the lineage that leads to anurans (frogs), (2) in the line of evolution to turtles and diapsids, and (3) in the late synapsid lineage that gave rise to mammals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001146 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.418 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + tympanic membrane database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic_membrane
    • + tympanic membrane database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0041445
    • + tympanic membrane database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181180005
    • + tympanic membrane definition A thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear, consisting of two epithelia (one part of the the external accoustic meatus epithelium, the other part of the tympanic cavity epithelium) with a fibrous layer between them. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic_membrane , database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11237469 }
    • + tympanic membrane external definition The thin membrane which closes externally the cavity of the middle ear and is deeply sited at the bottom of the external auditory meatus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001146 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + tympanic membrane has related synonym tympanum { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic_membrane }
    • + tympanic membrane homology notes In particular, a tympanic membrane was not present in the earliest tetrapods (…). An ear utilizing a tympanic membrane evolved independently at least three times in tetrapods: (1) in the lineage that leads to anurans (frogs), (2) in the line of evolution to turtles and diapsids, and (3) in the late synapsid lineage that gave rise to mammals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001146 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.418 }

Changes for: atrioventricular canal endocardium

Changes for: exocrine gland

Changes for: arachnoid mater

Changes for: dura mater

Changes for: sinusoid

Changes for: accessory nucleus of optic tract

  • Deleted
    • - accessory nucleus of optic tract definition One of a set of small groups of neuron cell bodies located along the trajectory of optic fibers in the mesencephalon. These consist of the posterior nucleus [TA] (nucleus posterior [TA]), medial nucleus [TA] (nucleus medialis [TA]), and lateral nucleus [TA] (nucleus lateralis [TA]), which are also called the posterior, medial, and lateral terminal nuclei. The connections of these nuclei, along with the nucleus of the optic tract, make up the accessory optic system that appears to be concerned with retinal slip in specific directions { database cross reference=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=61308 }
  • Added
    • + accessory nucleus of optic tract definition One of a set of small groups of neuron cell bodies located along the trajectory of optic fibers in the mesencephalon. These consist of the posterior nucleus [TA] (nucleus posterior [TA]), medial nucleus [TA] (nucleus medialis [TA]), and lateral nucleus [TA] (nucleus lateralis [TA]), which are also called the posterior, medial, and lateral terminal nuclei. The connections of these nuclei, along with the nucleus of the optic tract, make up the accessory optic system that appears to be concerned with retinal slip in specific directions { database cross reference=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=61308 }

Changes for: bursal plica

  • Deleted
    • - bursal plica definition Follicle containing part of bursa of Fabricius. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells[WP]. { database cross reference=GOC:cjm }
  • Added
    • + bursal plica definition Follicle containing part of bursa of Fabricius. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells[WP]. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: bursa of Fabricius

  • Deleted
    • - bursa of Fabricius database cross reference SCTID:86689007
    • - bursa of Fabricius database cross reference Wikipedia:Bursa_of_Fabricius
    • - bursa of Fabricius definition an epithelial and lymphoid organ that develops as a dorsal diverticulum of the proctodeal region of the cloaca in birds. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells[WP]. The bursa is an organ found in birds involved in B cell differentiation[GO]. { database cross reference=GO:0048540 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Bursa_of_Fabricius }
  • Added
    • + bursa of Fabricius database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa_of_Fabricius
    • + bursa of Fabricius database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/86689007
    • + bursa of Fabricius definition an epithelial and lymphoid organ that develops as a dorsal diverticulum of the proctodeal region of the cloaca in birds. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells[WP]. The bursa is an organ found in birds involved in B cell differentiation[GO]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa_of_Fabricius , database cross reference=GO:0048540 }

Changes for: cardiac jelly

Changes for: bursal follicle

Changes for: retinal neural layer

  • Deleted
    • - retinal neural layer homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000535 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + retinal neural layer database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1518263
    • + retinal neural layer homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000535 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: cruciate sulcus

  • Deleted
    • - cruciate sulcus definition a deep groove which runs transversely across the rostro-dorsal surface of the cerebrum and which is one of the landmarks on the cerebral cortex. { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cruciate+sulcus }
  • Added
    • + cruciate sulcus definition a deep groove which runs transversely across the rostro-dorsal surface of the cerebrum and which is one of the landmarks on the cerebral cortex. { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cruciate+sulcus }

Changes for: nictitating membrane

Changes for: plica semilunaris of conjunctiva

Changes for: lateral line

Changes for: mesencephalic vein

Changes for: metapodium bone 3

Changes for: fused metapodial bones 3 and 4

Changes for: fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4

Changes for: fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4

Changes for: koniocortex

  • Deleted
    • - koniocortex definition Regions of the cerebal cortex characterized by a particularly well-developed inner granular layer (layer 4); this type of cerebral cortex is represented by the primary sensory Brodmann area 17 of the visual cortex, Brodmann areas 1–3 of the somatic sensory cortex, and Brodmann area 41 of the auditory cortex. { database cross reference=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=47303 }
  • Added
    • + koniocortex definition Regions of the cerebal cortex characterized by a particularly well-developed inner granular layer (layer 4); this type of cerebral cortex is represented by the primary sensory Brodmann area 17 of the visual cortex, Brodmann areas 1–3 of the somatic sensory cortex, and Brodmann area 41 of the auditory cortex. { database cross reference=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=47303 }

Changes for: fat pad

Changes for: epithelial tube

  • Deleted
    • - epithelial tube definition Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. { database cross reference=GO:0060562 , database cross reference=PMID:12526790 }
  • Added
    • + epithelial tube definition Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12526790 , database cross reference=GO:0060562 }

Changes for: tooth-like structure

Changes for: choroid plexus epithelium

Changes for: splenic sinusoid

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 40

  • Deleted
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 40 database cross reference Wikipedia:Supramarginal_gyrus
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 40 definition Brodmann area 40, or BA40, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe. It is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus, the inferior postcentral sulcus, the posterior subcentral sulcus and the lateral sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the angular area 39 (H), rostrally and dorsally by the caudal postcentral area 2, and ventrally by the subcentral area 43 and the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). Cytoarchitectonically defined subregions of rostral BA40/the supramarginal gyrus are PF, PFcm, PFm, PFop, and PFt. Area PF is the homologue to macaque area PF, part of the mirror neuron system, and active in humans during imitation. The supramarginal gyrus part of Brodmann area 40 is the region in the inferior parietal lobe that is involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Supramarginal_gyrus }
  • Added
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 40 database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramarginal_gyrus
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 40 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1272501
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 40 definition Brodmann area 40, or BA40, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe. It is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus, the inferior postcentral sulcus, the posterior subcentral sulcus and the lateral sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the angular area 39 (H), rostrally and dorsally by the caudal postcentral area 2, and ventrally by the subcentral area 43 and the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). Cytoarchitectonically defined subregions of rostral BA40/the supramarginal gyrus are PF, PFcm, PFm, PFop, and PFt. Area PF is the homologue to macaque area PF, part of the mirror neuron system, and active in humans during imitation. The supramarginal gyrus part of Brodmann area 40 is the region in the inferior parietal lobe that is involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramarginal_gyrus }

Changes for: lesser omentum

Changes for: vomer

  • Deleted
    • - vomer database cross reference SCTID:272678009
    • - vomer database cross reference Wikipedia:Vomer
    • - vomer database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg
    • - vomer database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg/200px-Illu_facial_bones.jpg
    • - vomer definition . { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vomer }
    • - vomer homology notes In bony fish, the vomers are flattened, paired, bones forming the anterior part of the roof of the mouth, just behind the premaxillary bones. In many species, they have teeth, supplementing those in the jaw proper; in some extinct species the teeth on the vomers were actually larger than the primary set. In amphibians and reptiles, the vomers become narrower, due to the presence of the enlarged choanae (the inner part of the nostrils) on either side, and they may extend further back in the jaw. They are typically small in birds, where they form the upper hind part of the beak, again being located between the choanae. In mammals, the vomers have become narrower still, and are fused into a single, vertically oriented bone. The development of the hard palate beneath the vomer means that the bone is now located in a nasal chamber, separate from the mouth[WP] { source=In other animals }
  • Added
    • + vomer database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomer
    • + vomer database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0242403
    • + vomer database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/272678009
    • + vomer definition . { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomer }
    • + vomer depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg
    • + vomer depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg/200px-Illu_facial_bones.jpg
    • + vomer homology notes In bony fish, the vomers are flattened, paired, bones forming the anterior part of the roof of the mouth, just behind the premaxillary bones. In many species, they have teeth, supplementing those in the jaw proper; in some extinct species the teeth on the vomers were actually larger than the primary set. In amphibians and reptiles, the vomers become narrower, due to the presence of the enlarged choanae (the inner part of the nostrils) on either side, and they may extend further back in the jaw. They are typically small in birds, where they form the upper hind part of the beak, again being located between the choanae. In mammals, the vomers have become narrower still, and are fused into a single, vertically oriented bone. The development of the hard palate beneath the vomer means that the bone is now located in a nasal chamber, separate from the mouth[WP] { source=In other animals }

Changes for: talus

Changes for: manus

Changes for: maxilla

Changes for: nasolacrimal duct

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + nasolacrimal duct database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct
    • + nasolacrimal duct database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0027437
    • + nasolacrimal duct database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280643009
    • + nasolacrimal duct definition The nasolacrimal duct (sometimes called tear duct) carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Excess tears flow through nasolacrimal duct which opens in the nose. This is the reason the nose starts to run when a person is crying or has watery eyes from an allergy, and why one can sometimes taste eye drops. Like the lacrimal sac, the duct is lined by stratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells, and is surrounded by connective tissue. Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct leads to the excess overflow of tears called epiphora. A congenital obstruction can cause cystic expansion of the duct and is called a dacrocystocele or Timo cyst. Persons with dry eye conditions can be fitted with punctal plugs that seal the ducts to limit the amount of fluid drainage and retain moisture. The canal containing the nasolacrimal duct is called the nasolacrimal canal. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct }
    • + nasolacrimal duct depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Gray896.png
    • + nasolacrimal duct depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gray896.png/200px-Gray896.png
    • + nasolacrimal duct has related synonym d. nasolacrimalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + nasolacrimal duct homology notes The nasolacrimal duct is probably homologous to the posterior (excurrent) naris of actinopterygian fishes.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000664 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.256 }

Changes for: lymph

Changes for: bile duct

Changes for: pharyngotympanic tube

Changes for: hematopoietic system

Changes for: lacrimal caruncle

Changes for: posterior choroidal artery

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 32

  • Deleted
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 32 database cross reference Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_32
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 32 definition The Brodmann area 32, also known in the human brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus. The cingulate sulcus defines approximately its inner boundary and the superior rostral sulcus (H) its ventral boundary; rostrally it extends almost to the margin of the frontal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, externally by medial margins of the agranular frontal area 6, intermediate frontal area 8, granular frontal area 9, frontopolar area 10, and prefrontal area 11-1909. (Brodmann19-09). Dorsal region of anterior cingulate gyrus is associated with rational thought processes, most notably active during the Stroop task. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_32 }
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 32 has exact synonym area cingularis anterior dorsalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_32 , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 32 database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_32
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 32 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1272493
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 32 definition The Brodmann area 32, also known in the human brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus. The cingulate sulcus defines approximately its inner boundary and the superior rostral sulcus (H) its ventral boundary; rostrally it extends almost to the margin of the frontal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, externally by medial margins of the agranular frontal area 6, intermediate frontal area 8, granular frontal area 9, frontopolar area 10, and prefrontal area 11-1909. (Brodmann19-09). Dorsal region of anterior cingulate gyrus is associated with rational thought processes, most notably active during the Stroop task. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_32 }
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 32 has exact synonym area cingularis anterior dorsalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_32 , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: anterior choroidal artery

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 43

Changes for: deep auricular artery

Changes for: posterior auricular artery

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + posterior auricular artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_auricular_artery
    • + posterior auricular artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244220004
    • + posterior auricular artery definition The posterior auricular artery is a small artery and arises from the external carotid artery, above the Digastric muscle and Stylohyoid muscle, opposite the apex of the styloid process. It ascends posteriorly beneath the parotid gland, along the styloid process of the temporal bone, between the cartilage of the ear and the mastoid process of the temporal bone along the lateral side of the head. The posterior auricular artery supplies blood to the scalp posterior to the auricle and to the auricle itself. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_auricular_artery }

Changes for: inferior alveolar artery

Changes for: superficial epigastric vein

Changes for: right gastric vein

Changes for: left gastric vein

Changes for: Helicoprion tooth whorl

Changes for: pterygoid plexus

Changes for: tooth whorl

Changes for: parasymphisial tooth whorl

Changes for: middle temporal sulcus

Changes for: angular vein

  • Deleted
    • - angular vein database cross reference SCTID:151804007
    • - angular vein database cross reference Wikipedia:Angular_vein
    • - angular vein definition The angular vein formed by the junction of the frontal vein and supraorbital vein, runs obliquely downward, on the side of the root of the nose, to the level of the lower margin of the orbit, where it becomes the anterior facial vein. It receives the external nasal veins of the ala nasi, and communicates with the superior ophthalmic vein through the nasofrontal vein, thus establishing an important anastomosis between the anterior facial vein and the cavernous sinus. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Angular_vein }
  • Added
    • + angular vein database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_vein
    • + angular vein database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/151804007
    • + angular vein definition The angular vein formed by the junction of the frontal vein and supraorbital vein, runs obliquely downward, on the side of the root of the nose, to the level of the lower margin of the orbit, where it becomes the anterior facial vein. It receives the external nasal veins of the ala nasi, and communicates with the superior ophthalmic vein through the nasofrontal vein, thus establishing an important anastomosis between the anterior facial vein and the cavernous sinus. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_vein }

Changes for: temporal sulcus

Changes for: obsolete ventricle

Changes for: myocardium of atrium

Changes for: juxtaglomerular apparatus

  • Deleted
    • - juxtaglomerular apparatus database cross reference SCTID:362219002
    • - juxtaglomerular apparatus database cross reference Wikipedia:Juxtaglomerular_apparatus
    • - juxtaglomerular apparatus definition An anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells)[WP]. { database cross reference=GO:0072206 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Juxtaglomerular_apparatus }
  • Added
    • + juxtaglomerular apparatus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juxtaglomerular_apparatus
    • + juxtaglomerular apparatus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0022445
    • + juxtaglomerular apparatus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362219002
    • + juxtaglomerular apparatus definition An anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells)[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juxtaglomerular_apparatus , database cross reference=GO:0072206 }

Changes for: layer of hippocampus

Changes for: choroid plexus of lateral ventricle

Changes for: nasal mucus

Changes for: medial longitudinal fasciculus

Changes for: nucleus of brain

  • Deleted
    • - nucleus of brain database cross reference SCTID:426465002
    • - nucleus of brain database cross reference Wikipedia:Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)
    • - nucleus of brain definition Nucleus of neuraxis which is located within the brain. Example: pontobulbar nucleus, globose nucleus[FMA]. brain structure consisting of a relatively compact cluster of neurons. It is one of the two most common forms of nerve cell organization, the other being layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or cerebellar cortex. In anatomical sections, a nucleus shows up as a region of gray matter, often bordered by white matter. The vertebrate brain contains hundreds of distinguishable nuclei, varying widely in shape and size. A nucleus may itself have a complex internal structure, with multiple types of neurons arranged in clumps (subnuclei) or layers.[Wikipedia] { database cross reference=FMA:83840 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nucleus_(neuroanatomy) }
  • Added
    • + nucleus of brain database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)
    • + nucleus of brain database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1706993
    • + nucleus of brain database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/426465002
    • + nucleus of brain definition Nucleus of neuraxis which is located within the brain. Example: pontobulbar nucleus, globose nucleus[FMA]. brain structure consisting of a relatively compact cluster of neurons. It is one of the two most common forms of nerve cell organization, the other being layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or cerebellar cortex. In anatomical sections, a nucleus shows up as a region of gray matter, often bordered by white matter. The vertebrate brain contains hundreds of distinguishable nuclei, varying widely in shape and size. A nucleus may itself have a complex internal structure, with multiple types of neurons arranged in clumps (subnuclei) or layers.[Wikipedia] { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy) , database cross reference=FMA:83840 }

Changes for: distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit 4

Changes for: distal interphalangeal joint of manural digit 5

Changes for: distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 2

Changes for: distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 4

Changes for: distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 5

Changes for: distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit 2

Changes for: umbilical cord

Changes for: exocrine system

  • Deleted
    • - exocrine system database cross reference Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland
    • - exocrine system definition Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland }
  • Added
    • + exocrine system database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocrine_gland
    • + exocrine system database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1516995
    • + exocrine system definition Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocrine_gland }

Changes for: corpus callosum

Changes for: macula densa

Changes for: submandibular duct

Changes for: pulmonary trunk

Changes for: terminal nerve root

Changes for: occipital gyrus

Changes for: cerebrocerebellum

  • Deleted
    • - cerebrocerebellum definition A phylogenetic subdivision of the cerenellum, the newest part, which is involved in planning movement and evaluating sensory information for action. It receives input exclusively from the cerebral cortex (especially the parietal lobe) via the pontine nuclei (forming cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways), and sends fibres mainly to the ventrolateral thalamus (in turn connected to motor areas of the premotor cortex and primary motor area of the cerebral cortex) and to the red nucleus (in turn connected to the inferior olivary nucleus, which links back to the cerebellar hemispheres). { database cross reference=Phylogenetic and functional divisions }
  • Added
    • + cerebrocerebellum definition A phylogenetic subdivision of the cerenellum, the newest part, which is involved in planning movement and evaluating sensory information for action. It receives input exclusively from the cerebral cortex (especially the parietal lobe) via the pontine nuclei (forming cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways), and sends fibres mainly to the ventrolateral thalamus (in turn connected to motor areas of the premotor cortex and primary motor area of the cerebral cortex) and to the red nucleus (in turn connected to the inferior olivary nucleus, which links back to the cerebellar hemispheres). { database cross reference=Phylogenetic and functional divisions }

Changes for: spinoocerebellum

  • Deleted
    • - spinoocerebellum definition A phylogenetic subdivision of the cerenellum, the intermediate part, which regulates body and limb movements. It receives proprioception input from the dorsal columns of the spinal cord (including the spinocerebellar tract) and the trigeminal nerve, as well as from visual and auditory systems. It sends fibres to deep cerebellar nuclei which in turn project to both the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, thus providing modulation of descending motor systems. { database cross reference=Phylogenetic and functional divisions }
  • Added
    • + spinoocerebellum definition A phylogenetic subdivision of the cerenellum, the intermediate part, which regulates body and limb movements. It receives proprioception input from the dorsal columns of the spinal cord (including the spinocerebellar tract) and the trigeminal nerve, as well as from visual and auditory systems. It sends fibres to deep cerebellar nuclei which in turn project to both the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, thus providing modulation of descending motor systems. { database cross reference=Phylogenetic and functional divisions }

Changes for: vestibulocerebellum

  • Deleted
    • - vestibulocerebellum definition A phylogenetic subdivision of the cerenellum, the oldest part, which regulates balance and eye movements. It receives vestibular input from both the semicircular canals and from the vestibular nuclei, and sends fibres back to the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei. It also receives visual input from the superior colliculi and from the visual cortex (the latter via the pontine nuclei, forming a cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway). Lesions of the vestibulocerebellum cause disturbances of balance and gait. { database cross reference=Phylogenetic and functional divisions }
  • Added
    • + vestibulocerebellum definition A phylogenetic subdivision of the cerenellum, the oldest part, which regulates balance and eye movements. It receives vestibular input from both the semicircular canals and from the vestibular nuclei, and sends fibres back to the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei. It also receives visual input from the superior colliculi and from the visual cortex (the latter via the pontine nuclei, forming a cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway). Lesions of the vestibulocerebellum cause disturbances of balance and gait. { database cross reference=Phylogenetic and functional divisions }

Changes for: endometrial stroma

Changes for: lamina propria of bronchus

Changes for: neural crest

  • Deleted
    • - neural crest database cross reference SCTID:361462002
    • - neural crest database cross reference Wikipedia:Neural_crest
    • - neural crest database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Neural_Crest.png
    • - neural crest database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray644.png/200px-Gray644.png
    • - neural crest dubious for taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_117565 { source=ISBN10:0073040584 , source=PMID:17377535 }
    • - neural crest has related synonym crista neuralis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Neural_crest , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - neural crest homology notes A well developed neural crest population is present in lampreys (Horigome et al. 1999 ; Tomsa & Langeland, 1999) and gnathostomes. chordate fossils from the early Cambrian (Yunnanozoan and Haikouella) with apparent neural-crest derived structures (pharyngeal denticles and pharyngeal skeletons resembling the striped mucocartilage of the branchial bars in lamprey ammocoete larvae), suggests that neural crest arose very early in vertebrate evolution (Chen et al. 1999; Holland & Chen, 2001). The invertebrate chordates apparently lack defini- tive neural crest. One marker of migrating neural crest in some vertebrates, the antibody HNK1, does not recognize any cells in amphioxus embryos (Holland, unpublished). Even so, in both amphioxus and tunicates, cells at the edges of the neural plate and adjacent nonneural ectoderm share some properties of neural crest[PMID:11523831] { source=PMID:11523831 }
    • - neural crest homology notes We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000057 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01495.x Hall BK, Gillis JA, Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. J Anat (2012) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + neural crest database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_crest
    • + neural crest database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0027789
    • + neural crest database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361462002
    • + neural crest depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Neural_Crest.png
    • + neural crest depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray644.png/200px-Gray644.png
    • + neural crest dubious for taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_117565 { source=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17377535 , source=ISBN10:0073040584 }
    • + neural crest has related synonym crista neuralis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_crest , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + neural crest homology notes A well developed neural crest population is present in lampreys (Horigome et al. 1999 ; Tomsa & Langeland, 1999) and gnathostomes. chordate fossils from the early Cambrian (Yunnanozoan and Haikouella) with apparent neural-crest derived structures (pharyngeal denticles and pharyngeal skeletons resembling the striped mucocartilage of the branchial bars in lamprey ammocoete larvae), suggests that neural crest arose very early in vertebrate evolution (Chen et al. 1999; Holland & Chen, 2001). The invertebrate chordates apparently lack defini- tive neural crest. One marker of migrating neural crest in some vertebrates, the antibody HNK1, does not recognize any cells in amphioxus embryos (Holland, unpublished). Even so, in both amphioxus and tunicates, cells at the edges of the neural plate and adjacent nonneural ectoderm share some properties of neural crest[PMID:11523831] { source=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11523831 }
    • + neural crest homology notes We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000057 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01495.x Hall BK, Gillis JA, Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. J Anat (2012) }

Changes for: descending thoracic aorta

Changes for: thoracic vertebra

  • Deleted
    • - thoracic vertebra database cross reference SCTID:181821009
    • - thoracic vertebra database cross reference Wikipedia:Thoracic_vertebrae
    • - thoracic vertebra database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gray90.png/200px-Gray90.png
    • - thoracic vertebra definition In humans, the 12 thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. They are intermediate in size between those of the cervical and lumbar regions; they increase in size as one proceeds down the spine, the upper vertebrae being much smaller than those in the lower part of the region. They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Thoracic_vertebrae }
  • Added
    • + thoracic vertebra database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae
    • + thoracic vertebra database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0039987
    • + thoracic vertebra database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181821009
    • + thoracic vertebra definition In humans, the 12 thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. They are intermediate in size between those of the cervical and lumbar regions; they increase in size as one proceeds down the spine, the upper vertebrae being much smaller than those in the lower part of the region. They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae }
    • + thoracic vertebra depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gray90.png/200px-Gray90.png

Changes for: neurectoderm

Changes for: dorsal nerve root of cervical spinal cord

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord gray matter

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord white matter

Changes for: lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: frontal sulcus

Changes for: ventral gray commissure of spinal cord

Changes for: apex of lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: dorsal gray commissure of spinal cord

Changes for: ventral nerve root of cervical spinal cord

Changes for: substantia gelatinosa of lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: epicardium

Changes for: myocardium

Changes for: midbrain tectum

Changes for: hippocampus fimbria

Changes for: vestibular fissure of the cochlear canal

Changes for: terminal part of the cochlear canal

Changes for: base of cochlear canal

Changes for: basis modioli

Changes for: substantia gelatinosa of cervical spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: apex of cervical spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: cervical spinal cord ventral horn

Changes for: cervical spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: mesangium

Changes for: white matter of cerebellum

Changes for: white matter of spinal cord

Changes for: gray matter of spinal cord

Changes for: white matter

Changes for: coelemic cavity lumen

Changes for: periventricular nucleus

Changes for: epithelium of urethra

Changes for: glomerular mesangium

Changes for: ventral nerve root of thoracic spinal cord

Changes for: middle frontal sulcus

Changes for: cervical spinal cord lateral horn

Changes for: cervical spinal cord gray matter

Changes for: cervical spinal cord white matter

Changes for: accessory nerve root

Changes for: dorsal nerve root of thoracic spinal cord

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord ventral horn

Changes for: substantia gelatinosa of thoracic spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: apex of thoracic spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: notochord

Changes for: somite

  • Deleted
    • - somite database cross reference Wikipedia:Somite
    • - somite database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png
    • - somite database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png
    • - somite definition Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior–posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Somite , database cross reference=doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01987.x }
    • - somite has related synonym somitus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Somite , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - somite homology notes (…) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (…) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000191 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40, DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + somite database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somite
    • + somite database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0376449
    • + somite definition Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior–posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm. { database cross reference=http://dx.doi.org//10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01987.x , database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somite }
    • + somite depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png
    • + somite depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png
    • + somite has related synonym somitus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somite , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + somite homology notes (…) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (…) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000191 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40, DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003) }

Changes for: carapacial ridge

  • Deleted
    • - carapacial ridge definition A longitidunial ridge on the lateral aspect of the flank that appears in the late pharyngula stage of chelonians. It forms the leading edge of the laterally expanding carapacial primordium. { database cross reference=http://embryo.asu.edu/pages/development-turtle-carapace-1989-ann-campbell-burke }
  • Added
    • + carapacial ridge definition A longitidunial ridge on the lateral aspect of the flank that appears in the late pharyngula stage of chelonians. It forms the leading edge of the laterally expanding carapacial primordium. { database cross reference=http://embryo.asu.edu/pages/development-turtle-carapace-1989-ann-campbell-burke }

Changes for: intralobular duct

Changes for: mucous acinus

Changes for: interlobular duct

Changes for: interlobar duct

  • Deleted
    • - interlobar duct definition A duct that is located etween lobes, within conspicuous, thick connective tissue septa that separate lobes. All interlobar ducts are excretory. { database cross reference=http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm }
  • Added
    • + interlobar duct definition A duct that is located etween lobes, within conspicuous, thick connective tissue septa that separate lobes. All interlobar ducts are excretory. { database cross reference=http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm }

Changes for: striated duct of salivary gland

Changes for: intercalated duct of pancreas

Changes for: intercalated duct

Changes for: costal plate of carapace

Changes for: hyoplastron

  • Deleted
    • - hyoplastron definition A paired plastron element that is in the anterior part of the plastron, anterior to the hypoplastron, posterior to the epiplastron and adjacent to the median entoplastron. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
  • Added
    • + hyoplastron definition A paired plastron element that is in the anterior part of the plastron, anterior to the hypoplastron, posterior to the epiplastron and adjacent to the median entoplastron. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: carapace primordium

Changes for: irregular bone

Changes for: sesamoid bone of pes

Changes for: maxillary process mesenchyme

Changes for: myelencephalon basal plate

Changes for: lumen of central canal of spinal cord

Changes for: sulcus limitans of fourth ventricle

Changes for: ventral midline

  • Deleted
    • - ventral midline definition In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate. { database cross reference=GOC:bf , database cross reference=GOC:go_curators , database cross reference=PMID:12075342 }
  • Added
    • + ventral midline definition In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12075342 , database cross reference=GOC:bf , database cross reference=GOC:go_curators }

Changes for: trunk of common carotid artery

Changes for: carotid duct

Changes for: genital artery

Changes for: nail of pedal digit

Changes for: trunk region of vertebral column

Changes for: subdivision of trunk

Changes for: pastern region of limb

Changes for: distal limb integumentary appendage

Changes for: nail of manual digit

Changes for: pastern bone

Changes for: metacarpal/tarsal-phalangeal joint

Changes for: Mullerian duct

  • Deleted
    • - Mullerian duct database cross reference SCTID:308802006
    • - Mullerian duct database cross reference Wikipedia:Paramesonephric_duct
    • - Mullerian duct database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Gray1109.png
    • - Mullerian duct database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray1109.png/200px-Gray1109.png
    • - Mullerian duct definition paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM]. { database cross reference=GO:0061205 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Paramesonephric_duct , database cross reference=http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/bio205_26_sex.html }
    • - Mullerian duct external definition Either of the paired embryonic ducts developing into the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and becoming largely obliterated in the male. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001199 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paramesonephric+duct }
    • - Mullerian duct homology notes In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001199 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.559 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + Mullerian duct database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramesonephric_duct
    • + Mullerian duct database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0026732
    • + Mullerian duct database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308802006
    • + Mullerian duct definition paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramesonephric_duct , database cross reference=http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/bio205_26_sex.html , database cross reference=GO:0061205 }
    • + Mullerian duct depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Gray1109.png
    • + Mullerian duct depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray1109.png/200px-Gray1109.png
    • + Mullerian duct external definition Either of the paired embryonic ducts developing into the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and becoming largely obliterated in the male. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001199 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paramesonephric+duct }
    • + Mullerian duct homology notes In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001199 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.559 }

Changes for: long pastern bone

Changes for: distal segment of digit

Changes for: skeletal muscle tissue of trunk

Changes for: obsolete coffin bone

  • Deleted
    • - obsolete coffin bone definition the bottommost bone in the equine leg and is encased by the hoof capsule. The distal phalanx articulates with both the middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid, forming the distal interphalangeal joint { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Coffin_bone }
  • Added
    • + obsolete coffin bone definition the bottommost bone in the equine leg and is encased by the hoof capsule. The distal phalanx articulates with both the middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid, forming the distal interphalangeal joint { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin_bone }

Changes for: stroma

Changes for: short pastern bone

Changes for: liver primordium

Changes for: distal segment of manual digit

Changes for: capsule

Changes for: distal segment of pedal digit

Changes for: nutrient foramen artery

Changes for: bulb of aorta

Changes for: Schweigger-Seidel sheath

Changes for: nutrient foramen vein

Changes for: strand of hair of face

Changes for: intraembryonic coelom

  • Deleted
    • - intraembryonic coelom database cross reference Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom
    • - intraembryonic coelom definition In the development of the human embryo the intraembryonic coelom (or somatic coelom) is a portion of the conceptus forming in the mesoderm. During the second week of development, the lateral mesoderm splits into a dorsal somatic mesoderm (somatopleure) and a ventral splanchnic mesoderm (splanchnopleure). The resulting cavity between the somatopleure and splanchnopleure is called the intraembryonic coelom. This space will give rise to the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It briefly has a connection with the extraembryonic coelom[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom }
    • - intraembryonic coelom has exact synonym somatic coelom { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom }
    • - intraembryonic coelom homology notes (…) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (…) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000316 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.166 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + intraembryonic coelom database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraembryonic_coelom
    • + intraembryonic coelom database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1512940
    • + intraembryonic coelom definition In the development of the human embryo the intraembryonic coelom (or somatic coelom) is a portion of the conceptus forming in the mesoderm. During the second week of development, the lateral mesoderm splits into a dorsal somatic mesoderm (somatopleure) and a ventral splanchnic mesoderm (splanchnopleure). The resulting cavity between the somatopleure and splanchnopleure is called the intraembryonic coelom. This space will give rise to the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It briefly has a connection with the extraembryonic coelom[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraembryonic_coelom }
    • + intraembryonic coelom has exact synonym somatic coelom { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraembryonic_coelom }
    • + intraembryonic coelom homology notes (…) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (…) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000316 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.166 }

Changes for: mesometrium

Changes for: CA4 field of hippocampus

Changes for: CA3 field of hippocampus

  • Deleted
    • - CA3 field of hippocampus database cross reference Wikipedia:Region_III_of_hippocampus_proper
    • - CA3 field of hippocampus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/HippocampalRegions.jpg
    • - CA3 field of hippocampus definition Region III of hippocampus proper is a portion of the hippocampal formation. Region CA3 receives input along the mossy fibers from granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) and from projection cells in entorhinal cortex along the perforant path. The mossy fiber pathway terminates in stratum lucidum while the perforant path passes through stratum lacunosum and terminates in stratum moleculare. The inputs from the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca terminate in stratum radiatum, along with commisural connections from the contralateral hippocampus. The pyramidal cells in CA3 (of which there are approximately 200,000 in each hemisphere in the rat) send some axons back to the hilus, but the majority project to regions CA2 and CA1 (a pathway called the Schaffer collaterals), in addition to a significant number of connections that terminate within CA3 (called recurrent connections). Both the recurrent connections and the Schaffer collaterals terminate preferentially in the septal or dorsal direction from the originating cells. CA3 also sends a small set of output fibers to the lateral septum. The region is conventionally divided into 3 divisions. CA3a is the part of the cell band which is most distal from the dentate (and closest to CA1). CA3b is the middle part of the band nearest to the fimbria/fornix connection. CA3c is the most proximal to the dentate, inserting into the hilus. The region overall has been considered to be the ‘pacemaker’ of the hippocampus. In CA3 much of the synchronous bursing activity associated with interictal epileptiform activity appears to be generated. The excitatory collateral interconnectivity appears to be the property of CA3 most responsible for this. CA3, unlike other regions, has pyramidal cell axon collaterals ramifying extensively with local region and making excitatory contacts with neighbors. CA3 has been implicated in a number of working theories on memory and learning hippocampal processes. Oscillatory rhythms (10-30Hz) are cholinergically driven patterns that depend on coupling of interneurons and pyramidal cell axons via gap junctions as well as glutaminergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) synapses. Sharp EEG waves seen here are also implicated in memory consolidation. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Region_III_of_hippocampus_proper }
    • - CA3 field of hippocampus has related synonym regio hippocampi proprii III; regio III cornus ammonis; CA3 { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Region_III_of_hippocampus_proper , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + CA3 field of hippocampus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_III_of_hippocampus_proper
    • + CA3 field of hippocampus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0694600
    • + CA3 field of hippocampus definition Region III of hippocampus proper is a portion of the hippocampal formation. Region CA3 receives input along the mossy fibers from granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) and from projection cells in entorhinal cortex along the perforant path. The mossy fiber pathway terminates in stratum lucidum while the perforant path passes through stratum lacunosum and terminates in stratum moleculare. The inputs from the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca terminate in stratum radiatum, along with commisural connections from the contralateral hippocampus. The pyramidal cells in CA3 (of which there are approximately 200,000 in each hemisphere in the rat) send some axons back to the hilus, but the majority project to regions CA2 and CA1 (a pathway called the Schaffer collaterals), in addition to a significant number of connections that terminate within CA3 (called recurrent connections). Both the recurrent connections and the Schaffer collaterals terminate preferentially in the septal or dorsal direction from the originating cells. CA3 also sends a small set of output fibers to the lateral septum. The region is conventionally divided into 3 divisions. CA3a is the part of the cell band which is most distal from the dentate (and closest to CA1). CA3b is the middle part of the band nearest to the fimbria/fornix connection. CA3c is the most proximal to the dentate, inserting into the hilus. The region overall has been considered to be the ‘pacemaker’ of the hippocampus. In CA3 much of the synchronous bursing activity associated with interictal epileptiform activity appears to be generated. The excitatory collateral interconnectivity appears to be the property of CA3 most responsible for this. CA3, unlike other regions, has pyramidal cell axon collaterals ramifying extensively with local region and making excitatory contacts with neighbors. CA3 has been implicated in a number of working theories on memory and learning hippocampal processes. Oscillatory rhythms (10-30Hz) are cholinergically driven patterns that depend on coupling of interneurons and pyramidal cell axons via gap junctions as well as glutaminergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) synapses. Sharp EEG waves seen here are also implicated in memory consolidation. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_III_of_hippocampus_proper }
    • + CA3 field of hippocampus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/HippocampalRegions.jpg
    • + CA3 field of hippocampus has related synonym regio hippocampi proprii III; regio III cornus ammonis; CA3 { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_III_of_hippocampus_proper , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: CA2 field of hippocampus

Changes for: CA1 field of hippocampus

Changes for: female urethral gland

Changes for: rete ovarii

Changes for: male urethral gland

Changes for: extraembryonic coelom

Changes for: fallopian tube

Changes for: straight venules of kidney

Changes for: sphenozygomatic suture

Changes for: occipitomastoid suture

Changes for: subdivision of hippocampus

Changes for: lower primary molar tooth

Changes for: duct of bulbourethral gland

Changes for: duct of major vestibular gland

Changes for: rumen papilla

Changes for: parietomastoid suture

Changes for: inner lining mucosa of the abomasum

Changes for: sphenoparietal suture

Changes for: sphenofrontal suture

Changes for: neural arch

Changes for: moustache

Changes for: middle phalanx of manus

Changes for: distal phalanx of manus

Changes for: pedal digit 4 phalanx

Changes for: pedal digit 5 phalanx

Changes for: intertrochanteric line

  • Deleted
    • - intertrochanteric line database cross reference Wikipedia:Intertrochanteric_line
    • - intertrochanteric line definition The intertrochanteric line (or spiral line of the femur) is a line located on the anterior side of the proximal end of the femur. The rough, variable ridge stretches between the lesser trochanter and the greater trochanter forming the base of the neck of the femur, roughly following the direction of the shaft of the femur. The iliofemoral ligament — the largest ligament of the human body — attaches above the line which also strengthen the capsule of the hip joint. The lower half, less prominent than the upper half, gives origin to the upper part of the Vastus medialis. Just like the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the femural head, the intertrochanteric line mark the transition between the femural neck and shaft. The distal capsular attachment on the femur follows the shape of the irregular rim between the head and the neck. As a consequence, the capsule of the hip joint attaches in the region of the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side, but a finger away from the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the head. The fibers of the ischiocapsular ligament attaches both on the joint capsule and to the intertrochanteric line. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Intertrochanteric_line }
  • Added
    • + intertrochanteric line database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertrochanteric_line
    • + intertrochanteric line definition The intertrochanteric line (or spiral line of the femur) is a line located on the anterior side of the proximal end of the femur. The rough, variable ridge stretches between the lesser trochanter and the greater trochanter forming the base of the neck of the femur, roughly following the direction of the shaft of the femur. The iliofemoral ligament — the largest ligament of the human body — attaches above the line which also strengthen the capsule of the hip joint. The lower half, less prominent than the upper half, gives origin to the upper part of the Vastus medialis. Just like the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the femural head, the intertrochanteric line mark the transition between the femural neck and shaft. The distal capsular attachment on the femur follows the shape of the irregular rim between the head and the neck. As a consequence, the capsule of the hip joint attaches in the region of the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side, but a finger away from the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the head. The fibers of the ischiocapsular ligament attaches both on the joint capsule and to the intertrochanteric line. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertrochanteric_line }

Changes for: short bone

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + short bone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_bone
    • + short bone database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/332807009
    • + short bone definition Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Examples of these bones include the tarsals in the foot and the carpals in the hand. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_bone }

Changes for: intertrochanteric crest

  • Deleted
    • - intertrochanteric crest database cross reference Wikipedia:Intertrochanteric_crest
    • - intertrochanteric crest definition The intertrochanteric crest is a bony ridge located on the posterior side of the head of the femur, stretching obliquely downward and medially from the summit of the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter. Together with the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side of the head, the crest mark the transition between of the neck of femur into the shaft of femur. An elevation between the middle and proximal third of the crest is known as the quadrate tubercle. The upper half of the crest forms the posterior border of the greater trochanter. The distal capsular attachment on the femur follows the shape of the irregular rim between the head and the neck. As a consequence, the capsule of the hip joint attaches in the region of the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side, but a finger away from the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the head. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Intertrochanteric_crest }
  • Added
    • + intertrochanteric crest database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertrochanteric_crest
    • + intertrochanteric crest definition The intertrochanteric crest is a bony ridge located on the posterior side of the head of the femur, stretching obliquely downward and medially from the summit of the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter. Together with the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side of the head, the crest mark the transition between of the neck of femur into the shaft of femur. An elevation between the middle and proximal third of the crest is known as the quadrate tubercle. The upper half of the crest forms the posterior border of the greater trochanter. The distal capsular attachment on the femur follows the shape of the irregular rim between the head and the neck. As a consequence, the capsule of the hip joint attaches in the region of the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side, but a finger away from the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the head. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertrochanteric_crest }

Changes for: proximal phalanx of pes

Changes for: eyebrow

Changes for: distal phalanx of pes

Changes for: middle phalanx of pes

Changes for: lumen of blood vessel

Changes for: collection of eyelashes

Changes for: beard

  • Deleted
    • - beard database cross reference SCTID:256924005
    • - beard database cross reference Wikipedia:Beard
    • - beard definition the collection of hair that grows on the chin, cheeks and neck of human beings. Usually, only pubescent or adult males are able to grow beards. However, women with hirsutism may develop a beard. When differentiating between upper and lower facial hair, a beard specifically includes the moustache, which refers to hair above the upper lip and around it. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Beard }
  • Added
    • + beard database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beard
    • + beard database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/256924005
    • + beard definition the collection of hair that grows on the chin, cheeks and neck of human beings. Usually, only pubescent or adult males are able to grow beards. However, women with hirsutism may develop a beard. When differentiating between upper and lower facial hair, a beard specifically includes the moustache, which refers to hair above the upper lip and around it. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beard }

Changes for: coat of hair

Changes for: diencephalon neural crest

  • Deleted
    • - diencephalon neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000798 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + diencephalon neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000798 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 }

Changes for: rhombencephalon neural crest

  • Deleted
  • Added

Changes for: spinal cord neural crest

  • Deleted
    • - spinal cord neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…)[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001006 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + spinal cord neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…)[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001006 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 }

Changes for: spinal cord neural plate

Changes for: telencephalon neural crest

  • Deleted
    • - telencephalon neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000799 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + telencephalon neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000799 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 }

Changes for: gastroduodenal artery

Changes for: odontogenic mesenchyme

Changes for: conducting tissue of heart

Changes for: autopod plate

Changes for: neural tube lumen

Changes for: dental epithelium

Changes for: hindlimb joint

Changes for: 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme

Changes for: mating plug

Changes for: tooth cingulum

Changes for: tooth cingulid

Changes for: upper primary molar tooth

Changes for: secondary molar tooth

Changes for: paraurethral duct

Changes for: paraurethral gland

Changes for: mesencephalic neural crest

  • Deleted
    • - mesencephalic neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000796 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + mesencephalic neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000796 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 }

Changes for: gonadal vein

Changes for: seminal vesicle fluid

Changes for: thyroid artery

Changes for: thymus epithelium

Changes for: pancreatic duct

Changes for: superior articular process of cervical vertebra

Changes for: superior articular process of lumbar vertebra

Changes for: rectus capitis posterior minor

Changes for: rectus capitis posterior major

Changes for: rectus capitis anterior

Changes for: psoas muscle

Changes for: nidopallium

  • Deleted
    • - nidopallium database cross reference Wikipedia:Nidopallium
    • - nidopallium definition The nidopallium, meaning nested pallium, is the region of the avian brain that is used mostly for some types of executive functions but also other higher cognitive tasks. The region was renamed to nidopallium in 2002 during the Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium because the prior name suggested that the region was used for more primitive functions. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nidopallium , database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_Brain_Nomenclature_Consortium }
  • Added
    • + nidopallium database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidopallium
    • + nidopallium definition The nidopallium, meaning nested pallium, is the region of the avian brain that is used mostly for some types of executive functions but also other higher cognitive tasks. The region was renamed to nidopallium in 2002 during the Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium because the prior name suggested that the region was used for more primitive functions. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_Brain_Nomenclature_Consortium , database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidopallium }

Changes for: mandibular rhamphotheca

Changes for: abductor hallucis muscle

Changes for: inferior articular process of thoracic vertebra

Changes for: rhamphotheca

Changes for: maxillary rhamphotheca

Changes for: abductor pollicis brevis muscle

Changes for: superior articular process of thoracic vertebra

Changes for: inferior articular process of cervical vertebra

Changes for: inferior articular process of lumbar vertebra

Changes for: hyperpallium

Changes for: abomasum

Changes for: ruminant forestomach

Changes for: crop

Changes for: proventriculus

Changes for: arcopallium

  • Deleted
    • - arcopallium database cross reference Wikipedia:Arcopallium
    • - arcopallium definition The arcopallium refers to regions of the avian brain which partially overlap regions homologous to the amygdala of mammals. These regions have formerly been referred to as archistriatum, and before this epistriatum or amygdaloid complex, and a recent change of nomenclature has divided the region into the arcopallium and posterior pallial amygdala. The new nomenclature, adopted in 2004, reflects a modern understanding that the avian brain is broadly similar to the mammalian brain, containing large regions homologous to the mammalian neocortex, claustrum, and pallial amygdala. The outdated nomenclature it replaced perceived the avian brain as consisting almost entirely of enlarged basal ganglia, to which more complex outer layers had been added during a progress toward mammalian intelligence. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Arcopallium }
    • - arcopallium has related synonym archistriatum { database cross reference=BM:ARCO , database cross reference=http://www.avianbrain.org/archistriatum.html }
  • Added
    • + arcopallium database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcopallium
    • + arcopallium definition The arcopallium refers to regions of the avian brain which partially overlap regions homologous to the amygdala of mammals. These regions have formerly been referred to as archistriatum, and before this epistriatum or amygdaloid complex, and a recent change of nomenclature has divided the region into the arcopallium and posterior pallial amygdala. The new nomenclature, adopted in 2004, reflects a modern understanding that the avian brain is broadly similar to the mammalian brain, containing large regions homologous to the mammalian neocortex, claustrum, and pallial amygdala. The outdated nomenclature it replaced perceived the avian brain as consisting almost entirely of enlarged basal ganglia, to which more complex outer layers had been added during a progress toward mammalian intelligence. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcopallium }
    • + arcopallium has related synonym archistriatum { database cross reference=http://www.avianbrain.org/archistriatum.html , database cross reference=BM:ARCO }

Changes for: cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube

  • Deleted
    • - cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube database cross reference SCTID:362565000
    • - cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube database cross reference Wikipedia:Cartilage_of_pharyngotympanic_tube
    • - cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Gray915.png
    • - cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube definition The cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube, about 24 mm. in length, is formed of a triangular plate of elastic fibrocartilage, the apex of which is attached to the margin of the medial end of the osseous portion of the tube, while its base lies directly under the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, where it forms an elevation, the torus tubarius or cushion, behind the pharyngeal orifice of the tube. The upper edge of the cartilage is curled upon itself, being bent laterally so as to present on transverse section the appearance of a hook; a groove or furrow is thus produced, which is open below and laterally, and this part of the canal is completed by fibrous membrane. The cartilage lies in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal and the great wing of the sphenoid; this groove ends opposite the middle of the medial pterygoid plate. The cartilaginous and bony portions of the tube are not in the same plane, the former inclining downward a little more than the latter. The diameter of the tube is not uniform throughout, being greatest at the pharyngeal orifice, least at the junction of the bony and cartilaginous portions, and again increased toward the tympanic cavity; the narrowest part of the tube is termed the isthmus. The position and relations of the pharyngeal orifice are described with the nasal part of the pharynx. The mucous membrane of the tube is continuous in front with that of the nasal part of the pharynx, and behind with that of the tympanic cavity; it is covered with ciliated epithelium and is thin in the osseous portion, while in the cartilaginous portion it contains many mucous glands and near the pharyngeal orifice a considerable amount of adenoid tissue, which has been named by Gerlach the tube tonsil. The tube is opened during deglutition by the Salpingopharyngeus and Dilatator tubC&. The latter arises from the hook of the cartilage and from the membranous part of the tube, and blends below with the Tensor veli palatini. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cartilage_of_pharyngotympanic_tube }
    • - cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube has related synonym cartilago tubae auditivae; cartilago tubae auditoriae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cartilage_of_pharyngotympanic_tube , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_of_pharyngotympanic_tube
    • + cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362565000
    • + cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube definition The cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube, about 24 mm. in length, is formed of a triangular plate of elastic fibrocartilage, the apex of which is attached to the margin of the medial end of the osseous portion of the tube, while its base lies directly under the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, where it forms an elevation, the torus tubarius or cushion, behind the pharyngeal orifice of the tube. The upper edge of the cartilage is curled upon itself, being bent laterally so as to present on transverse section the appearance of a hook; a groove or furrow is thus produced, which is open below and laterally, and this part of the canal is completed by fibrous membrane. The cartilage lies in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal and the great wing of the sphenoid; this groove ends opposite the middle of the medial pterygoid plate. The cartilaginous and bony portions of the tube are not in the same plane, the former inclining downward a little more than the latter. The diameter of the tube is not uniform throughout, being greatest at the pharyngeal orifice, least at the junction of the bony and cartilaginous portions, and again increased toward the tympanic cavity; the narrowest part of the tube is termed the isthmus. The position and relations of the pharyngeal orifice are described with the nasal part of the pharynx. The mucous membrane of the tube is continuous in front with that of the nasal part of the pharynx, and behind with that of the tympanic cavity; it is covered with ciliated epithelium and is thin in the osseous portion, while in the cartilaginous portion it contains many mucous glands and near the pharyngeal orifice a considerable amount of adenoid tissue, which has been named by Gerlach the tube tonsil. The tube is opened during deglutition by the Salpingopharyngeus and Dilatator tubC&. The latter arises from the hook of the cartilage and from the membranous part of the tube, and blends below with the Tensor veli palatini. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_of_pharyngotympanic_tube }
    • + cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Gray915.png
    • + cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube has related synonym cartilago tubae auditivae; cartilago tubae auditoriae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_of_pharyngotympanic_tube , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: bony part of pharyngotympanic tube

Changes for: cremaster muscle

Changes for: sputum

Changes for: internal pudendal artery

Changes for: pudendal artery

Changes for: saphenous vein

Changes for: superficial external pudendal artery

Changes for: deep external pudendal artery

Changes for: ruminant stomach

  • Deleted
    • - ruminant stomach database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png
    • - ruminant stomach definition The ruminants’ stomach consists of four compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. The first three compartments comprise the forestomach (proventriculus). They are lined with nonglandular membrane. The fourth compartment, the abomasum comprises the true stomach of the ruminants. It is lined with glandular mucous membrane. The rumen lies on the left of the abdominal cavity, the reticulum cranially and the omasum on the right. The abomasum lies ventrally, its proximal end lies ventral to the rumen, reticulum and omasum { database cross reference=http://www.onemedicine.tuskegee.edu/DigestiveSystem/Stomach/Stomach_Ruminants.html }
  • Added
    • + ruminant stomach definition The ruminants’ stomach consists of four compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. The first three compartments comprise the forestomach (proventriculus). They are lined with nonglandular membrane. The fourth compartment, the abomasum comprises the true stomach of the ruminants. It is lined with glandular mucous membrane. The rumen lies on the left of the abdominal cavity, the reticulum cranially and the omasum on the right. The abomasum lies ventrally, its proximal end lies ventral to the rumen, reticulum and omasum { database cross reference=http://www.onemedicine.tuskegee.edu/DigestiveSystem/Stomach/Stomach_Ruminants.html }
    • + ruminant stomach depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png

Changes for: rumen

  • Deleted
    • - rumen database cross reference SCTID:45138000
    • - rumen database cross reference Wikipedia:Rumen
    • - rumen database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png
    • - rumen definition The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black’s Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed). { database cross reference=MESH:A13.869.804 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Rumen }
  • Added
    • + rumen database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumen
    • + rumen database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0035946
    • + rumen database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/45138000
    • + rumen definition The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black’s Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumen , database cross reference=MESH:A13.869.804 }
    • + rumen depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png

Changes for: reticulorumen

  • Deleted
    • - reticulorumen database cross reference Wikipedia:Reticulorumen
    • - reticulorumen definition first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. It is composed of the rumen and reticulum. The reticulum differs from the rumen with regard to the texture of its lining. The rumen wall is covered in small finger like projections called papillae, which are flattened, approximately 0.5 cm in length and 0.3 cm wide in cattle. The reticulum is lined with ridges that form a hexagonal honeycomb pattern. The ridges are approximately 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide and are raised 0.5 cm above the reticulum wall. The hexagons in the reticulum are approximately 2-5 cm wide in cattle. Despite the differences in the texture of the lining of the two parts of the reticulorumen, it represents one functional space. Microbial fermentation degrades ingested carbohydrates in the reticulorumen to the volatile fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate, and proteins to short peptides, amino acids and ammonia. This fermentation is anaerobic and allows the microbes in the reticulorumen to derive the energy and amino nitrogen in order that they can reproduce. Ruminants absorb the volatile fatty acids across the reticulorumen wall and use them for energy, while the microbes eventually flow out of the rumen into the remainder of the alimentary canal, where they are eventually digested and absorbed. The reticulum, at approximately 5-20 litres, is considerably smaller in capacity than the rumen, which is approximately 100-200 litres in cattle. The oesophageal groove, which links the oesophagus and the omasum is located in the reticulum[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Reticulorumen }
  • Added
    • + reticulorumen database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulorumen
    • + reticulorumen definition first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. It is composed of the rumen and reticulum. The reticulum differs from the rumen with regard to the texture of its lining. The rumen wall is covered in small finger like projections called papillae, which are flattened, approximately 0.5 cm in length and 0.3 cm wide in cattle. The reticulum is lined with ridges that form a hexagonal honeycomb pattern. The ridges are approximately 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide and are raised 0.5 cm above the reticulum wall. The hexagons in the reticulum are approximately 2-5 cm wide in cattle. Despite the differences in the texture of the lining of the two parts of the reticulorumen, it represents one functional space. Microbial fermentation degrades ingested carbohydrates in the reticulorumen to the volatile fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate, and proteins to short peptides, amino acids and ammonia. This fermentation is anaerobic and allows the microbes in the reticulorumen to derive the energy and amino nitrogen in order that they can reproduce. Ruminants absorb the volatile fatty acids across the reticulorumen wall and use them for energy, while the microbes eventually flow out of the rumen into the remainder of the alimentary canal, where they are eventually digested and absorbed. The reticulum, at approximately 5-20 litres, is considerably smaller in capacity than the rumen, which is approximately 100-200 litres in cattle. The oesophageal groove, which links the oesophagus and the omasum is located in the reticulum[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulorumen }

Changes for: omasum

  • Deleted
    • - omasum database cross reference SCTID:410028001
    • - omasum database cross reference Wikipedia:Omasum
    • - omasum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png
    • - omasum definition The third stomach of ruminants, situated on the right side of the abdomen at a higher level than the fourth stomach and between this latter and the second stomach, with both of which it communicates. From its inner surface project large numbers of leaves or folia, each of which possesses roughened surfaces. In the center of each folium is a band of muscle fibers which produces a rasping movement of the leaf when it contracts. One leaf rubs against those on either side of it, and large particles of food material are ground down between the rough surfaces, preparatory to further digestion in the succeeeding parts of the alimentary canal. (Black’s Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed) { database cross reference=MESH:A13.869.524 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Omasum }
  • Added
    • + omasum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omasum
    • + omasum database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0028972
    • + omasum database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/410028001
    • + omasum definition The third stomach of ruminants, situated on the right side of the abdomen at a higher level than the fourth stomach and between this latter and the second stomach, with both of which it communicates. From its inner surface project large numbers of leaves or folia, each of which possesses roughened surfaces. In the center of each folium is a band of muscle fibers which produces a rasping movement of the leaf when it contracts. One leaf rubs against those on either side of it, and large particles of food material are ground down between the rough surfaces, preparatory to further digestion in the succeeeding parts of the alimentary canal. (Black’s Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed) { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omasum , database cross reference=MESH:A13.869.524 }
    • + omasum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png

Changes for: ruminant reticulum

Changes for: surface of tongue

Changes for: roof of mouth

  • Deleted
    • - roof of mouth definition A multi-tissue structure consisting of bone and soft tissue that forms a part of the roof of the oral cavity. In mammals this is the combination of the primary palate (premaxilla) and the secondary palate. In early tetrapods it consists of the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + roof of mouth definition A multi-tissue structure consisting of bone and soft tissue that forms a part of the roof of the oral cavity. In mammals this is the combination of the primary palate (premaxilla) and the secondary palate. In early tetrapods it consists of the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: outer epithelium

Changes for: inferior surface of tongue

Changes for: cervical vertebral foramen

Changes for: transverse foramen of axis

Changes for: ceratoglossus

Changes for: egg

Changes for: mammary ridge

  • Deleted
    • - mammary ridge database cross reference Wikipedia:Milk_line
    • - mammary ridge definition A bandlike thickening of ectoderm in the embryo extending from just below the axilla to the inguinal region and giving rise to the mammary glands[Stedmans]. One of two parallel lines, formed by thickenings of the epidermis (the mammary ridge) along the ventral surface of mammals of both sexes. They extend from the upper limbs (arms) to the lower limbs (legs) and are developed in the embryo. They give rise to the mammary glands and nipples but are otherwise usually not visible in the adult. The first manifestation of the mammary gland in many mammals is an elevated ridge or milk line, which then fragments into individual buds in specific regions lateral of the dorsal midline. These buds are either located in the thoracic region in primates, in the inguinal area in ungulates or along the entire length of the trunk in rodents and pigs. In humans, milk lines appear in the seventh week of embryonic development. After initial development of the milk lines they go into remission. Nipples develop on the milk lines of mammals. Most humans have two nipples, but in some cases more than two will develop. In most cases, these ‘third nipples’—and sometimes fourth nipple—grow along the milk line[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Milk_line , database cross reference=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mammary%20ridge }
    • - mammary ridge has exact synonym mammary fold { database cross reference=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mammary+ridge }
    • - mammary ridge has related synonym milk line { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Milk_line }
  • Added
    • + mammary ridge database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_line
    • + mammary ridge definition A bandlike thickening of ectoderm in the embryo extending from just below the axilla to the inguinal region and giving rise to the mammary glands[Stedmans]. One of two parallel lines, formed by thickenings of the epidermis (the mammary ridge) along the ventral surface of mammals of both sexes. They extend from the upper limbs (arms) to the lower limbs (legs) and are developed in the embryo. They give rise to the mammary glands and nipples but are otherwise usually not visible in the adult. The first manifestation of the mammary gland in many mammals is an elevated ridge or milk line, which then fragments into individual buds in specific regions lateral of the dorsal midline. These buds are either located in the thoracic region in primates, in the inguinal area in ungulates or along the entire length of the trunk in rodents and pigs. In humans, milk lines appear in the seventh week of embryonic development. After initial development of the milk lines they go into remission. Nipples develop on the milk lines of mammals. Most humans have two nipples, but in some cases more than two will develop. In most cases, these ‘third nipples’—and sometimes fourth nipple—grow along the milk line[WP]. { database cross reference=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mammary%20ridge , database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_line }
    • + mammary ridge has exact synonym mammary fold { database cross reference=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mammary+ridge }
    • + mammary ridge has related synonym milk line { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_line }

Changes for: egg yolk

  • Deleted
    • - egg yolk database cross reference Wikipedia:Yolk
    • - egg yolk definition The yellow spheroidal mass of stored food that forms the inner portion of the egg of a bird or reptile and is surrounded by the white. { database cross reference=BTO:0000371 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Yolk }
    • - egg yolk homology notes The majority of animals develop from a spherical egg with a single axis, the animal-vegetal (an-veg) axis. The animal half of the egg usually contains the nucleus of the oocyte, while the vegetal half of the egg is the preferred site for the storage of yolk. Eggs with an-veg polarity are considered ancestral for the vertebrates. Frogs, for example, have eggs with vegetally concentrated yolk and the nucleus located in the animal cytoplasm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001742 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0925-4773(98)00226-3 Arendt D, Nubler-Jung K, Rearranging gastrulation in the name of yolk: evolution of gastrulation in yolk-rich amniote eggs. Mechanism of Development (1999) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + egg yolk database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolk
    • + egg yolk definition The yellow spheroidal mass of stored food that forms the inner portion of the egg of a bird or reptile and is surrounded by the white. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolk , database cross reference=BTO:0000371 }
    • + egg yolk homology notes The majority of animals develop from a spherical egg with a single axis, the animal-vegetal (an-veg) axis. The animal half of the egg usually contains the nucleus of the oocyte, while the vegetal half of the egg is the preferred site for the storage of yolk. Eggs with an-veg polarity are considered ancestral for the vertebrates. Frogs, for example, have eggs with vegetally concentrated yolk and the nucleus located in the animal cytoplasm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001742 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0925-4773(98)00226-3 Arendt D, Nubler-Jung K, Rearranging gastrulation in the name of yolk: evolution of gastrulation in yolk-rich amniote eggs. Mechanism of Development (1999) }

Changes for: transverse foramen of atlas

Changes for: inguinal mammary gland

Changes for: dermal scale

Changes for: enveloping layer of ectoderm

Changes for: epidermal scale

Changes for: lumbar vertebral foramen

Changes for: thoracic vertebral foramen

Changes for: lumbar vertebral arch

Changes for: cervical vertebral arch

Changes for: thoracic vertebral arch

Changes for: paired limb/fin cartilage

Changes for: posterior arch of atlas

Changes for: intertarsal joint

Changes for: flexor pollicis longus muscle

Changes for: trochlear notch

Changes for: auditory hillocks

  • Deleted
    • - auditory hillocks homology notes Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane.[inferred][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001364 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + auditory hillocks homology notes Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane.[inferred][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001364 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420 }

Changes for: aortico-pulmonary spiral septum

Changes for: iridocorneal angle

Changes for: pectineal ligament

Changes for: inguinal ligament

Changes for: conchal part of pinna

Changes for: dorsal cerebral vein

Changes for: endolymphatic appendage

Changes for: bulbo-ventricular groove

Changes for: rhombic lip

  • Deleted
    • - rhombic lip database cross reference Wikipedia:Rhombic_lips
    • - rhombic lip definition The posterior section of the developing metencephalon within an embryo, extending posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cell and can be divided into eight structural units based on rhombomeres 1-8 (r1-r8), recognized at early stages of hindbrain development; producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex cerebellar neural system. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Rhombic_lips }
    • - rhombic lip has related synonym future cerebellum { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
  • Added
    • + rhombic lip database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombic_lips
    • + rhombic lip definition The posterior section of the developing metencephalon within an embryo, extending posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cell and can be divided into eight structural units based on rhombomeres 1-8 (r1-r8), recognized at early stages of hindbrain development; producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex cerebellar neural system. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombic_lips }
    • + rhombic lip has related synonym future cerebellum { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: cloacal membrane

Changes for: cervical sinus

Changes for: buccopharyngeal membrane

Changes for: spleen germinal center

Changes for: ethmoidal artery

Changes for: deferent duct artery

Changes for: thoracic vein

Changes for: hair medulla

Changes for: thoracic segment organ

Changes for: future brain

  • Deleted
    • - future brain external definition The embryonic precursor of the brain and the set of mature brain structures that derive from it (CUMBO) { source=http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms }
  • Added
    • + future brain external definition The embryonic precursor of the brain and the set of mature brain structures that derive from it (CUMBO) { source=http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms }

Changes for: future central tendon

Changes for: foregut-midgut junction

  • Deleted
    • - foregut-midgut junction homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000291 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + foregut-midgut junction homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000291 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 }

Changes for: lingual swellings

  • Deleted
    • - lingual swellings external definition Primordium of the tongue; the median swelling and the distal and proximal swellings arise from the ventral aspect of the stomodeum. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000449 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lingual+swellings }
    • - lingual swellings homology notes Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000449 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + lingual swellings external definition Primordium of the tongue; the median swelling and the distal and proximal swellings arise from the ventral aspect of the stomodeum. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000449 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lingual+swellings }
    • + lingual swellings homology notes Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000449 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002) }

Changes for: mural trophectoderm

Changes for: nasolacrimal groove

Changes for: optic foramen

Changes for: notochordal plate

  • Deleted
    • - notochordal plate external definition The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. [Carson_JL, Dehart_DB, Developmental_Dynamics_(1994)201:_260-278, Gesteland_K_and_Schoenwolf_GC, Inagaki_T, Morphogenesis_of_the_murine_node_and_notochordal_plate, The_prechordal_plate, Vrablic_T, see_Mueller_F_and_O’Rahilly_R, the_rostral_end_of_the_notochord_and_nearby_median_features_in_staged_human_embryos._Cells_Tissues_Organs(2003)_173:_1-20_and_Sulik_K][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001212 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + notochordal plate database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1518429
    • + notochordal plate external definition The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. [Carson_JL, Dehart_DB, Developmental_Dynamics_(1994)201:_260-278, Gesteland_K_and_Schoenwolf_GC, Inagaki_T, Morphogenesis_of_the_murine_node_and_notochordal_plate, The_prechordal_plate, Vrablic_T, see_Mueller_F_and_O’Rahilly_R, the_rostral_end_of_the_notochord_and_nearby_median_features_in_staged_human_embryos._Cells_Tissues_Organs(2003)_173:_1-20_and_Sulik_K][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001212 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }

Changes for: notochordal process

Changes for: infundibular recess of 3rd ventricle

Changes for: embryonic intraretinal space

  • Deleted
    • - embryonic intraretinal space external definition The space separating the outer pigment epithelium and the inner neural retina of the optic cup and of the retina. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000534 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/intraretinal+space }
    • - embryonic intraretinal space homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000534 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + embryonic intraretinal space external definition The space separating the outer pigment epithelium and the inner neural retina of the optic cup and of the retina. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000534 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/intraretinal+space }
    • + embryonic intraretinal space homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000534 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: laryngotracheal groove

Changes for: lens pit

Changes for: pyramid of medulla oblongata

Changes for: reproductive structure

Changes for: early prosencephalic vesicle

  • Deleted
    • - early prosencephalic vesicle database cross reference SCTID:361480006
    • - early prosencephalic vesicle definition future brain vesicle that gives rise to telencephalic ventricle/lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • - early prosencephalic vesicle homology notes The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (…). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000644 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + early prosencephalic vesicle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361480006
    • + early prosencephalic vesicle definition future brain vesicle that gives rise to telencephalic ventricle/lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + early prosencephalic vesicle homology notes The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (…). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000644 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 }

Changes for: primitive ventricle of heart

  • Deleted
    • - primitive ventricle of heart database cross reference SCTID:361524003
    • - primitive ventricle of heart database cross reference Wikipedia:Embryonic_ventricle
    • - primitive ventricle of heart definition The embryonic ventricle or primitive ventricle of the developing heart gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles. In contrast, the smooth parts of the left and right ventricles originate from the embryological bulbus cordis. The primitive ventricle becomes divided by a septum, the septum inferius or ventricular septum, which grows upward from the lower part of the ventricle, its position being indicated on the surface of the heart by a furrow. Its dorsal part increases more rapidly than its ventral portion, and fuses with the dorsal part of the septum intermedium. For a time an interventricular foramen exists above its ventral portion, but this foramen is ultimately closed by the fusion of the aortic septum with the ventricular septum. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Embryonic_ventricle }
  • Added
    • + primitive ventricle of heart database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_ventricle
    • + primitive ventricle of heart database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361524003
    • + primitive ventricle of heart definition The embryonic ventricle or primitive ventricle of the developing heart gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles. In contrast, the smooth parts of the left and right ventricles originate from the embryological bulbus cordis. The primitive ventricle becomes divided by a septum, the septum inferius or ventricular septum, which grows upward from the lower part of the ventricle, its position being indicated on the surface of the heart by a furrow. Its dorsal part increases more rapidly than its ventral portion, and fuses with the dorsal part of the septum intermedium. For a time an interventricular foramen exists above its ventral portion, but this foramen is ultimately closed by the fusion of the aortic septum with the ventricular septum. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_ventricle }

Changes for: pleuroperitoneal canal

Changes for: pleuropericardial folds

  • Deleted
    • - pleuropericardial folds homology notes In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (…) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (…) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (…) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001499 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pleuropericardial folds homology notes In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (…) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (…) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (…) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001499 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 }

Changes for: pericardio-peritoneal canal

Changes for: otic pit

  • Deleted
    • - otic pit database cross reference Wikipedia:Otic_pit
    • - otic pit definition The auditory pit, also known as the otic pit, is the first rudiment of the internal ear. It appears shortly after that of the eye, in the form of a patch of thickened ectoderm, the auditory plate, over the region of the hind-brain. The auditory plate becomes depressed and converted into the auditory pit (or otic pit). { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Otic_pit }
    • - otic pit external definition A depression appearing in each otic placode, marking the beginnning of embryonic development of the internal ear. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001147 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Otic+pit }
  • Added

Changes for: oronasal cavity

  • Deleted
    • - oronasal cavity definition In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity { database cross reference=http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter24/custom3/deluxe-content.html }
  • Added
    • + oronasal cavity definition In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity { database cross reference=http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter24/custom3/deluxe-content.html }

Changes for: orbital fissure

Changes for: optic pit

  • Deleted
    • - optic pit external definition A small indentation in the central part of the optic placode. [157-169, Mueller_F_and_ObRahilly_R, The_first_appearance_of_the_neural_tube_and_optic_primordium_in_the_human_embryo_at_stage_10.Anatomy_and_Embryology(1985)_172][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001162 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - optic pit homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles (reference 1); The first morphological sign of eye development in vertebrates is the bilateral evagination of diencephalon in the early neurula. In mammals, this is marked by the appearance of the optic pit, whereas in fish and amphibians a bulging of the optic primordia is observed. Continued evagination of the optic primordia leads to the formation of the optic vesicles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001162 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429, DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.255 Chow RL and Lang RA, Early eye development in vertebrates. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + optic pit external definition A small indentation in the central part of the optic placode. [157-169, Mueller_F_and_ObRahilly_R, The_first_appearance_of_the_neural_tube_and_optic_primordium_in_the_human_embryo_at_stage_10.Anatomy_and_Embryology(1985)_172][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001162 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + optic pit homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles (reference 1); The first morphological sign of eye development in vertebrates is the bilateral evagination of diencephalon in the early neurula. In mammals, this is marked by the appearance of the optic pit, whereas in fish and amphibians a bulging of the optic primordia is observed. Continued evagination of the optic primordia leads to the formation of the optic vesicles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001162 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429, DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.255 Chow RL and Lang RA, Early eye development in vertebrates. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2001) }

Changes for: polar trophectoderm

Changes for: thoracic cavity organ

Changes for: pelvic region organ

Changes for: abdomen organ

Changes for: abdominal segment organ

Changes for: ovary stratum granulosum

Changes for: hepatic duct

Changes for: tooth enamel organ

Changes for: trunk organ

  • Deleted
    • - trunk organ definition An organ that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
  • Added
    • + trunk organ definition An organ that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: dorsal region organ

Changes for: papillary duct

Changes for: interlobular vein

Changes for: interstitial tissue

Changes for: stapes pre-cartilage condensation

Changes for: vestigial structure

Changes for: spleen primordium

Changes for: pelvic spur

  • Deleted
    • - pelvic spur database cross reference Wikipedia:Pelvic_spur
    • - pelvic spur definition Pelvic spurs are the externally visible portion of the vestigial remnants of legs found on each side of the vent in primitive snakes, such as boas and pythons. The remnants of a pelvis and femur, which have no connection with the spine, simply ‘float’ in the muscle mass. The femur protrudes from the snake’s body and is covered by a corneal spur, which resembles a claw. Males’ spurs are generally longer and more pointed than females’, and are used for clasping and tickling during courtship and mating, as well as combat with other males in some species { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pelvic_spur }
    • - pelvic spur has related synonym anal spur { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Anal_spur }
  • Added
    • + pelvic spur database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_spur
    • + pelvic spur definition Pelvic spurs are the externally visible portion of the vestigial remnants of legs found on each side of the vent in primitive snakes, such as boas and pythons. The remnants of a pelvis and femur, which have no connection with the spine, simply ‘float’ in the muscle mass. The femur protrudes from the snake’s body and is covered by a corneal spur, which resembles a claw. Males’ spurs are generally longer and more pointed than females’, and are used for clasping and tickling during courtship and mating, as well as combat with other males in some species { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_spur }
    • + pelvic spur has related synonym anal spur { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_spur }

Changes for: ascending limb of loop of Henle

Changes for: subcardinal vein

Changes for: metanephric nephron

  • Deleted
    • - metanephric nephron homology notes The primitive form of the vertebrate nephron consists of a vascular filtration surface overlain with podocytes, a specialized coelomic cavity to receive the ultrafiltrate, and a tubule for modification to final urine. Although previously thought to be unique to the vertebrates, this design is now known to be widespread among invertebrates, including most of the protochordates, and especially their larvae.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000719 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1093/icb/34.4.542 Ruppert EE, Evolutionary Origin of the Vertebrate Nephron. Integrative and Comparative Biology (1994) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + metanephric nephron homology notes The primitive form of the vertebrate nephron consists of a vascular filtration surface overlain with podocytes, a specialized coelomic cavity to receive the ultrafiltrate, and a tubule for modification to final urine. Although previously thought to be unique to the vertebrates, this design is now known to be widespread among invertebrates, including most of the protochordates, and especially their larvae.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000719 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1093/icb/34.4.542 Ruppert EE, Evolutionary Origin of the Vertebrate Nephron. Integrative and Comparative Biology (1994) }

Changes for: metanephric tubule

  • Deleted
    • - metanephric tubule homology notes The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001526 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + metanephric tubule homology notes The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001526 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 }

Changes for: metanephric cap

Changes for: metanephric smooth muscle tissue

Changes for: late embryonic stage

Changes for: neonate stage

Changes for: late adult stage

Changes for: osseus cochlea

Changes for: superior vestibular nucleus

Changes for: vestibular nucleus

Changes for: lateral vestibular nucleus

Changes for: 1st arch mandibular component

  • Deleted
    • - 1st arch mandibular component homology notes Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000510 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 1st arch mandibular component homology notes Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000510 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: 1st arch maxillary component

  • Deleted
    • - 1st arch maxillary component homology notes Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000511 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 1st arch maxillary component homology notes Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000511 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: tunica media of artery

Changes for: vestibulum vaginae

Changes for: plantar part of pes

Changes for: inguinal part of abdomen

Changes for: brachiocephalic vasculature

Changes for: ventrolateral sulcus of medulla oblongata

Changes for: ileal epithelium

Changes for: columella nasi

Changes for: nasal bridge

Changes for: duodenal epithelium

Changes for: cerebellum intermediate zone

Changes for: posterior lobe of cerebellum

Changes for: upper esophageal sphincter

Changes for: intervertebral disk of fifth cervical vertebra

Changes for: intervertebral disk of fourth cervical vertebra

Changes for: nasopharyngeal gland

Changes for: penile bulb artery

Changes for: erectile tissue

Changes for: pelvic appendage skeleton

Changes for: deep artery of clitoris

Changes for: dorsal artery of clitoris

Changes for: common penile artery

Changes for: presumptive hindbrain

  • Deleted
    • - presumptive hindbrain database cross reference Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon
    • - presumptive hindbrain definition The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, ‘rhombencephalosynapsis’ is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon }
    • - presumptive hindbrain has related synonym future hindbrain { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + presumptive hindbrain database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombencephalon
    • + presumptive hindbrain definition The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, ‘rhombencephalosynapsis’ is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombencephalon }
    • + presumptive hindbrain has related synonym future hindbrain { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: deep artery of penis

Changes for: presumptive midbrain hindbrain boundary

Changes for: dorsal accessory inferior olivary nucleus

Changes for: superior olivary nucleus

Changes for: inferior olivary nucleus

Changes for: tunica media of vein

Changes for: tunica intima of vein

Changes for: tunica adventitia of vein

Changes for: tunica adventitia of artery

Changes for: inner chondrogenic layer of perichondrium

Changes for: intervertebral disk of sacral vertebra

Changes for: outer fibrous layer of perichondrium

Changes for: intervertebral disk of thoracic vertebra

Changes for: intervertebral disk of lumbar vertebra

Changes for: lingual tonsil

Changes for: intervertebral disk of cervical vertebra

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 24

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 3

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 36

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 35

Changes for: corticomedial nuclear complex

Changes for: basolateral amygdaloid nuclear complex

Changes for: cochlear canal

Changes for: odontoid process of cervical vertebra 2

Changes for: dorsal digital artery of manus

Changes for: palmar digital vein

Changes for: beak

  • Deleted
    • - beak database cross reference Wikipedia:Beak
    • - beak definition The avian beak is an external anatomical structure, in the head region, that is adapted for feeding self and young, catching prey, probing, etc. It encompasses, but is not restricted to, the maxilla, mandible, maxillary ramaphotheca, mandibular ramaphotheca, nostril, nasal fossa, nasal bones, egg tooth and rictus[GO]. The beak, bill or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds which is used for eating and for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, probing for food, courtship and feeding young. The term beak is also used to refer to a similar mouthpart in some Ornithischian dinosaurs, monotremes, cephalopods, cetaceans, pufferfishes, turtles, Anuran tadpoles and sirens[WP]. { database cross reference=GO:0071728 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Beak }
  • Added
    • + beak database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak
    • + beak definition The avian beak is an external anatomical structure, in the head region, that is adapted for feeding self and young, catching prey, probing, etc. It encompasses, but is not restricted to, the maxilla, mandible, maxillary ramaphotheca, mandibular ramaphotheca, nostril, nasal fossa, nasal bones, egg tooth and rictus[GO]. The beak, bill or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds which is used for eating and for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, probing for food, courtship and feeding young. The term beak is also used to refer to a similar mouthpart in some Ornithischian dinosaurs, monotremes, cephalopods, cetaceans, pufferfishes, turtles, Anuran tadpoles and sirens[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak , database cross reference=GO:0071728 }

Changes for: descending thin limb

Changes for: dorsal digital artery of pes

Changes for: renal connecting tubule

Changes for: left horn of sinus venosus

  • Deleted
    • - left horn of sinus venosus homology notes Three major adaptations, or ‘novel cardiac components’, that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000488 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + left horn of sinus venosus homology notes Three major adaptations, or ‘novel cardiac components’, that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000488 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003) }

Changes for: right horn of sinus venosus

  • Deleted
    • - right horn of sinus venosus homology notes Three major adaptations, or ‘novel cardiac components’, that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000489 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + right horn of sinus venosus homology notes Three major adaptations, or ‘novel cardiac components’, that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000489 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003 }

Changes for: myelinated nerve fiber

Changes for: unmyelinated nerve fiber

Changes for: proper palmar digital artery

Changes for: plantar digital artery

Changes for: plantar digital vein

Changes for: funiculus of neuraxis

  • Deleted
    • - funiculus of neuraxis database cross reference Wikipedia:Funiculus_%28neurology%29
    • - funiculus of neuraxis definition The cerebrospinal nerves consist of numerous nerve fibers collected together and enclosed in membranous sheaths. A small bundle of fibers, enclosed in a tubular sheath, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or fasciculi, which are bound together in a common membranous investment. Examples include: Anterior funiculus of the spinal cord Lateral funiculus of the spinal cord Posterior funiculus of the spinal cord Funiculus solitarius of the medulla Funiculus separans { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Funiculus_%28neurology%29 }
  • Added
    • + funiculus of neuraxis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funiculus_%28neurology%29
    • + funiculus of neuraxis definition The cerebrospinal nerves consist of numerous nerve fibers collected together and enclosed in membranous sheaths. A small bundle of fibers, enclosed in a tubular sheath, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or fasciculi, which are bound together in a common membranous investment. Examples include: Anterior funiculus of the spinal cord Lateral funiculus of the spinal cord Posterior funiculus of the spinal cord Funiculus solitarius of the medulla Funiculus separans { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funiculus_%28neurology%29 }

Changes for: nerve fiber

  • Deleted
    • - nerve fiber database cross reference SCTID:88545005
    • - nerve fiber database cross reference Wikipedia:Nervous_system_fiber
    • - nerve fiber definition A threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if it is myelinated) in the nervous system. There are nerve fibers in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. A nerve fiber may be myelinated and/or unmyelinated. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin by oligodendroglia cells is formed. Schwann cells form myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells also make a thin covering in an axon without myelin (in the PNS). A peripheral nerve fiber contains an axon, myelin sheath, schwann cells and its endoneurium. There are no endoneurium and schwann cells in the central nervous system. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nervous_system_fiber }
    • - nerve fiber has related synonym neurofibra { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nerve_fiber , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + nerve fiber database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system_fiber
    • + nerve fiber database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/88545005
    • + nerve fiber definition A threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if it is myelinated) in the nervous system. There are nerve fibers in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. A nerve fiber may be myelinated and/or unmyelinated. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin by oligodendroglia cells is formed. Schwann cells form myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells also make a thin covering in an axon without myelin (in the PNS). A peripheral nerve fiber contains an axon, myelin sheath, schwann cells and its endoneurium. There are no endoneurium and schwann cells in the central nervous system. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system_fiber }
    • + nerve fiber has related synonym neurofibra { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_fiber , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: metanephric ureteric bud

Changes for: eggshell

Changes for: superior colliculus superficial gray layer

Changes for: lamina terminalis of neural tube

Changes for: neuropore

Changes for: posterior neuropore

Changes for: anterior neuropore

Changes for: accessory nerve fiber bundle

Changes for: lateral occipital cortex

Changes for: posterior column of fornix

Changes for: vagal nerve fiber bundle

Changes for: neural fold

Changes for: neural groove

  • Deleted
    • - neural groove database cross reference SCTID:361463007
    • - neural groove database cross reference Wikipedia:Neural_groove
    • - neural groove definition The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. { database cross reference=GO:0001842 , database cross reference=GOC:cjm , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Neural_groove }
    • - neural groove external definition The neural groove is a shallow median groove between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural folds are two longitudinal ridges that are caused by a folding up of the ectoderm in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind-brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week the front opening (anterior neuropore) of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess which is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm. The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations, which, when the tube is closed, assume the form of three vesicles; these constitute the three primary cerebral vesicles, and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), mid-brain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form its ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the medulla spinalis or spinal cord; from its ectodermal wall the nervous and neuroglial elements of the medulla spinalis are developed while the cavity persists as the central canal[Wikipedia:Neural_groove]. { source=Wikipedia:Neural_groove }
  • Added
    • + neural groove database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_groove
    • + neural groove database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0814992
    • + neural groove database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361463007
    • + neural groove definition The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_groove , database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 , database cross reference=GO:0001842 }
    • + neural groove external definition The neural groove is a shallow median groove between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural folds are two longitudinal ridges that are caused by a folding up of the ectoderm in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind-brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week the front opening (anterior neuropore) of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess which is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm. The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations, which, when the tube is closed, assume the form of three vesicles; these constitute the three primary cerebral vesicles, and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), mid-brain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form its ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the medulla spinalis or spinal cord; from its ectodermal wall the nervous and neuroglial elements of the medulla spinalis are developed while the cavity persists as the central canal[Wikipedia:Neural_groove]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_groove }

Changes for: mediastinum testis

  • Deleted
    • - mediastinum testis database cross reference SCTID:362279007
    • - mediastinum testis database cross reference Wikipedia:Mediastinum_testis
    • - mediastinum testis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg
    • - mediastinum testis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg/200px-Hodenschema.svg.png
    • - mediastinum testis definition The mediastinum testis is a network of fibrous connective tissue that extends from the upper to near the lower extremity of the testis, and is wider above than below. From its front and sides numerous imperfect septa (trabeculæ) are given off, which radiate toward the surface of the organ, and are attached to the tunica albuginea. They divide the interior of the organ into a number of incomplete spaces, called lobules. These are somewhat cone-shaped, being broad at their bases at the surface of the gland, and becoming narrower as they converge to the mediastinum. The mediastinum supports the rete testis and blood vessels of the testis in their passage to and from the substance of the gland[WP] { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Mediastinum_testis }
  • Added
    • + mediastinum testis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediastinum_testis
    • + mediastinum testis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362279007
    • + mediastinum testis definition The mediastinum testis is a network of fibrous connective tissue that extends from the upper to near the lower extremity of the testis, and is wider above than below. From its front and sides numerous imperfect septa (trabeculæ) are given off, which radiate toward the surface of the organ, and are attached to the tunica albuginea. They divide the interior of the organ into a number of incomplete spaces, called lobules. These are somewhat cone-shaped, being broad at their bases at the surface of the gland, and becoming narrower as they converge to the mediastinum. The mediastinum supports the rete testis and blood vessels of the testis in their passage to and from the substance of the gland[WP] { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediastinum_testis }
    • + mediastinum testis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg
    • + mediastinum testis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg/200px-Hodenschema.svg.png

Changes for: gizzard

Changes for: liver papillary process

Changes for: external female genitalia

Changes for: nerve cord

Changes for: dorsal nerve cord

  • Deleted
    • - dorsal nerve cord database cross reference Wikipedia:Dorsal_nerve_cord
    • - dorsal nerve cord definition The dorsal tubular cord of nervous tissue above the notochord of a chordate that comprises or develops into the central nervous system[BTO]. The nerve cord of chordates develops dorsally in the body as a hollow tube above the notochord. In most species it differentiates in embryogeny into the brain anteriorly and spinal cord that runs through the trunk and tail. Together the brain and spinal cord are the central nervous system to which peripheral sensory and motor nerves connect[TOL]. The dorsal nerve cord is one of the embryonic features unique to chordates, along with a notochord, a post-anal tail and pharyngeal slits. The dorsal nerve cord is a hollow cord dorsal to the notochord. It is formed from a part of the ectoderm that rolls, forming the hollow tube, compared to other animal phyla, which have solid, ventral tubes. The dorsal nerve cord is later modified into the brain and spinal cord. Dorsal nerve cord is mainly found in phylum Vertebrata[WP]. { database cross reference=BTO:0002329 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dorsal_nerve_cord , database cross reference=http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 }
  • Added
    • + dorsal nerve cord database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_cord
    • + dorsal nerve cord definition The dorsal tubular cord of nervous tissue above the notochord of a chordate that comprises or develops into the central nervous system[BTO]. The nerve cord of chordates develops dorsally in the body as a hollow tube above the notochord. In most species it differentiates in embryogeny into the brain anteriorly and spinal cord that runs through the trunk and tail. Together the brain and spinal cord are the central nervous system to which peripheral sensory and motor nerves connect[TOL]. The dorsal nerve cord is one of the embryonic features unique to chordates, along with a notochord, a post-anal tail and pharyngeal slits. The dorsal nerve cord is a hollow cord dorsal to the notochord. It is formed from a part of the ectoderm that rolls, forming the hollow tube, compared to other animal phyla, which have solid, ventral tubes. The dorsal nerve cord is later modified into the brain and spinal cord. Dorsal nerve cord is mainly found in phylum Vertebrata[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_cord , database cross reference=http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 , database cross reference=BTO:0002329 }

Changes for: cerebellomedullary cistern

  • Deleted
    • - cerebellomedullary cistern definition the largest of the subarachnoid cisterns between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata; it is divided into a posterior cerebellomedullary cistern [TA] located between the cerebellum and the posterior surface of the medulla (also called cisterna magna), and a lateral cerebellomedullary cistern [TA] located between the cerebellum and the lateral aspect of the medulla. { database cross reference=http://www.drugs.com/dict/cerebellomedullary-cistern.html }
  • Added
    • + cerebellomedullary cistern definition the largest of the subarachnoid cisterns between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata; it is divided into a posterior cerebellomedullary cistern [TA] located between the cerebellum and the posterior surface of the medulla (also called cisterna magna), and a lateral cerebellomedullary cistern [TA] located between the cerebellum and the lateral aspect of the medulla. { database cross reference=http://www.drugs.com/dict/cerebellomedullary-cistern.html }

Changes for: hemolymphoid system gland

Changes for: semicircular canal ampulla

Changes for: subplate

Changes for: renal sinus

Changes for: inner epithelial layer of tympanic membrane

Changes for: mucosa of ethmoidal sinus

Changes for: mucosa of hard palate

Changes for: ectomesenchyme

  • Deleted
    • - ectomesenchyme database cross reference Wikipedia:Ectomesenchyme
    • - ectomesenchyme external definition Ectomesenchyme has similar properties to mesenchyme. The major difference is that ectomesenchyme is usually considered to arise from neural crest cells, which are a critical group of cells that form in the cranial region during early vertebrate development. Thus, ectomesenchyme plays a critical role in the formation of the hard and soft tissues of the head and neck such as bones, muscles, teeth, and, most important, the branchial arches[Wikipedia:Ectomesenchyme]. { source=Wikipedia:Ectomesenchyme }
  • Added
    • + ectomesenchyme database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectomesenchyme
    • + ectomesenchyme external definition Ectomesenchyme has similar properties to mesenchyme. The major difference is that ectomesenchyme is usually considered to arise from neural crest cells, which are a critical group of cells that form in the cranial region during early vertebrate development. Thus, ectomesenchyme plays a critical role in the formation of the hard and soft tissues of the head and neck such as bones, muscles, teeth, and, most important, the branchial arches[Wikipedia:Ectomesenchyme]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectomesenchyme }

Changes for: mucosa of gallbladder

Changes for: canal of Schlemm

Changes for: mucosa of upper lip

Changes for: mucosa of lower lip

Changes for: chorionic plate

  • Deleted
    • - chorionic plate database cross reference SCTID:256391000
    • - chorionic plate definition hat portion of the chorionic wall in the region of its uterine attachment, which gives rise to chorionic villi; it consists of the mesoderm that lines the chorionic vesicle and, on the maternal side, of the trophoblast that lines the intervillous spaces; in the last half of gestation, the mesodermal connective tissue is largely replaced by fibrinoid material, and the amnionic membrane is adherent to the fetal side of the plate. { database cross reference=MP:0004560 , database cross reference=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=69523 }
  • Added
    • + chorionic plate database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0230972
    • + chorionic plate database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/256391000
    • + chorionic plate definition hat portion of the chorionic wall in the region of its uterine attachment, which gives rise to chorionic villi; it consists of the mesoderm that lines the chorionic vesicle and, on the maternal side, of the trophoblast that lines the intervillous spaces; in the last half of gestation, the mesodermal connective tissue is largely replaced by fibrinoid material, and the amnionic membrane is adherent to the fetal side of the plate. { database cross reference=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=69523 , database cross reference=MP:0004560 }

Changes for: lateral ganglionic eminence

Changes for: dorsal digital artery

Changes for: medial ganglionic eminence

Changes for: ganglionic eminence

  • Deleted
    • - ganglionic eminence database cross reference Wikipedia:Ganglionic_eminence
    • - ganglionic eminence definition the transient proliferative population of neurons that expands exponentially during late prenatal development; it is a continuous germinal zone distinct from the ventricular zone that surrounds the brain ventricles[MP]. The eminences are found in the ventral part of the telencephalon, where they form bulges in the ventricles. These bulges develop into the basal ganglia.[1] They also contribute significantly in building up the GABAergic cortical cell population[WP]. { database cross reference=MP:0004274 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ganglionic_eminence }
  • Added
    • + ganglionic eminence database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglionic_eminence
    • + ganglionic eminence definition the transient proliferative population of neurons that expands exponentially during late prenatal development; it is a continuous germinal zone distinct from the ventricular zone that surrounds the brain ventricles[MP]. The eminences are found in the ventral part of the telencephalon, where they form bulges in the ventricles. These bulges develop into the basal ganglia.[1] They also contribute significantly in building up the GABAergic cortical cell population[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglionic_eminence , database cross reference=MP:0004274 }

Changes for: spongiotrophoblast layer

Changes for: mucosa of bronchiole

Changes for: mucosa of tongue

Changes for: periocular mesenchyme

Changes for: mucosa of sphenoidal sinus

Changes for: dermatome

Changes for: feather barb

Changes for: mucosa of nasopharynx

Changes for: pennaceous feather

  • Deleted
    • - pennaceous feather database cross reference Wikipedia:Pennaceous_feather
    • - pennaceous feather definition Pennaceous feathers are also known as contour feathers. This type of feather is present in most modern birds, and has been shown in some species of maniraptoran dinosaurs. Pennaceous feathers have a central shaft (or rachis) with vanes spreading to either side. These vanes are composed of a high number of flattened barbs, that are connected to one another with barbules. The barbules are tiny strands that criss-cross on the flattened side s of the barbs. This forms a kind of miniature velcro-like mesh that holds all the barbs together, stabilizing the vanes. Flight feathers (remiges and rectrices) are specialized types of pennaceous feathers, adapted for high loadings and often strongly asymmetric for improved flight performance[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pennaceous_feather }
    • - pennaceous feather has related synonym contour feather { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pennaceous_feather }
    • - pennaceous feather has related synonym pennaceous { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pennaceous_feather }
  • Added
    • + pennaceous feather database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennaceous_feather
    • + pennaceous feather definition Pennaceous feathers are also known as contour feathers. This type of feather is present in most modern birds, and has been shown in some species of maniraptoran dinosaurs. Pennaceous feathers have a central shaft (or rachis) with vanes spreading to either side. These vanes are composed of a high number of flattened barbs, that are connected to one another with barbules. The barbules are tiny strands that criss-cross on the flattened side s of the barbs. This forms a kind of miniature velcro-like mesh that holds all the barbs together, stabilizing the vanes. Flight feathers (remiges and rectrices) are specialized types of pennaceous feathers, adapted for high loadings and often strongly asymmetric for improved flight performance[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennaceous_feather }
    • + pennaceous feather has related synonym contour feather { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennaceous_feather }
    • + pennaceous feather has related synonym pennaceous { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennaceous_feather }

Changes for: mucosa of oropharynx

Changes for: golgi tendon organ

Changes for: labium minora

  • Deleted
    • - labium minora database cross reference SCTID:362240001
    • - labium minora database cross reference Wikipedia:Labia_minora
    • - labium minora database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Vulva_labeled_english.jpg
    • - labium minora definition The labia minora or nymphae are two longitudinal cutaneous folds on the human vulva. They are situated between the labia majora, and extend from the clitoris obliquely downward, laterally, and backward on either side of the vulval vestibule, ending between bottom of the vulval vestibule and the labia majora. In the virgin the posterior ends of the labia minora are usually joined across the middle line by a fold of skin, named the frenulum labiorum pudendi or fourchette. Labia minora may vary widely in size from woman to woman. On the front, each labium minus (nympha) divides into two portions: the upper division passes above the clitoris to meet the labium minus of the opposite side—which may not be equal in size—forming a fold which overhangs the glans clitoridis; this fold is named the preputium clitoridis. The lower division passes beneath the glans clitoridis and becomes united to its under surface, forming, with the labium minus of the opposite side—which also may not be equal in size—the frenulum clitoridis. On the opposed surfaces of the labia minora are numerous sebaceous follicles. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Labia_minora }
    • - labium minora has related synonym labium minus pudendi { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Labia_minora , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + labium minora database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labia_minora
    • + labium minora database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0227766
    • + labium minora database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362240001
    • + labium minora definition The labia minora or nymphae are two longitudinal cutaneous folds on the human vulva. They are situated between the labia majora, and extend from the clitoris obliquely downward, laterally, and backward on either side of the vulval vestibule, ending between bottom of the vulval vestibule and the labia majora. In the virgin the posterior ends of the labia minora are usually joined across the middle line by a fold of skin, named the frenulum labiorum pudendi or fourchette. Labia minora may vary widely in size from woman to woman. On the front, each labium minus (nympha) divides into two portions: the upper division passes above the clitoris to meet the labium minus of the opposite side—which may not be equal in size—forming a fold which overhangs the glans clitoridis; this fold is named the preputium clitoridis. The lower division passes beneath the glans clitoridis and becomes united to its under surface, forming, with the labium minus of the opposite side—which also may not be equal in size—the frenulum clitoridis. On the opposed surfaces of the labia minora are numerous sebaceous follicles. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labia_minora }
    • + labium minora depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Vulva_labeled_english.jpg
    • + labium minora has related synonym labium minus pudendi { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labia_minora , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: mucosa of maxillary sinus

Changes for: mucosa of soft palate

Changes for: mucosa of frontal sinus

Changes for: mucosa of intermediate urethra

Changes for: genital labium

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule VII

Changes for: vena cava

Changes for: labium majora

  • Deleted
    • - labium majora database cross reference SCTID:362237001
    • - labium majora database cross reference Wikipedia:Labia_majora
    • - labium majora database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Gray1229.png
    • - labium majora definition The labia majora are two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds which extend downward and backward from the mons pubis to the perineum and form the lateral boundaries of the cleft of venus, which contains the labia minora, interlabial sulci, clitoral hood, clitoral glans, frenulum clitoridis, the Hart’s Line, and the vulval vestibule, which contains the external openings of the urethra and the vagina. Each labium majus has two surfaces, an outer, pigmented and covered with strong, crisp hairs; and an inner, smooth and beset with large sebaceous follicles. Between the two there is a considerable quantity of areolar tissue, fat, and a tissue resembling the dartos tunic of the scrotum, besides vessels, nerves, and glands. The Labia Majora are thicker in front, where they form by their meeting the anterior commisure of the labia majora. Posteriorly they are not really joined, but appear to become lost in the neighboring integument, ending close to — and nearly parallel with — each other. Together with the connecting skin between them, they form the posterior commisure of the labia majora or posterior boundary of the pudendum. The interval between the posterior commissure of the labia majora and the anus, from 2.5 to 3 cm. in length, constitutes the perineum. The labia majora correspond to the scrotum in the male. Between the labia majora and the inner thighs are the labiocrural folds. Between the labia majora and labia minora are the interlabial sulci. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Labia_majora }
    • - labium majora has related synonym labium majus pudendi { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Labia_majora , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + labium majora database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labia_majora
    • + labium majora database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0227760
    • + labium majora database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362237001
    • + labium majora definition The labia majora are two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds which extend downward and backward from the mons pubis to the perineum and form the lateral boundaries of the cleft of venus, which contains the labia minora, interlabial sulci, clitoral hood, clitoral glans, frenulum clitoridis, the Hart’s Line, and the vulval vestibule, which contains the external openings of the urethra and the vagina. Each labium majus has two surfaces, an outer, pigmented and covered with strong, crisp hairs; and an inner, smooth and beset with large sebaceous follicles. Between the two there is a considerable quantity of areolar tissue, fat, and a tissue resembling the dartos tunic of the scrotum, besides vessels, nerves, and glands. The Labia Majora are thicker in front, where they form by their meeting the anterior commisure of the labia majora. Posteriorly they are not really joined, but appear to become lost in the neighboring integument, ending close to — and nearly parallel with — each other. Together with the connecting skin between them, they form the posterior commisure of the labia majora or posterior boundary of the pudendum. The interval between the posterior commissure of the labia majora and the anus, from 2.5 to 3 cm. in length, constitutes the perineum. The labia majora correspond to the scrotum in the male. Between the labia majora and the inner thighs are the labiocrural folds. Between the labia majora and labia minora are the interlabial sulci. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labia_majora }
    • + labium majora depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Gray1229.png
    • + labium majora has related synonym labium majus pudendi { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labia_majora , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: brain ventricle

Changes for: midface

Changes for: periorbital region

Changes for: cerebellum emboliform nucleus

Changes for: cerebellum globose nucleus

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule I

Changes for: mucosa of renal pelvis

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule IV

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule IX

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule VI

Changes for: frontonasal prominence

Changes for: neural tube basal plate

  • Deleted
    • - neural tube basal plate database cross reference Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube)
    • - neural tube basal plate definition the region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies ventral to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily motor neurons and interneurons. the region of the neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans. It extends from the rostral mesencephalon to the end of the spinal cord and contains primarily motor neurons, whereas neurons found in the alar plate are primarily associated with sensory functions. The cell types of the basal plate include lower motor neurons and four types of interneuron. Initially the left and right sides of the basal plate are continuous, but during neurulation they become separated by the floor plate, a derivative of the notochord[WP]. { database cross reference=MP:0009693 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube) }
    • - neural tube basal plate has exact synonym basal plate of neural tube { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube) }
  • Added

Changes for: accessory olfactory bulb

Changes for: lateral nasal prominence

Changes for: medial nasal prominence

Changes for: quadrigeminal cistern

Changes for: external male genitalia

Changes for: internal male genitalia

Changes for: primitive pit

Changes for: subarachnoid cistern

Changes for: posterior auricular vein

Changes for: auricular vein

Changes for: dorsal intercostal artery

Changes for: primitive groove

Changes for: biliary ductule

Changes for: renal collecting system

Changes for: alveolar ridge

Changes for: subungual region

Changes for: crus of ear

Changes for: clivus of occipital bone

Changes for: pharyngeal pouch

  • Deleted
    • - pharyngeal pouch database cross reference SCTID:34674002
    • - pharyngeal pouch database cross reference Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)
    • - pharyngeal pouch definition embryonic structure that forms on the endodermal side between the pharyngeal arches, and pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches. The pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become gills in fish[WP]. Outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits[ZFA]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology) }
    • - pharyngeal pouch has exact synonym branchial pouch { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Branchial_pouch }
    • - pharyngeal pouch homology notes A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001203 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pharyngeal pouch database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)
    • + pharyngeal pouch database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0231067
    • + pharyngeal pouch database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/34674002
    • + pharyngeal pouch definition embryonic structure that forms on the endodermal side between the pharyngeal arches, and pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches. The pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become gills in fish[WP]. Outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits[ZFA]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology) }
    • + pharyngeal pouch has exact synonym branchial pouch { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchial_pouch }
    • + pharyngeal pouch homology notes A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001203 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) }

Changes for: muscle of auditory ossicle

Changes for: tympanic cavity

Changes for: anatomical conduit

Changes for: muscle of middle ear

Changes for: endoderm-derived structure

Changes for: optic vesicle

Changes for: genitourinary system

Changes for: mesoderm-derived structure

Changes for: ectoderm-derived structure

Changes for: vitelline duct

  • Deleted
    • - vitelline duct database cross reference SCTID:280701007
    • - vitelline duct database cross reference Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct
    • - vitelline duct database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray30.png
    • - vitelline duct definition In the human embryo, the vitelline duct, also known as the omphalomesenteric duct, is a long narrow tube that joins the yolk-sac to the midgut lumen of the developing fetus. It appears at the end of the fourth week, when the yolk-sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped vesicle (the umbilical vesicle). The vesicle can be seen in the afterbirth as a small, somewhat oval-shaped body whose diameter varies from 1 mm to 5 mm. It is situated between the amnion and the chorion and may lie on or at a varying distance from the placenta. Generally, the duct fully obliterates (narrows and disappears) during the seventh week, but a failure of the duct to close is termed a vitelline fistula. This results in discharge of meconium from the umbilicus. About two per cent of fetuses exhibit a type of vitelline fistula characterized by persistence of the proximal part of the vitelline duct as a diverticulum protruding from the small intestine, Meckel’s diverticulum, which is situated about two feet above the ileocecal junction, and may be attached by a fibrous cord to the abdominal wall at the umbilicus. Sometimes a narrowing of the lumen of the ileum is seen opposite the site of attachment of the duct. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct }
    • - vitelline duct has related synonym embryonic yolk stalk { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct }
    • - vitelline duct has related synonym omphalomesenteric duct { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct }
    • - vitelline duct has related synonym yolk duct { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct }
    • - vitelline duct has related synonym yolk-stalk { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct }
  • Added
    • + vitelline duct database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_duct
    • + vitelline duct database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280701007
    • + vitelline duct definition In the human embryo, the vitelline duct, also known as the omphalomesenteric duct, is a long narrow tube that joins the yolk-sac to the midgut lumen of the developing fetus. It appears at the end of the fourth week, when the yolk-sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped vesicle (the umbilical vesicle). The vesicle can be seen in the afterbirth as a small, somewhat oval-shaped body whose diameter varies from 1 mm to 5 mm. It is situated between the amnion and the chorion and may lie on or at a varying distance from the placenta. Generally, the duct fully obliterates (narrows and disappears) during the seventh week, but a failure of the duct to close is termed a vitelline fistula. This results in discharge of meconium from the umbilicus. About two per cent of fetuses exhibit a type of vitelline fistula characterized by persistence of the proximal part of the vitelline duct as a diverticulum protruding from the small intestine, Meckel’s diverticulum, which is situated about two feet above the ileocecal junction, and may be attached by a fibrous cord to the abdominal wall at the umbilicus. Sometimes a narrowing of the lumen of the ileum is seen opposite the site of attachment of the duct. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_duct }
    • + vitelline duct depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray30.png
    • + vitelline duct has related synonym embryonic yolk stalk { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_duct }
    • + vitelline duct has related synonym omphalomesenteric duct { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_duct }
    • + vitelline duct has related synonym yolk duct { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_duct }
    • + vitelline duct has related synonym yolk-stalk { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_duct }

Changes for: chorionic villus

Changes for: vernix caseosa

Changes for: primary circulatory organ

Changes for: deciduous tooth

Changes for: umbilicus

Changes for: neck of femur

Changes for: venom

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + venom database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom
    • + venom definition Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom , database cross reference=MESH:A12.200.935 }

Changes for: Douglas’ pouch

Changes for: pharyngeal pouch 3

Changes for: pharyngeal pouch 2

Changes for: pharyngeal pouch 1

Changes for: dermatome segment of skin

Changes for: premolar tooth

Changes for: pharyngeal pouch 6

Changes for: pharyngeal pouch 5

  • Deleted
    • - pharyngeal pouch 5 database cross reference Fifth pouch
    • - pharyngeal pouch 5 homology notes A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001206 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added

Changes for: pharyngeal pouch 4

Changes for: head kidney

Changes for: rectouterine fold

Changes for: left internal carotid artery

Changes for: visceral mesothelium

Changes for: parietal mesothelium

Changes for: posterior spinal artery

Changes for: dome of diaphragm

  • Deleted
    • - dome of diaphragm database cross reference SCTID:244940004
    • - dome of diaphragm homology notes In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm’s apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000933 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003 Brainerd EL, Owerkowicz T, Functional morphology and evolution of aspiration breathing in tetrapods. Respiratory physiology and neurobiology (2006) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + dome of diaphragm database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244940004
    • + dome of diaphragm homology notes In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm’s apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000933 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003 Brainerd EL, Owerkowicz T, Functional morphology and evolution of aspiration breathing in tetrapods. Respiratory physiology and neurobiology (2006) }

Changes for: right internal carotid artery

Changes for: inferior thyroid artery

Changes for: inferior petrosal sinus

Changes for: mitral valve leaflet

  • Deleted
    • - mitral valve leaflet database cross reference SCTID:244353007
    • - mitral valve leaflet homology notes The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000822 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + mitral valve leaflet database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244353007
    • + mitral valve leaflet homology notes The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000822 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) }

Changes for: superior thyroid artery

Changes for: superior epigastric artery

Changes for: inferior sagittal sinus

Changes for: superior epigastric vein

Changes for: inferior epigastric vein

Changes for: superior thyroid vein

Changes for: inferior thyroid vein

Changes for: lumen of colon

Changes for: basisphenoid bone

Changes for: squamous part of occipital bone

Changes for: subcostal muscle

Changes for: innermost intercostal muscle

Changes for: scalene muscle

Changes for: short head of biceps brachii

Changes for: muscle of pelvic diaphragm

  • Deleted
    • - muscle of pelvic diaphragm database cross reference SCTID:367748001
    • - muscle of pelvic diaphragm database cross reference Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor
    • - muscle of pelvic diaphragm database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray404.png
    • - muscle of pelvic diaphragm definition The pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the levator ani, the coccygeus, and associated connective tissue which span the area underneath the pelvis. The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular partition formed by the levatores ani and coccygei, with which may be included the parietal pelvic fascia on their upper and lower aspects. The pelvic floor separates the pelvic cavity above from the perineal region below. The right and left levator ani lie almost horizontally in the floor of the pelvis, separated by a narrow gap that transmits the urethra, vagina, and anal canal. The levator ani is usually considered in three parts: pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus. The pubococcygeus, the main part of the levator, runs backward from the body of the pubis toward the coccyx and may be damaged during parturition. Some fibers are inserted into the prostate, urethra, and vagina. The right and left puborectalis unite behind the anorectal junction to form a muscular sling . Some regard them as a part of the sphincter ani externus. The iliococcygeus, the most posterior part of the levator ani, is often poorly developed. The coccygeus, situated behind the levator ani and frequently tendinous as much as muscular, extends from the ischial spine to the lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx. The pelvic cavity of the true pelvis has the pelvic floor as its inferior border (and the pelvic brim as its superior border. ) The perineum has the pelvic floor as its superior border. Some sources do not consider ‘pelvic floor’ and ‘pelvic diaphragm’ to be identical, with the ‘diaphragm’ consisting of only the levator ani and coccygeus, while the ‘floor’ also includes the perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch. However, other sources include the fascia as part of the diaphragm. In practice, the two terms are often used interchangeably. Inferiorly, the pelvic floor extends into the anal triangle. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor }
    • - muscle of pelvic diaphragm has related synonym diaphragm of the pelvis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor }
    • - muscle of pelvic diaphragm has related synonym diaphragma pelvis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - muscle of pelvic diaphragm has related synonym pelvic diaphragm { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor }
    • - muscle of pelvic diaphragm has related synonym pelvic floor muscles { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor }
    • - muscle of pelvic diaphragm has related synonym pelvic muscles { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor }
  • Added
    • + muscle of pelvic diaphragm database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_floor
    • + muscle of pelvic diaphragm database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0932441
    • + muscle of pelvic diaphragm database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/367748001
    • + muscle of pelvic diaphragm definition The pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the levator ani, the coccygeus, and associated connective tissue which span the area underneath the pelvis. The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular partition formed by the levatores ani and coccygei, with which may be included the parietal pelvic fascia on their upper and lower aspects. The pelvic floor separates the pelvic cavity above from the perineal region below. The right and left levator ani lie almost horizontally in the floor of the pelvis, separated by a narrow gap that transmits the urethra, vagina, and anal canal. The levator ani is usually considered in three parts: pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus. The pubococcygeus, the main part of the levator, runs backward from the body of the pubis toward the coccyx and may be damaged during parturition. Some fibers are inserted into the prostate, urethra, and vagina. The right and left puborectalis unite behind the anorectal junction to form a muscular sling . Some regard them as a part of the sphincter ani externus. The iliococcygeus, the most posterior part of the levator ani, is often poorly developed. The coccygeus, situated behind the levator ani and frequently tendinous as much as muscular, extends from the ischial spine to the lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx. The pelvic cavity of the true pelvis has the pelvic floor as its inferior border (and the pelvic brim as its superior border. ) The perineum has the pelvic floor as its superior border. Some sources do not consider ‘pelvic floor’ and ‘pelvic diaphragm’ to be identical, with the ‘diaphragm’ consisting of only the levator ani and coccygeus, while the ‘floor’ also includes the perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch. However, other sources include the fascia as part of the diaphragm. In practice, the two terms are often used interchangeably. Inferiorly, the pelvic floor extends into the anal triangle. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_floor }
    • + muscle of pelvic diaphragm depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray404.png
    • + muscle of pelvic diaphragm has related synonym diaphragm of the pelvis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_floor }
    • + muscle of pelvic diaphragm has related synonym diaphragma pelvis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_floor , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + muscle of pelvic diaphragm has related synonym pelvic diaphragm { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_floor }
    • + muscle of pelvic diaphragm has related synonym pelvic floor muscles { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_floor }
    • + muscle of pelvic diaphragm has related synonym pelvic muscles { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_floor }

Changes for: right dome of diaphragm

Changes for: long head of biceps brachii

Changes for: proximal radio-ulnar joint

Changes for: left dome of diaphragm

Changes for: superior nasal meatus

Changes for: distal radio-ulnar joint

Changes for: medial arcuate ligament

Changes for: lateral arcuate ligament

Changes for: atretic follicle of ovary

Changes for: scalenus anterior

Changes for: superior angle of scapula

Changes for: lamina propria of mucosa of colon

Changes for: muscularis mucosae of colon

Changes for: medial border of scapula

Changes for: inferior angle of scapula

Changes for: orbital gyrus

Changes for: pericardial visceral mesothelium

  • Deleted
    • - pericardial visceral mesothelium homology notes Found in all vertebrates, the VP (visceral pericardium) is also known as the cardiac epimysium. This outermost layer of the epicardium consists of a thin layer of mesothelial cells over a dense network of collagen and elastin fibers.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000778 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.00967.2007 Jöbsis PD, Ashikaga H, Wen H, Rothstein EC, Horvath KA, McVeigh ER, Balaban RS, The visceral pericardium: macromolecular structure and contribution to passive mechanical properties of the left ventricle. American journal of physiology, Heart and circulatory physiology (2007) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pericardial visceral mesothelium homology notes Found in all vertebrates, the VP (visceral pericardium) is also known as the cardiac epimysium. This outermost layer of the epicardium consists of a thin layer of mesothelial cells over a dense network of collagen and elastin fibers.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000778 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.00967.2007 Jöbsis PD, Ashikaga H, Wen H, Rothstein EC, Horvath KA, McVeigh ER, Balaban RS, The visceral pericardium: macromolecular structure and contribution to passive mechanical properties of the left ventricle. American journal of physiology, Heart and circulatory physiology (2007) }

Changes for: mesothelium of serous pericardium

Changes for: stroma of bone marrow

  • Deleted
    • - stroma of bone marrow database cross reference Stroma
    • - stroma of bone marrow definition The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. { database cross reference=Stroma }
  • Added
    • + stroma of bone marrow database cross reference Stroma
    • + stroma of bone marrow definition The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. { database cross reference=Stroma }

Changes for: tracheobronchial tree

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 48

Changes for: chordo neural hinge

  • Deleted
    • - chordo neural hinge definition Portion of tissue that is posterior to the developing notochord during tail bud extension. { database cross reference=ZFA:0001082 , database cross reference=http://dev.biologists.org/content/136/10/1591.full }
    • - chordo neural hinge homology notes Although there is mounting evidence showing the comparability of events and formation of different nascent tissue types during gastrulation and tail development, recent work also suggests the presence of an ongoing stem cell population capable of contributing to multiple tissue types in the tail of several different vertebrates, situated in the chordoneural hinge region of the tail bud. It would seem likely that secondary signaling centers regulate the fate to be adopted by such pluripotent progenitors.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001382 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20017 Liu C, Knezevic V, Mackem S, Ventral tail bud mesenchyme is a signaling for tail paraxial mesoderm induction. Developmental Dynamics (2004) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + chordo neural hinge definition Portion of tissue that is posterior to the developing notochord during tail bud extension. { database cross reference=http://dev.biologists.org/content/136/10/1591.full , database cross reference=ZFA:0001082 }
    • + chordo neural hinge homology notes Although there is mounting evidence showing the comparability of events and formation of different nascent tissue types during gastrulation and tail development, recent work also suggests the presence of an ongoing stem cell population capable of contributing to multiple tissue types in the tail of several different vertebrates, situated in the chordoneural hinge region of the tail bud. It would seem likely that secondary signaling centers regulate the fate to be adopted by such pluripotent progenitors.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001382 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20017 Liu C, Knezevic V, Mackem S, Ventral tail bud mesenchyme is a signaling for tail paraxial mesoderm induction. Developmental Dynamics (2004) }

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 52

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 46

  • Deleted
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 46 database cross reference SCTID:384806000
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 46 database cross reference Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_46
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 46 database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Brodmann_area_46.png
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 46 definition Brodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is between BA10 and BA45. BA46 is known as middle frontal area 46. In the human it occupies approximately the middle third of the middle frontal gyrus and the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus. Brodmann area 46 roughly corresponds with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), although the borders of area 46 are based on cytoarchitecture rather than function. The DLPFC also encompasses part of granular frontal area 9, directly adjacent on the dorsal surface of the cortex. Cytoarchitecturally, BA46 is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, rostroventrally by the frontopolar area 10 and caudally by the triangular area 45 (Brodmann-1909). There is some discrepancy between the extent of BA8 (Brodmann-1905) and the same area as described by Walker (1940) { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_46 }
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 46 has related synonym middle frontal area 46 { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_46 }
  • Added
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 46 database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_46
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 46 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1272512
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 46 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/384806000
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 46 definition Brodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is between BA10 and BA45. BA46 is known as middle frontal area 46. In the human it occupies approximately the middle third of the middle frontal gyrus and the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus. Brodmann area 46 roughly corresponds with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), although the borders of area 46 are based on cytoarchitecture rather than function. The DLPFC also encompasses part of granular frontal area 9, directly adjacent on the dorsal surface of the cortex. Cytoarchitecturally, BA46 is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, rostroventrally by the frontopolar area 10 and caudally by the triangular area 45 (Brodmann-1909). There is some discrepancy between the extent of BA8 (Brodmann-1905) and the same area as described by Walker (1940) { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_46 }
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 46 depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Brodmann_area_46.png
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 46 has related synonym middle frontal area 46 { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_46 }

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 47

  • Deleted
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 47 database cross reference SCTID:384807009
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 47 database cross reference Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_47
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 47 definition Brodmann area 47, or BA47, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Curving from the lateral surface of the frontal lobe into the ventral (orbital) frontal cortex. It is below areas BA10 and BA45, and beside BA11. This area is also known as orbital area 47. In the human, on the orbital surface it surrounds the caudal portion of the orbital sulcus (H) from which it extends laterally into the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the triangular area 45, medially by the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909, and rostrally by the frontopolar area 10 (Brodmann-1909). It incorporates the region that Brodmann identified as ‘Area 12’ in the monkey, and therefore, following the suggestion of Michael Petrides, some contemporary neuroscientists refer to the region as ‘BA47/12. ‘ BA47 has been implicated in the processing of syntax in spoken and signed languages, and more recently in musical syntax. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_47 }
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 47 has exact synonym area orbitalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_47 , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 47 database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_47
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 47 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1272513
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 47 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/384807009
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 47 definition Brodmann area 47, or BA47, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Curving from the lateral surface of the frontal lobe into the ventral (orbital) frontal cortex. It is below areas BA10 and BA45, and beside BA11. This area is also known as orbital area 47. In the human, on the orbital surface it surrounds the caudal portion of the orbital sulcus (H) from which it extends laterally into the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the triangular area 45, medially by the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909, and rostrally by the frontopolar area 10 (Brodmann-1909). It incorporates the region that Brodmann identified as ‘Area 12’ in the monkey, and therefore, following the suggestion of Michael Petrides, some contemporary neuroscientists refer to the region as ‘BA47/12. ‘ BA47 has been implicated in the processing of syntax in spoken and signed languages, and more recently in musical syntax. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_47 }
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 47 has exact synonym area orbitalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_47 , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 44

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 45

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 39

Changes for: second cervical spinal cord segment

Changes for: third cervical spinal cord segment

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 6

  • Deleted
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 6 database cross reference SCTID:384765009
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 6 database cross reference Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_6
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 6 database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Brodmann_areas_6.png
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 6 definition Brodmann area 6, or BA6, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex, it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area, or SMA. This large area of the frontal cortex is believed to play a role in the planning of complex, coordinated movements. Brodmann area 6 is also called agranular frontal area 6 in humans because it lacks an internal granular cortical layer (layer IV). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined precentral region of cerebral cortex. In the human brain, it is located on the portions of the precentral gyrus that are not occupied by the gigantopyramidal area 4; furthermore, BA6 extends onto the caudal portions of the superior frontal and middle frontal gyri. It extends from the cingulate sulcus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere to the lateral sulcus on the lateral aspect. It is bounded rostrally by the granular frontal region and caudally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 (Brodmann, 1909). { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_6 }
    • - Brodmann (1909) area 6 has related synonym agranular frontal area 6 { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_6 }
  • Added
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 6 database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_6
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 6 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1272528
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 6 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/384765009
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 6 definition Brodmann area 6, or BA6, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex, it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area, or SMA. This large area of the frontal cortex is believed to play a role in the planning of complex, coordinated movements. Brodmann area 6 is also called agranular frontal area 6 in humans because it lacks an internal granular cortical layer (layer IV). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined precentral region of cerebral cortex. In the human brain, it is located on the portions of the precentral gyrus that are not occupied by the gigantopyramidal area 4; furthermore, BA6 extends onto the caudal portions of the superior frontal and middle frontal gyri. It extends from the cingulate sulcus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere to the lateral sulcus on the lateral aspect. It is bounded rostrally by the granular frontal region and caudally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 (Brodmann, 1909). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_6 }
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 6 depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Brodmann_areas_6.png
    • + Brodmann (1909) area 6 has related synonym agranular frontal area 6 { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_6 }

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 18

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Changes for: eighth cervical spinal cord segment

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Changes for: helicis major

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Changes for: Harderian gland

Changes for: prostate gland stroma

Changes for: hemopoietic organ

Changes for: aorta smooth muscle tissue

Changes for: prostate glandular acinus

  • Deleted
    • - prostate glandular acinus definition A saclike structure of the prostate gland, comprised of at least three cell layers: an innermost layer of secretory columnar luminal epithelium, a middle layer of squamous basal epithelium that also contains neuroendocrine cells, transit amplifying cells, and stem cells, and an outer layer of smooth muscle intermixed with other stromal cells { database cross reference=GO:0060525 , database cross reference=PMID:18977204 }
  • Added
    • + prostate glandular acinus definition A saclike structure of the prostate gland, comprised of at least three cell layers: an innermost layer of secretory columnar luminal epithelium, a middle layer of squamous basal epithelium that also contains neuroendocrine cells, transit amplifying cells, and stem cells, and an outer layer of smooth muscle intermixed with other stromal cells { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977204 , database cross reference=GO:0060525 }

Changes for: external genitalia

Changes for: spinal cord ventral commissure

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Changes for: cardiac vein

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Changes for: cardiogenic plate

  • Deleted
    • - cardiogenic plate homology notes (In vertebrates) The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000975 , ontology=VHOG , source=PMID:15611355 Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Bartelings MM, Deruiter MC, Poelmann RE, Basics of cardiac development for the understanding of congenital heart malformations. Pediatric Research (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + cardiogenic plate homology notes (In vertebrates) The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000975 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=PMID:15611355 Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Bartelings MM, Deruiter MC, Poelmann RE, Basics of cardiac development for the understanding of congenital heart malformations. Pediatric Research (2005) }

Changes for: septum transversum

  • Deleted
    • - septum transversum database cross reference SCTID:308819008
    • - septum transversum database cross reference Wikipedia:Septum_transversum
    • - septum transversum definition A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG]. { database cross reference=VHOG:0000019 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Septum_transversum }
    • - septum transversum external definition A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000019 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/transverse+septum }
    • - septum transversum has exact synonym transverse septum { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • - septum transversum homology notes In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (…) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (…) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (…) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000019 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + septum transversum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septum_transversum
    • + septum transversum database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0231004
    • + septum transversum database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308819008
    • + septum transversum definition A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septum_transversum , database cross reference=VHOG:0000019 }
    • + septum transversum external definition A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000019 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/transverse+septum }
    • + septum transversum has exact synonym transverse septum { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + septum transversum homology notes In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (…) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (…) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (…) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000019 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 }

Changes for: proepicardium

Changes for: branchiomeric muscle

Changes for: orbitofrontal cortex

Changes for: coronary sinus valve

Changes for: bulbus arteriosus

  • Deleted
    • - bulbus arteriosus definition The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic heart chamber[GO]. Multi-tissue structure that consists of three layers and through which the blood exits the heart. The bulbus arteriosus is a pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches[ZFA]. { database cross reference=GO:0003232 , database cross reference=PMID:15108157 }
  • Added
    • + bulbus arteriosus definition The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic heart chamber[GO]. Multi-tissue structure that consists of three layers and through which the blood exits the heart. The bulbus arteriosus is a pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches[ZFA]. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15108157 , database cross reference=GO:0003232 }

Changes for: cardiac chamber

Changes for: atrial septum primum

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Changes for: cardiac septum

Changes for: zygomaticus minor muscle

Changes for: apex of heart

Changes for: zygomaticus major muscle

Changes for: levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

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Changes for: risorius muscle

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Changes for: mentalis

Changes for: levator anguli oris

Changes for: appendicular skeleton

Changes for: postcranial axial skeleton

  • Deleted
    • - postcranial axial skeleton definition The post-cranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. { database cross reference=ZFA:0000317 , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2983975&group_id=76834&atid=974957 , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=1205376&aid=2983977&group_id=76834 }
    • - postcranial axial skeleton homology notes The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000317 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + postcranial axial skeleton definition The post-cranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. { database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2983975&group_id=76834&atid=974957 , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=1205376&aid=2983977&group_id=76834 , database cross reference=ZFA:0000317 }
    • + postcranial axial skeleton homology notes The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000317 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011) }

Changes for: spinal dura mater

  • Deleted
    • - spinal dura mater database cross reference SCTID:362302001
    • - spinal dura mater external definition The outermost and densest membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000411 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - spinal dura mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000411 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + spinal dura mater database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0228124
    • + spinal dura mater database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362302001
    • + spinal dura mater external definition The outermost and densest membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000411 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + spinal dura mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000411 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: brain dura mater

  • Deleted
    • - brain dura mater database cross reference SCTID:309321003
    • - brain dura mater external definition The outermost and densest membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000270 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - brain dura mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000270 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + brain dura mater database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0459393
    • + brain dura mater database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/309321003
    • + brain dura mater external definition The outermost and densest membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000270 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + brain dura mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000270 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: mesentery

Changes for: interventricular septum

Changes for: skin of body

Changes for: kidney pyramid

Changes for: renal vesicle

Changes for: thyro-arytenoid

Changes for: oblique arytenoid

  • Deleted
    • - oblique arytenoid database cross reference SCTID:244817004
    • - oblique arytenoid database cross reference Wikipedia:Oblique_arytenoid_muscle
    • - oblique arytenoid definition The oblique arytenoid, the more superficial Arytenoid muscle, forms two fasciculi, which pass from the base of one cartilage to the apex of the opposite one, and therefore cross each other like the limbs of the letter X; a few fibers are continued around the lateral margin of the cartilage, and are prolonged into the aryepiglottic fold; they are sometimes described as a separate muscle, the Aryepiglotticus. The aryepiglottic muscle together with the transverse arytenoid and the thyroarytenoid work as a sphincter and close the larynx as we swallow or cough. Its innervation is by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (from vagus) just like all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Oblique_arytenoid_muscle }
    • - oblique arytenoid has related synonym oblique arytenoid muscle { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Oblique_arytenoid }
  • Added
    • + oblique arytenoid database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_arytenoid_muscle
    • + oblique arytenoid database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244817004
    • + oblique arytenoid definition The oblique arytenoid, the more superficial Arytenoid muscle, forms two fasciculi, which pass from the base of one cartilage to the apex of the opposite one, and therefore cross each other like the limbs of the letter X; a few fibers are continued around the lateral margin of the cartilage, and are prolonged into the aryepiglottic fold; they are sometimes described as a separate muscle, the Aryepiglotticus. The aryepiglottic muscle together with the transverse arytenoid and the thyroarytenoid work as a sphincter and close the larynx as we swallow or cough. Its innervation is by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (from vagus) just like all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_arytenoid_muscle }
    • + oblique arytenoid has related synonym oblique arytenoid muscle { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_arytenoid }

Changes for: transverse arytenoid

Changes for: lateral crico-arytenoid

Changes for: cortex of hair

Changes for: posterior crico-arytenoid

Changes for: suprahyoid muscle

Changes for: left cardiac atrium

Changes for: right cardiac atrium

Changes for: hair follicle

Changes for: hypodermis

Changes for: viscus

  • Deleted
    • - viscus database cross reference SCTID:118760003
    • - viscus database cross reference Wikipedia:Viscus
    • - viscus definition An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. // An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper. { database cross reference=BTO:0001491 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Viscus }
  • Added
    • + viscus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscus
    • + viscus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0042779
    • + viscus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/118760003
    • + viscus definition An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. // An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscus , database cross reference=BTO:0001491 }

Changes for: hair shaft

Changes for: stratum lucidum of epidermis

Changes for: superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Changes for: vocalis muscle

Changes for: levator veli palatini

Changes for: vertical muscle of tongue

Changes for: tensor veli palatini

Changes for: lateral thoracic vein

Changes for: transverse muscle of tongue

Changes for: atrioventricular canal

Changes for: superior longitudinal muscle of tongue

Changes for: sinoatrial valve

Changes for: interatrial septum

Changes for: heart left ventricle

Changes for: ductus venosus

  • Deleted
    • - ductus venosus database cross reference SCTID:304829005
    • - ductus venosus database cross reference Wikipedia:Ductus_venosus
    • - ductus venosus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Gray502.png
    • - ductus venosus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gray502.png/200px-Gray502.png
    • - ductus venosus definition In the fetus, the ductus venosus shunts a significant majority (80%) of the blood flow of the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. In conjunction with the other fetal shunts, the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, it plays a critical role in preferentially shunting oxygenated blood to the fetal brain. The ductus venosus is open at the time of the birth and is the reason why umbilical vein catheterization works. Ductus venosus naturally closes during the first week of life in most full-term neonates; however, it may take much longer to close in pre-term neonates. Functional closure occurs within minutes of birth. Structural closure in term babies occurs within 3 to 7 days. After it closes, the remnant is known as ligamentum venosum[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ductus_venosus }
    • - ductus venosus external definition The vascular channel in the fetus passing through the liver and joining the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000924 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ductus+venosus }
  • Added
    • + ductus venosus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_venosus
    • + ductus venosus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1288338
    • + ductus venosus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/304829005
    • + ductus venosus definition In the fetus, the ductus venosus shunts a significant majority (80%) of the blood flow of the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. In conjunction with the other fetal shunts, the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, it plays a critical role in preferentially shunting oxygenated blood to the fetal brain. The ductus venosus is open at the time of the birth and is the reason why umbilical vein catheterization works. Ductus venosus naturally closes during the first week of life in most full-term neonates; however, it may take much longer to close in pre-term neonates. Functional closure occurs within minutes of birth. Structural closure in term babies occurs within 3 to 7 days. After it closes, the remnant is known as ligamentum venosum[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_venosus }
    • + ductus venosus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Gray502.png
    • + ductus venosus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gray502.png/200px-Gray502.png
    • + ductus venosus external definition The vascular channel in the fetus passing through the liver and joining the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000924 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ductus+venosus }

Changes for: cardiac ventricle

Changes for: depressor septi nasi

Changes for: cardiac atrium

Changes for: procerus

Changes for: heart right ventricle

Changes for: primitive gut

Changes for: juvenile organism

Changes for: adult organism

Changes for: accessory mandibular lymph node

Changes for: superficial parotid lymph node

Changes for: superficial intraparotid lymph node

Changes for: cranial deep lymph node

Changes for: tunica vasculosa lentis

Changes for: urogenital membrane

Changes for: supracardinal vein

  • Deleted
    • - supracardinal vein database cross reference SCTID:308829001
    • - supracardinal vein definition Either of two veins in the mammalian embryo and various adult lower vertebrate forms located in the thoracic and abdominal regions dorsolateral to and on either side of the descending aorta and giving rise to the azygos and hemiazygos veins and a part of the inferior vena cava[MW]. These veins drain the body wall via the segmental intercostal veins, thus taking over the function of the posterior cardinals[ISBN] { database cross reference=ISBN-10:0443065837 , database cross reference=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/supracardinal%20vein }
  • Added

Changes for: genital lymph node

Changes for: tonsillar lymph node

Changes for: quadratus femoris

Changes for: muscle of posterior compartment of thigh

Changes for: obsolete blastomere

Changes for: cardiac mesoderm

Changes for: prevertebral muscle of neck

Changes for: iliocostalis cervicis muscle

Changes for: splenius cervicis

Changes for: dewlap

Changes for: gluteus minimus

Changes for: infrahyoid muscle

Changes for: nasal muscle

Changes for: piriformis muscle

Changes for: mole

Changes for: labial commissure

Changes for: top of head

Changes for: skin of face

Changes for: Zymbal’s gland

Changes for: spleen pulp

Changes for: external iliac lymph node

Changes for: root of nail

Changes for: cymba conchae of pinna

Changes for: presymphysial lymph node

Changes for: gluteal lymph node

Changes for: internal iliac lymph node

Changes for: vibrissa hair

  • Deleted
    • - vibrissa hair database cross reference Wikipedia:Whiskers
    • - vibrissa hair database cross reference http://eulep.pdn.cam.ac.uk/~skinbase/Annotated_anatomy_of_the_mouse_vibrissa/vibrissa_labelled.jpg
    • - vibrissa hair definition A specialized hair usually employed for tactile sensation. Vibrissae hair grow around the nostrils, above the lips, and on other parts of the face of most mammals, and all primates except humans. vibrissae are different from other hairs because they are implanted in a special hair follicle incorporating a capsule of blood called a blood sinus and heavily innervated by sensory nerves[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Whiskers , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 }
    • - vibrissa hair taxon notes In harbor seals, the structure of the vibrissal shaft is undulated (wavy) and flattened. This specialization is also found in most true seals. In contrast, the whiskers of the California sea lion are circular or elliptical in cross-section and are smooth. { source=Species differences in vibrissae }
  • Added
    • + vibrissa hair database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskers
    • + vibrissa hair database cross reference http://eulep.pdn.cam.ac.uk/~skinbase/Annotated_anatomy_of_the_mouse_vibrissa/vibrissa_labelled.jpg
    • + vibrissa hair definition A specialized hair usually employed for tactile sensation. Vibrissae hair grow around the nostrils, above the lips, and on other parts of the face of most mammals, and all primates except humans. vibrissae are different from other hairs because they are implanted in a special hair follicle incorporating a capsule of blood called a blood sinus and heavily innervated by sensory nerves[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskers , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 }
    • + vibrissa hair taxon notes In harbor seals, the structure of the vibrissal shaft is undulated (wavy) and flattened. This specialization is also found in most true seals. In contrast, the whiskers of the California sea lion are circular or elliptical in cross-section and are smooth. { source=Species differences in vibrissae }

Changes for: premacula segment of distal straight tubule

Changes for: ureteric bud tip

Changes for: pyloric lymph node

Changes for: pancreaticosplenic lymph node

Changes for: gastric lymph node

Changes for: retropharyngeal lymph node

Changes for: cystic lymph node

Changes for: epigastric vein

Changes for: facial lymph node

Changes for: lymph node of head

Changes for: heel skin

Changes for: mandibular lymph node

Changes for: heel

Changes for: pelvic lymph node

Changes for: common iliac lymph node

Changes for: right subhepatic recess

Changes for: communicating artery

Changes for: stapedial artery

Changes for: epigastric artery

Changes for: canine tusk

Changes for: incisor tusk

Changes for: upper left incisor tooth

Changes for: narwhal tusk

Changes for: interpedicular line

Changes for: ventral ectodermal ridge

Changes for: anterior lingual gland

Changes for: nasal capsule

  • Deleted
    • - nasal capsule definition an embryonic cartilaginous frame, the nasal capsule, an evolutionary-conserved structure composed of ventral and dorsal components: the mesethmoid and ectethmoid cartilages, respectively.[PMID]. { database cross reference=PMID:21270050 }
  • Added
    • + nasal capsule definition an embryonic cartilaginous frame, the nasal capsule, an evolutionary-conserved structure composed of ventral and dorsal components: the mesethmoid and ectethmoid cartilages, respectively.[PMID]. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270050 }

Changes for: snout

Changes for: parotid lymph node

Changes for: hepatic lymph node

Changes for: superior oblique extraocular muscle

Changes for: inferior oblique extraocular muscle

Changes for: superior pharyngeal constrictor

Changes for: laryngeal intrinsic muscle

Changes for: laryngeal extrinsic muscle

Changes for: base of arytenoid

Changes for: laryngeal intrinsic ligament

Changes for: superior rectus extraocular muscle

Changes for: inferior rectus extraocular muscle

Changes for: orbitalis muscle

Changes for: chamber of eyeball

Changes for: bodily fluid

Changes for: truncus arteriosus

Changes for: endocardial cushion

Changes for: sinus venosus

Changes for: common cardinal vein

Changes for: femoral artery

Changes for: stratum granulosum of epidermis

Changes for: posterior cardinal vein

Changes for: umbilical vein

Changes for: dermis

Changes for: urachus

Changes for: capsule of adrenal gland

Changes for: zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland

Changes for: embryonic structure

Changes for: epithelium of bronchiole

Changes for: ciliary ganglion

  • Deleted
    • - ciliary ganglion database cross reference SCTID:279281007
    • - ciliary ganglion database cross reference Wikipedia:Ciliary_ganglion
    • - ciliary ganglion database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Augennerven.jpg
    • - ciliary ganglion database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Augennerven.jpg/200px-Augennerven.jpg
    • - ciliary ganglion external definition The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and contains approximately 2,500 neurons. Preganglionic axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus form synapses with these cells. The postganglionic axons run in the short ciliary nerves and innervate two eye muscles: the sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil, known as Miosis. The opposite, Mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil. the ciliaris muscle contracts, releasing tension on the Zonular Fibers, making the lens more convex, also known as accommodation. Both of these muscles are involuntary – they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck.. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Ciliary_ganglion]. { source=Wikipedia:Ciliary_ganglion }
    • - ciliary ganglion has related synonym ganglion ciliare { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ciliary_ganglion , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - ciliary ganglion homology notes Little is known about the development of parasympathetic neurons apart from the ciliary ganglion in chicks. Although there are considerable gaps in our knowledge, some of the mechanisms controlling sympathetic and enteric neuron development appear to be conserved between mammals, avians and zebrafish.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000805 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.002 Young HM, Cane KN, Anderson CR, Development of the autonomic nervous system: A comparative view. Autonomic Neuroscience : basic and clinical (2010) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + ciliary ganglion database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_ganglion
    • + ciliary ganglion database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279281007
    • + ciliary ganglion depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Augennerven.jpg
    • + ciliary ganglion depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Augennerven.jpg/200px-Augennerven.jpg
    • + ciliary ganglion external definition The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and contains approximately 2,500 neurons. Preganglionic axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus form synapses with these cells. The postganglionic axons run in the short ciliary nerves and innervate two eye muscles: the sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil, known as Miosis. The opposite, Mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil. the ciliaris muscle contracts, releasing tension on the Zonular Fibers, making the lens more convex, also known as accommodation. Both of these muscles are involuntary – they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck.. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Ciliary_ganglion]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_ganglion }
    • + ciliary ganglion has related synonym ganglion ciliare { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_ganglion , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + ciliary ganglion homology notes Little is known about the development of parasympathetic neurons apart from the ciliary ganglion in chicks. Although there are considerable gaps in our knowledge, some of the mechanisms controlling sympathetic and enteric neuron development appear to be conserved between mammals, avians and zebrafish.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000805 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.002 Young HM, Cane KN, Anderson CR, Development of the autonomic nervous system: A comparative view. Autonomic Neuroscience : basic and clinical (2010) }

Changes for: submandibular ganglion

Changes for: inferior suprarenal artery

Changes for: phrenic artery

Changes for: zona fasciculata of adrenal gland

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + zona fasciculata of adrenal gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_fasciculata
    • + zona fasciculata of adrenal gland database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/56069004
    • + zona fasciculata of adrenal gland definition The zona fasciculata constitutes the middle zone of the adrenal cortex, sitting directly beneath the zona glomerulosa. Constituent cells are organized into bundles or ‘fascicles’. The zona fasciculata chiefly produces glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol in the human), which regulates the metabolism of glucose, especially in times of stress (e.g. , part of the fight-or-flight response). This tissue also generates a small amount of weak androgens. In certain animals such as rodents, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol. Steroid-producing adrenal tumours and hyperplasias of the zona fasciculata result in excess cortisol production and are the cause for adrenal Cushing’s syndrome. The genetic disorder McCune-Albright syndrome can also present Cushing’s syndrome in affected patients. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_fasciculata }
    • + zona fasciculata of adrenal gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray1185.png
    • + zona fasciculata of adrenal gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png

Changes for: zona reticularis of adrenal gland

  • Deleted
    • - zona reticularis of adrenal gland database cross reference SCTID:47325000
    • - zona reticularis of adrenal gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Zona_reticularis
    • - zona reticularis of adrenal gland database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray1185.png
    • - zona reticularis of adrenal gland database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png
    • - zona reticularis of adrenal gland definition The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex, lying deep to the zona fasciculata and superficial to the adrenal medulla. The cells are arranged cords that project in different directions giving a net-like appearance (L. reticulum - net). Cells in the zona reticularis produce precursor androgens including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione from cholesterol. DHEA is further converted to DHEA-sulfate via a sulfotransferase, SULT2A1. These precursors are not further converted in the adrenal cortex as the cells lack 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Instead, they are released into the blood stream and taken up in the testis and ovaries to produce testosterone and the estrogens respectively. In some animals like rodents, the reticularis layer does contain 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which along with other enzymes present results in the production of corticosteroids like the fasciculata. In rodents too, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol as in the human. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Zona_reticularis }
  • Added
    • + zona reticularis of adrenal gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_reticularis
    • + zona reticularis of adrenal gland database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/47325000
    • + zona reticularis of adrenal gland definition The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex, lying deep to the zona fasciculata and superficial to the adrenal medulla. The cells are arranged cords that project in different directions giving a net-like appearance (L. reticulum - net). Cells in the zona reticularis produce precursor androgens including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione from cholesterol. DHEA is further converted to DHEA-sulfate via a sulfotransferase, SULT2A1. These precursors are not further converted in the adrenal cortex as the cells lack 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Instead, they are released into the blood stream and taken up in the testis and ovaries to produce testosterone and the estrogens respectively. In some animals like rodents, the reticularis layer does contain 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which along with other enzymes present results in the production of corticosteroids like the fasciculata. In rodents too, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol as in the human. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_reticularis }
    • + zona reticularis of adrenal gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray1185.png
    • + zona reticularis of adrenal gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png

Changes for: bronchial artery

Changes for: lymphatic vessel endothelium

Changes for: dorsal raphe nucleus

Changes for: ventral nucleus of posterior commissure

Changes for: cuneate nucleus

Changes for: thyroid gland

  • Deleted
    • - thyroid gland database cross reference SCTID:181117000
    • - thyroid gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Thyroid
    • - thyroid gland database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Illu_thyroid_parathyroid.jpg
    • - thyroid gland database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Illu_endocrine_system.jpg/200px-Illu_endocrine_system.jpg
    • - thyroid gland definition A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO]. { database cross reference=BTO:0001379 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Thyroid }
    • - thyroid gland has related synonym glandula thyroidea { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Thyroid , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - thyroid gland homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000418 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - thyroid gland taxon notes In fish, it is usually located below the gills and is not always divided into distinct lobes. However, in some teleosts, patches of thyroid tissue are found elsewhere in the body, associated with the kidneys, spleen, heart, or eyes { has scope=NCBITaxon:32443 , source=Romer , source=Other animals }
    • - thyroid gland taxon notes In larval lampreys, the thyroid originates as an exocrine gland, secreting its hormones into the gut, and associated with the larva’s filter-feeding apparatus. In the adult lamprey, the gland separates from the gut, and becomes endocrine, but this path of development may reflect the evolutionary origin of the thyroid. For instance, the closest living relatives of vertebrates, the tunicates and Amphioxus, have a structure very similar to that of larval lampreys, and this also secretes iodine-containing compounds (albeit not thyroxine) { has scope=NCBITaxon:7746 , source=Romer , source=Other animals }
    • - thyroid gland taxon notes In tetrapods, the thyroid is always found somewhere in the neck region. In most tetrapod species, there are two paired thyroid glands - that is, the right and left lobes are not joined together. However, there is only ever a single thyroid gland in most mammals, and the shape found in humans is common to many other species { has scope=NCBITaxon:32523 , source=Romer , source=Other animals }
  • Added
    • + thyroid gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid
    • + thyroid gland database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0040132
    • + thyroid gland database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181117000
    • + thyroid gland definition A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid , database cross reference=BTO:0001379 }
    • + thyroid gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Illu_thyroid_parathyroid.jpg
    • + thyroid gland depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Illu_endocrine_system.jpg/200px-Illu_endocrine_system.jpg
    • + thyroid gland has related synonym glandula thyroidea { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + thyroid gland homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000418 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 }
    • + thyroid gland taxon notes In fish, it is usually located below the gills and is not always divided into distinct lobes. However, in some teleosts, patches of thyroid tissue are found elsewhere in the body, associated with the kidneys, spleen, heart, or eyes { has scope=NCBITaxon:32443 , source=Other animals , source=Romer }
    • + thyroid gland taxon notes In larval lampreys, the thyroid originates as an exocrine gland, secreting its hormones into the gut, and associated with the larva’s filter-feeding apparatus. In the adult lamprey, the gland separates from the gut, and becomes endocrine, but this path of development may reflect the evolutionary origin of the thyroid. For instance, the closest living relatives of vertebrates, the tunicates and Amphioxus, have a structure very similar to that of larval lampreys, and this also secretes iodine-containing compounds (albeit not thyroxine) { has scope=NCBITaxon:7746 , source=Other animals , source=Romer }
    • + thyroid gland taxon notes In tetrapods, the thyroid is always found somewhere in the neck region. In most tetrapod species, there are two paired thyroid glands - that is, the right and left lobes are not joined together. However, there is only ever a single thyroid gland in most mammals, and the shape found in humans is common to many other species { has scope=NCBITaxon:32523 , source=Other animals , source=Romer }

Changes for: pontine raphe nucleus

Changes for: lung

  • Deleted
    • - lung database cross reference SCTID:181216001
    • - lung database cross reference Wikipedia:Lung
    • - lung definition Respiration organ present in all air-breathing animals whose principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere[WP]. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax[GO]. { database cross reference=BTO:0000763 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lung }
    • - lung homology notes Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (…) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000310 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + lung database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung
    • + lung database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0024109
    • + lung database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181216001
    • + lung definition Respiration organ present in all air-breathing animals whose principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere[WP]. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax[GO]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung , database cross reference=BTO:0000763 }
    • + lung homology notes Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (…) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000310 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011) }

Changes for: vasculature

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + vasculature depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg/200px-Circulatory_System_en.svg.png

Changes for: glomerular capillary endothelium

Changes for: dermomyotome

  • Deleted
    • - dermomyotome external definition Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis. Within the dermomyotome there is also a medio-lateral difference. The central region makes dermis, the mesenchymal connective tissue of the back skin. The medial region (closest to neural tube) makes epaxial muscle, and the lateral region (furthest from neural tube) makes hypaxial muscle[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768]. { source=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768 }
    • - dermomyotome homology notes Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000676 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + dermomyotome database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1511786
    • + dermomyotome external definition Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis. Within the dermomyotome there is also a medio-lateral difference. The central region makes dermis, the mesenchymal connective tissue of the back skin. The medial region (closest to neural tube) makes epaxial muscle, and the lateral region (furthest from neural tube) makes hypaxial muscle[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768]. { source=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768 }
    • + dermomyotome homology notes Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000676 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006) }

Changes for: nipple

Changes for: epithelium of bronchus

Changes for: cardiac skeleton

Changes for: parasympathetic nerve

Changes for: suprachiasmatic nucleus

Changes for: medial preoptic nucleus

Changes for: areola

Changes for: arrector muscle of hair

Changes for: substantia nigra

Changes for: inferior phrenic vein

Changes for: striated muscle tissue

Changes for: cerebellum

  • Deleted
    • - cerebellum database cross reference SCTID:180924008
    • - cerebellum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cerebellum_NIH.png/200px-Cerebellum_NIH.png
    • - cerebellum definition Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA]. { database cross reference=BTO:0000232 , database cross reference=ISBN:3764351209 , database cross reference=MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.428.200 , database cross reference=ZFA:0000100 , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3291162&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 }
    • - cerebellum has broad synonym infratentorial region { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentorium_cerebelli }
    • - cerebellum homology notes However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000024 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + cerebellum database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0007765
    • + cerebellum database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1268981
    • + cerebellum database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/180924008
    • + cerebellum definition Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA]. { database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3291162&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 , database cross reference=BTO:0000232 , database cross reference=ISBN:3764351209 , database cross reference=MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.428.200 , database cross reference=ZFA:0000100 }
    • + cerebellum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cerebellum_NIH.png/200px-Cerebellum_NIH.png
    • + cerebellum has broad synonym infratentorial region { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentorium_cerebelli }
    • + cerebellum homology notes However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000024 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) }

Changes for: epithelium of gall bladder

Changes for: stratum spinosum of epidermis

Changes for: radula

  • Deleted
    • - radula database cross reference Wikipedia:Radula
    • - radula definition an anatomical structure found in mollusks and used for feeding. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon. It is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus. The radula is unique to the molluscs, and is found in all classes of mollusks except for the bivalves. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Radula }
  • Added
    • + radula database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radula
    • + radula definition an anatomical structure found in mollusks and used for feeding. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon. It is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus. The radula is unique to the molluscs, and is found in all classes of mollusks except for the bivalves. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radula }

Changes for: stratum basale of epidermis

Changes for: skeleton

Changes for: hindbrain

  • Deleted
    • - hindbrain database cross reference Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon
    • - hindbrain database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg
    • - hindbrain database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png
    • - hindbrain definition The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon , database cross reference=ZFA:0000029 , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • - hindbrain homology notes Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000070 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - hindbrain present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7762 { source=PMID:8932866 }
  • Added
    • + hindbrain database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombencephalon
    • + hindbrain database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0035507
    • + hindbrain database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1522180
    • + hindbrain definition The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombencephalon , database cross reference=ZFA:0000029 , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • + hindbrain depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg
    • + hindbrain depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png
    • + hindbrain homology notes Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000070 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) }
    • + hindbrain present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7762 { source=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8932866 }

Changes for: stratum corneum of epidermis

  • Deleted
    • - stratum corneum of epidermis database cross reference SCTID:361695002
    • - stratum corneum of epidermis database cross reference Wikipedia:Stratum_corneum
    • - stratum corneum of epidermis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Epidermal_layers.png
    • - stratum corneum of epidermis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Skinlayers.png/200px-Skinlayers.png
    • - stratum corneum of epidermis definition outermost cornified layer of the epidermis, composed of large, flat, polyhedral, plate-like envelopes filled with keratin, which is made up of dead cells that have migrated up from the stratum granulosum. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Stratum_corneum }
    • - stratum corneum of epidermis external definition this skin layer is composed mainly of dead cells that lack nuclei. As these dead cells slough off on the surface in the thin air-filled stratum disjunctum, they are continuously replaced by new cells from the stratum germinativum (basale). In the human forearm, for example, about 1300 cells/cm2/hr are shed. This outer layer that is sloughed off is also known as the stratum dysjunctum. Cells of the stratum corneum contain keratin, a protein that helps keep the skin hydrated by preventing water evaporation. These cells can also absorb water, further aiding in hydration, and explaining why humans and other animals experience wrinkling of the skin on the fingers and toes (‘pruning’) when immersed in water for prolonged periods. In addition, this layer is responsible for the ‘spring back’ or stretchy properties of skin. A weak glutenous protein bond pulls the skin back to its natural shape. The thickness of the stratum corneum varies according to the amount of protection and/or grip required by a region of the body. For example, the hands are typically used to grasp objects, requiring the palms to be covered with a thick stratum corneum. In a similar manner, the sole of the foot is prone to injury, and so it is protected with a thick stratum corneum layer. In general, the stratum corneum contains 15 to 20 layers of dead cells. The stratum corneum has a thickness between 10 and 40 μm. n reptiles, the stratum corneum is permanent, and is replaced only during times of rapid growth, in a process called ecdysis or moulting. The stratum corneum in reptiles contains beta-keratin, which provides a much more rigid skin layer. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_corneum }
    • - stratum corneum of epidermis has related synonym stratum corneum epidermidis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Stratum_corneum , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + stratum corneum of epidermis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_corneum
    • + stratum corneum of epidermis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0221921
    • + stratum corneum of epidermis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361695002
    • + stratum corneum of epidermis definition outermost cornified layer of the epidermis, composed of large, flat, polyhedral, plate-like envelopes filled with keratin, which is made up of dead cells that have migrated up from the stratum granulosum. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_corneum }
    • + stratum corneum of epidermis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Epidermal_layers.png
    • + stratum corneum of epidermis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Skinlayers.png/200px-Skinlayers.png
    • + stratum corneum of epidermis external definition this skin layer is composed mainly of dead cells that lack nuclei. As these dead cells slough off on the surface in the thin air-filled stratum disjunctum, they are continuously replaced by new cells from the stratum germinativum (basale). In the human forearm, for example, about 1300 cells/cm2/hr are shed. This outer layer that is sloughed off is also known as the stratum dysjunctum. Cells of the stratum corneum contain keratin, a protein that helps keep the skin hydrated by preventing water evaporation. These cells can also absorb water, further aiding in hydration, and explaining why humans and other animals experience wrinkling of the skin on the fingers and toes (‘pruning’) when immersed in water for prolonged periods. In addition, this layer is responsible for the ‘spring back’ or stretchy properties of skin. A weak glutenous protein bond pulls the skin back to its natural shape. The thickness of the stratum corneum varies according to the amount of protection and/or grip required by a region of the body. For example, the hands are typically used to grasp objects, requiring the palms to be covered with a thick stratum corneum. In a similar manner, the sole of the foot is prone to injury, and so it is protected with a thick stratum corneum layer. In general, the stratum corneum contains 15 to 20 layers of dead cells. The stratum corneum has a thickness between 10 and 40 μm. n reptiles, the stratum corneum is permanent, and is replaced only during times of rapid growth, in a process called ecdysis or moulting. The stratum corneum in reptiles contains beta-keratin, which provides a much more rigid skin layer. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_corneum }
    • + stratum corneum of epidermis has related synonym stratum corneum epidermidis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_corneum , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: insula

Changes for: occipital lobe

Changes for: internal carotid nerve plexus

  • Deleted
    • - internal carotid nerve plexus database cross reference SCTID:280509006
    • - internal carotid nerve plexus database cross reference Wikipedia:Internal_carotid_nerve_plexus
    • - internal carotid nerve plexus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray840.png/200px-Gray840.png
    • - internal carotid nerve plexus definition The internal carotid plexus (carotid plexus) is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery. Postganglionic sympathetic fibres ascend from the superior cervical ganglion, along the walls of the internal carotid artery, to enter the internal carotid plexus. These fibres then distribute to deep structures, which include the levator palpebrae superioris and pupillary dilator muscles. Some of the fibres from the internal carotid plexus converge to form the deep petrosal nerve. The internal carotid plexus communicates with the semilunar ganglion, the abducent nerve, and the sphenopalatine ganglion; it distributes filaments to the wall of the carotid artery, and also communicates with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Internal_carotid_nerve_plexus }
  • Added
    • + internal carotid nerve plexus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_carotid_nerve_plexus
    • + internal carotid nerve plexus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0459526
    • + internal carotid nerve plexus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280509006
    • + internal carotid nerve plexus definition The internal carotid plexus (carotid plexus) is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery. Postganglionic sympathetic fibres ascend from the superior cervical ganglion, along the walls of the internal carotid artery, to enter the internal carotid plexus. These fibres then distribute to deep structures, which include the levator palpebrae superioris and pupillary dilator muscles. Some of the fibres from the internal carotid plexus converge to form the deep petrosal nerve. The internal carotid plexus communicates with the semilunar ganglion, the abducent nerve, and the sphenopalatine ganglion; it distributes filaments to the wall of the carotid artery, and also communicates with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_carotid_nerve_plexus }
    • + internal carotid nerve plexus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray840.png/200px-Gray840.png

Changes for: claustrum of brain

  • Deleted
    • - claustrum of brain database cross reference SCTID:279410004
    • - claustrum of brain database cross reference Wikipedia:Claustrum
    • - claustrum of brain database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg
    • - claustrum of brain definition one of the four basal ganglia in each cerebral hemisphere that consists of a thin lamina of gray matter between the lentiform nucleus and the insula[BTO]. The claustrum, which is suspected to be present in all mammals, is a fairly thin (fraction of 1 mm to multiple mms) vertical curved sheet of subcortical gray matter oriented sagittally between the white matter tracts of the external capsule and extreme capsule. The claustrum is lateral to the putamen and medial to the insular cortex and is considered by some sources to be part of the basal ganglia. There are lateral and medial tracts connecting to many cortices and perhaps to the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the caudate nucleus (connections with subcortical centers are a matter of debate)[WP]. { database cross reference=BTO:0004292 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Claustrum }
  • Added
    • + claustrum of brain database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claustrum
    • + claustrum of brain database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0008910
    • + claustrum of brain database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279410004
    • + claustrum of brain definition one of the four basal ganglia in each cerebral hemisphere that consists of a thin lamina of gray matter between the lentiform nucleus and the insula[BTO]. The claustrum, which is suspected to be present in all mammals, is a fairly thin (fraction of 1 mm to multiple mms) vertical curved sheet of subcortical gray matter oriented sagittally between the white matter tracts of the external capsule and extreme capsule. The claustrum is lateral to the putamen and medial to the insular cortex and is considered by some sources to be part of the basal ganglia. There are lateral and medial tracts connecting to many cortices and perhaps to the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the caudate nucleus (connections with subcortical centers are a matter of debate)[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claustrum , database cross reference=BTO:0004292 }
    • + claustrum of brain depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg

Changes for: gray matter of neuraxis

Changes for: synovial membrane of synovial joint

Changes for: accessory XI nerve

Changes for: portal vein

Changes for: fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelium

Changes for: pulmonary vein

Changes for: kidney capsule

  • Deleted
    • - kidney capsule database cross reference SCTID:243657006
    • - kidney capsule database cross reference Wikipedia:Kidney_capsule
    • - kidney capsule database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney.jpg
    • - kidney capsule definition The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of ‘ adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the following order (moving from innermost to outermost): renal medulla renal cortex renal capsule perinephric fat (or ‘perirenal fat’) renal fascia paranephric fat (or ‘pararenal fat’) peritoneum (anteriorly), and transversalis fascia (posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Kidney_capsule }
  • Added
    • + kidney capsule database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_capsule
    • + kidney capsule database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0227637
    • + kidney capsule database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/243657006
    • + kidney capsule definition The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of ‘ adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the following order (moving from innermost to outermost): renal medulla renal cortex renal capsule perinephric fat (or ‘perirenal fat’) renal fascia paranephric fat (or ‘pararenal fat’) peritoneum (anteriorly), and transversalis fascia (posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_capsule }
    • + kidney capsule depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney.jpg

Changes for: inferior hypogastric nerve plexus

Changes for: superior hypogastric nerve plexus

Changes for: pulmonary artery

Changes for: thoracodorsal artery

Changes for: celiac nerve plexus

Changes for: lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium

Changes for: medulla of lymph node

Changes for: cardiac nerve plexus

Changes for: pulmonary nerve plexus

Changes for: gluteal muscle

Changes for: interchondral joint

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + interchondral joint database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchondral_articulations
    • + interchondral joint database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/303101003
    • + interchondral joint definition Interchondral Articulations (articulations of the cartilages of the ribs with each other). The contiguous borders of the sixth, seventh, and eighth, and sometimes those of the ninth and tenth, costal cartilages articulate with each other by small, smooth, oblong facets. Each articulation is enclosed in a thin articular capsule, lined by synovial membrane and strengthened laterally and medially by ligamentous fibers which pass from one cartilage to the other. Sometimes the fifth costal cartilages, more rarely the ninth and tenth, articulate by their lower borders with the adjoining cartilages by small oval facets; more frequently the connection is by a few ligamentous fibers. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchondral_articulations }
    • + interchondral joint depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Gray315.png
    • + interchondral joint has exact synonym interchondral articulation { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchondral_articulations }

Changes for: joint of rib

Changes for: peripheral nerve

  • Deleted
    • - peripheral nerve database cross reference SCTID:244457007
    • - peripheral nerve database cross reference Wikipedia:Peripheral_nerve
    • - peripheral nerve database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/200px-Nervous_system_diagram.png
    • - peripheral nerve definition Neural tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the neuraxis. Examples: phrenic nerve, radial nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, sciatic nerve[FMA]. The peripheral nerves include the 12 cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and roots, and what are called the autonomic nerves that are concerned specifically with the regulation of the heart muscle, the muscles in blood vessel walls, and glands[BTO]. The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium[GAID]. A peripheral nerve, or simply nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons (the long, slender projections of neurons). A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons. Nerves are found only in the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system, the analogous structures are known as tracts[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Peripheral_nerve }
  • Added
    • + peripheral nerve database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nerve
    • + peripheral nerve database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0031119
    • + peripheral nerve database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244457007
    • + peripheral nerve definition Neural tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the neuraxis. Examples: phrenic nerve, radial nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, sciatic nerve[FMA]. The peripheral nerves include the 12 cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and roots, and what are called the autonomic nerves that are concerned specifically with the regulation of the heart muscle, the muscles in blood vessel walls, and glands[BTO]. The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium[GAID]. A peripheral nerve, or simply nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons (the long, slender projections of neurons). A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons. Nerves are found only in the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system, the analogous structures are known as tracts[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nerve }
    • + peripheral nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/200px-Nervous_system_diagram.png

Changes for: cortex of lymph node

Changes for: outflow tract myocardium

  • Deleted
    • - outflow tract myocardium homology notes (…) (theme) is how the vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. (…) At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) vertebrates all have a continuous endothelial lining to the heart and vessels and (2) vertebrates have developed a second chamber in the heart, one designed for generating high systemic blood pressure.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000603 , ontology=VHOG , source=PMID:9187138 Fishman MC, Chien KR, Fashioning the vertebrate heart: earliest embryonic decisions. Development (1997) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + outflow tract myocardium homology notes (…) (theme) is how the vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. (…) At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) vertebrates all have a continuous endothelial lining to the heart and vessels and (2) vertebrates have developed a second chamber in the heart, one designed for generating high systemic blood pressure.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000603 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=PMID:9187138 Fishman MC, Chien KR, Fashioning the vertebrate heart: earliest embryonic decisions. Development (1997) }

Changes for: enteric nervous system

  • Deleted
    • - enteric nervous system database cross reference Wikipedia:Enteric_nervous_system
    • - enteric nervous system definition The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation[GO]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Enteric_nervous_system }
  • Added
    • + enteric nervous system database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system
    • + enteric nervous system database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0206111
    • + enteric nervous system definition The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation[GO]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system }

Changes for: lower leg skin

Changes for: upper arm skin

Changes for: upper leg skin

Changes for: lower leg blood vessel

Changes for: upper arm blood vessel

Changes for: lower arm blood vessel

Changes for: forelimb stylopod muscle

Changes for: forelimb zeugopod muscle

Changes for: hindlimb zeugopod muscle

Changes for: upper arm bone

Changes for: hindlimb stylopod muscle

Changes for: trabecular network of bone

Changes for: rectus capitis lateralis

Changes for: thoracic rib cage

Changes for: temporal part of head

Changes for: pyloric gastric gland

Changes for: neck of rib

  • Deleted
    • - neck of rib database cross reference SCTID:263359009
    • - neck of rib database cross reference Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib
    • - neck of rib database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray122.png
    • - neck of rib definition The neck of the rib is the flattened portion which extends lateralward from the head; it is about 2.5 cm. long, and is placed in front of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& with which the head articulates. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, its posterior rough for the attachment of the ligament of the neck, and perforated by numerous foramina. Of its two borders the superior presents a rough crest (crista colli costE) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its inferior border is rounded. On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body, and nearer the lower than the upper border, is an eminencebthe tubercle; it consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib }
    • - neck of rib has exact synonym collum costae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - neck of rib has related synonym collum costae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + neck of rib database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_of_rib
    • + neck of rib database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/263359009
    • + neck of rib definition The neck of the rib is the flattened portion which extends lateralward from the head; it is about 2.5 cm. long, and is placed in front of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& with which the head articulates. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, its posterior rough for the attachment of the ligament of the neck, and perforated by numerous foramina. Of its two borders the superior presents a rough crest (crista colli costE) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its inferior border is rounded. On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body, and nearer the lower than the upper border, is an eminencebthe tubercle; it consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_of_rib }
    • + neck of rib depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray122.png
    • + neck of rib has exact synonym collum costae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_of_rib , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + neck of rib has related synonym collum costae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_of_rib , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: stomach muscularis externa

Changes for: stomach smooth muscle circular layer

Changes for: pyloric canal

Changes for: cardiac gastric gland

  • Deleted
    • - cardiac gastric gland database cross reference SCTID:8894005
    • - cardiac gastric gland database cross reference Wikipedia:Cardiac_glands
    • - cardiac gastric gland definition A gastric gland in the cardiac region of the stomach; cardiac glands are fewer in number than in the fundus and body, and secrete mucin which coats the stomach and protects it[MP] { database cross reference=MP:0010795 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cardiac_glands }
    • - cardiac gastric gland external definition The cardiac glands of the stomach secrete primarily mucus. They are few in number and occur close to the cardiac orifice where the esophagus joins the stomach. In general, they are more shallow than those in the other parts of the stomach. They are of two kinds: (1) simple tubular glands resembling those of the pyloric end of the stomach, but with short ducts. (2) compound racemose glands resembling the duodenal glands. The cardiac gland is both innervated by the parasympathetic and symapthetic nerve fibres of the autonomic nervous system[Wikipedia:Cardiac_glands]. { source=Wikipedia:Cardiac_glands }
  • Added
    • + cardiac gastric gland database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_glands
    • + cardiac gastric gland database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/8894005
    • + cardiac gastric gland definition A gastric gland in the cardiac region of the stomach; cardiac glands are fewer in number than in the fundus and body, and secrete mucin which coats the stomach and protects it[MP] { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_glands , database cross reference=MP:0010795 }
    • + cardiac gastric gland external definition The cardiac glands of the stomach secrete primarily mucus. They are few in number and occur close to the cardiac orifice where the esophagus joins the stomach. In general, they are more shallow than those in the other parts of the stomach. They are of two kinds: (1) simple tubular glands resembling those of the pyloric end of the stomach, but with short ducts. (2) compound racemose glands resembling the duodenal glands. The cardiac gland is both innervated by the parasympathetic and symapthetic nerve fibres of the autonomic nervous system[Wikipedia:Cardiac_glands]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_glands }

Changes for: parietal yolk sac

Changes for: epithelium of mammary gland

Changes for: ectoplacental cavity

Changes for: epithelium of otic placode

Changes for: rectal venous plexus

Changes for: vesical venous plexus

Changes for: skeletal muscle tissue of tongue

  • Deleted
    • - skeletal muscle tissue of tongue homology notes The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (…) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (…) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001390 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + skeletal muscle tissue of tongue database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1710437
    • + skeletal muscle tissue of tongue homology notes The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (…) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (…) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001390 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005) }

Changes for: pulmonary vascular system

Changes for: uterine venous plexus

Changes for: annelid pygidium

Changes for: osteoid

Changes for: skeleton of lower jaw

  • Deleted
    • - skeleton of lower jaw definition A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel’s cartilage. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
    • - skeleton of lower jaw homology notes The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000428 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + skeleton of lower jaw definition A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel’s cartilage. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + skeleton of lower jaw homology notes The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000428 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101 }

Changes for: rostral migratory stream

Changes for: skeleton of upper jaw

  • Deleted
    • - skeleton of upper jaw definition A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the upper part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: upper jaw teeth, the maxilla and other lower jaw bones. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
    • - skeleton of upper jaw homology notes The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000429 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + skeleton of upper jaw definition A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the upper part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: upper jaw teeth, the maxilla and other lower jaw bones. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + skeleton of upper jaw homology notes The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000429 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101 }

Changes for: pulmonary acinus

Changes for: epidermal-dermal junction

Changes for: palmar part of manus

Changes for: ligament of pinna

Changes for: tooth of lower jaw

Changes for: tooth of upper jaw

Changes for: median eye

Changes for: alveolus

Changes for: hard palate

Changes for: neural lobe of neurohypophysis

  • Deleted
    • - neural lobe of neurohypophysis database cross reference SCTID:424523008
    • - neural lobe of neurohypophysis database cross reference cite note-1
    • - neural lobe of neurohypophysis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG/200px-Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG
    • - neural lobe of neurohypophysis definition The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Despite its name, the posterior pituitary gland is not a gland, per se; rather, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary gland. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=cite note-1 }
    • - neural lobe of neurohypophysis homology notes It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke’s pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (…) Rathke’s pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (…) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001180 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + neural lobe of neurohypophysis database cross reference cite note-1
    • + neural lobe of neurohypophysis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0447640
    • + neural lobe of neurohypophysis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/424523008
    • + neural lobe of neurohypophysis definition The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Despite its name, the posterior pituitary gland is not a gland, per se; rather, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary gland. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=cite note-1 }
    • + neural lobe of neurohypophysis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG/200px-Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG
    • + neural lobe of neurohypophysis homology notes It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke’s pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (…) Rathke’s pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (…) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001180 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 }

Changes for: shell septum

Changes for: splanchnocranium

Changes for: external gill

  • Deleted
    • - external gill database cross reference Wikipedia:External_gills
    • - external gill definition External gills are the gills of an animal, most typically an amphibian, that are exposed to the environment, rather than set inside the pharynx and covered by gill slits, as they are in most fishes[BTO]. { database cross reference=BTO:0004689 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:External_gills }
    • - external gill external definition External gills are the gills of an animal, most typically an amphibian, that are exposed to the environment, rather than set inside the pharynx and covered by gill slits, as they are in most fishes. Instead, the respiratory organs are set on a frill of stalks protruding from the sides of an animals head. This type of gill is most commonly observed on the aquatic larva of most species of salamanders, lungfish, and bichirs (which have only one large pair), and are retained by neotenic adult salamanders and some species of adult lungfish. They are present on non-transforming salamander species such as the mudpuppy, as well as most members of the Proteidae and Sirenidae families, which naturally never metamorphose into an air-breathing form. The embryos of frogs and caecilians also develop external gills at some point in their development, though these are either resorbed before or disappear shortly after hatching. Fossils of the distant relatives of modern amphibians, such as Branchiosaurus and Apateon, also show evidence of external gills. The external gills commonly consist of a single stalk (rami) protruding from a gill arch behind the head of the animal, above an associated gill slit. The stalk usually contains muscle tissue, and may be moved by the animal as a free appendage, in order to stir up stagnant water. The stalk is lined by many thinly walled filaments (fimbriae), containing the majority of blood vessels used in gas exchange. Animals usually have one external gill originating on each gill arch (except the hyoid), which leads to there being three pairs of external gills in salamanders, and four in the gilled larvae of lungfish[Wikipedia:External_gills]. { source=Wikipedia:External_gills }
  • Added
    • + external gill database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_gills
    • + external gill definition External gills are the gills of an animal, most typically an amphibian, that are exposed to the environment, rather than set inside the pharynx and covered by gill slits, as they are in most fishes[BTO]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_gills , database cross reference=BTO:0004689 }
    • + external gill external definition External gills are the gills of an animal, most typically an amphibian, that are exposed to the environment, rather than set inside the pharynx and covered by gill slits, as they are in most fishes. Instead, the respiratory organs are set on a frill of stalks protruding from the sides of an animals head. This type of gill is most commonly observed on the aquatic larva of most species of salamanders, lungfish, and bichirs (which have only one large pair), and are retained by neotenic adult salamanders and some species of adult lungfish. They are present on non-transforming salamander species such as the mudpuppy, as well as most members of the Proteidae and Sirenidae families, which naturally never metamorphose into an air-breathing form. The embryos of frogs and caecilians also develop external gills at some point in their development, though these are either resorbed before or disappear shortly after hatching. Fossils of the distant relatives of modern amphibians, such as Branchiosaurus and Apateon, also show evidence of external gills. The external gills commonly consist of a single stalk (rami) protruding from a gill arch behind the head of the animal, above an associated gill slit. The stalk usually contains muscle tissue, and may be moved by the animal as a free appendage, in order to stir up stagnant water. The stalk is lined by many thinly walled filaments (fimbriae), containing the majority of blood vessels used in gas exchange. Animals usually have one external gill originating on each gill arch (except the hyoid), which leads to there being three pairs of external gills in salamanders, and four in the gilled larvae of lungfish[Wikipedia:External_gills]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_gills }

Changes for: fin

Changes for: post-hyoid pharyngeal arch

Changes for: blood nerve barrier

Changes for: extensor pollicis longus muscle

Changes for: taenia tectum of brain

  • Deleted
    • - taenia tectum of brain definition a continuation ventrally of the supracallosal gyrus beyond the rostrum of the corpus callosum. It is demonstrated histologically by Nissl stain. In the human ( Anthoney-1994 ) and the macaque ( Paxinos-2004 ) it lies on the rostral surface of the lamina terminalis and is considered identical to or part of the paraterminal gyrus. In the rat ( Swanson-1998 ) and the mouse ( Paxinos-2001 ) it is located similarly in relation to the supracallosal gyrus, however, it is a more prominent layered structure that extends rostrally on the medial surface overlying the anterior olfactory nucleus. It is considered part of the olfactory areas (rodent) of the cerebral cortex. In rodents it consists of two parts, the dorsal tenia tecta and the ventral tenia tecta. Note that some authors use the term ‘tenia tecta’ or ‘taenia tecta’ as a synonym for the lateral longitudinal stria ( Riley-1943 ). { database cross reference=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1870 }
  • Added
    • + taenia tectum of brain definition a continuation ventrally of the supracallosal gyrus beyond the rostrum of the corpus callosum. It is demonstrated histologically by Nissl stain. In the human ( Anthoney-1994 ) and the macaque ( Paxinos-2004 ) it lies on the rostral surface of the lamina terminalis and is considered identical to or part of the paraterminal gyrus. In the rat ( Swanson-1998 ) and the mouse ( Paxinos-2001 ) it is located similarly in relation to the supracallosal gyrus, however, it is a more prominent layered structure that extends rostrally on the medial surface overlying the anterior olfactory nucleus. It is considered part of the olfactory areas (rodent) of the cerebral cortex. In rodents it consists of two parts, the dorsal tenia tecta and the ventral tenia tecta. Note that some authors use the term ‘tenia tecta’ or ‘taenia tecta’ as a synonym for the lateral longitudinal stria ( Riley-1943 ). { database cross reference=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1870 }

Changes for: flexor digitorum superficialis

Changes for: metanephric mesenchyme

Changes for: phalanx

Changes for: supinator muscle

Changes for: distal phalanx

Changes for: middle phalanx

  • Deleted
    • - middle phalanx database cross reference SCTID:299710007
    • - middle phalanx database cross reference Wikipedia:Intermediate_phalanges
    • - middle phalanx definition A phalanx located between proximal and distal phalanges[CJM]. Intermediate phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones of the finger and toe which lie in the middle, between the two wrinkly joints. The thumb and big toe do not have intermediate phalanges. In most other vertebrates, they have a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw, wing, hoof or fin[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Intermediate_phalanges }
  • Added
    • + middle phalanx database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_phalanges
    • + middle phalanx database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/299710007
    • + middle phalanx definition A phalanx located between proximal and distal phalanges[CJM]. Intermediate phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones of the finger and toe which lie in the middle, between the two wrinkly joints. The thumb and big toe do not have intermediate phalanges. In most other vertebrates, they have a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw, wing, hoof or fin[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_phalanges }

Changes for: proximal phalanx

  • Deleted
    • - proximal phalanx database cross reference SCTID:299708005
    • - proximal phalanx database cross reference Wikipedia:Proximal_phalanges
    • - proximal phalanx definition Proximal-most phalanx within a digit[CJM]. Proximal phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckles. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw, wing or fin. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx (‘finger’ bone)[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Proximal_phalanges }
  • Added
    • + proximal phalanx database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximal_phalanges
    • + proximal phalanx database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/299708005
    • + proximal phalanx definition Proximal-most phalanx within a digit[CJM]. Proximal phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckles. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw, wing or fin. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx (‘finger’ bone)[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximal_phalanges }

Changes for: proximal phalanx of manual digit 3

Changes for: proximal phalanx of manual digit 2

Changes for: middle phalanx of pedal digit 2

Changes for: middle phalanx of pedal digit 3

Changes for: middle phalanx of pedal digit 4

Changes for: middle phalanx of pedal digit 5

Changes for: middle phalanx of manual digit 2

Changes for: middle phalanx of manual digit 3

Changes for: middle phalanx of manual digit 4

Changes for: middle phalanx of manual digit 5

Changes for: distal phalanx of pedal digit 5

Changes for: distal phalanx of pedal digit 4

Changes for: distal phalanx of pedal digit 3

Changes for: distal phalanx of pedal digit 1

Changes for: distal phalanx of pedal digit 2

Changes for: distal phalanx of manual digit 4

Changes for: distal phalanx of manual digit 5

Changes for: distal phalanx of manual digit 2

Changes for: distal phalanx of manual digit 3

Changes for: trophectoderm

  • Deleted
    • - trophectoderm external definition The outer cellular layer of the mammalian blastocyst. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.750, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000979 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - trophectoderm homology notes (…) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of ‘lower’ vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000979 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0721676685 Romer AS, Parsons TS, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + trophectoderm external definition The outer cellular layer of the mammalian blastocyst. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.750, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000979 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + trophectoderm homology notes (…) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of ‘lower’ vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000979 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0721676685 Romer AS, Parsons TS, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106 }

Changes for: osphradium

Changes for: cardinal vein

  • Deleted
    • - cardinal vein database cross reference SCTID:362860004
    • - cardinal vein homology notes In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001197 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + cardinal vein database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0231085
    • + cardinal vein database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362860004
    • + cardinal vein homology notes In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001197 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462 }

Changes for: limb bud

Changes for: gubernaculum

Changes for: primitive streak

Changes for: allantois

Changes for: secondary tooth

Changes for: vault of skull

Changes for: proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3

Changes for: proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2

Changes for: proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1

Changes for: proximal phalanx of manual digit 5

Changes for: metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 5

Changes for: proximal phalanx of manual digit 1

Changes for: distal phalanx of manual digit 1

Changes for: proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5

Changes for: proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4

Changes for: proximal phalanx of manual digit 4

Changes for: cerebellum culmen

Changes for: paramedian reticular nucleus

  • Deleted
    • - paramedian reticular nucleus database cross reference Wikipedia:Paramedian_reticular_nucleus
    • - paramedian reticular nucleus definition The paramedian reticular nucleus (in Terminologia Anatomica, or paramedian medullary reticular group in NeuroNames) sends its connections to the spinal cord in a mostly ipsilateral manner, although there is some decussation. It projects to the vermis in the anterior lobe, the pyramis and the uvula. The paramedian nucleus also projects to the contralateral PRN, the gigantocellular nucleus, and the nucleus ambiguous. The paramedian reticular formation is adjacent to the abducens (VI)nucleus in the pons and adjacent to the oculomotor nucleus(III) in the midbrain. The paramedian nucleus receives afferents mostly from the fastigial nucleus in the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex; however, the projections from the spinal cord are very sparse. The descending afferent connections come mostly from the frontal and parietal lobes; however the pontine reticular formation also sends projections to the paramedian reticular nucleus. There are also very sparse innervations from the superior colliculus. Lesions in the paramedian reticular nucleus have been shown to cause a stereotyped increase in the random patterns of motion in rats. The paramedian nuclei on either side of the brain stem have been shown to mediate the horizontal eye movements on their ipsilateral sides. It seems possible that that the random motion patterns of the above rats were caused by an inability to mediate their horizontal eye movements. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Paramedian_reticular_nucleus }
    • - paramedian reticular nucleus has related synonym nucleus reticularis paramedianus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Paramedian_reticular_nucleus }
    • - paramedian reticular nucleus has related synonym paramedian nucleus reticularis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Paramedian_reticular_nucleus , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + paramedian reticular nucleus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedian_reticular_nucleus
    • + paramedian reticular nucleus definition The paramedian reticular nucleus (in Terminologia Anatomica, or paramedian medullary reticular group in NeuroNames) sends its connections to the spinal cord in a mostly ipsilateral manner, although there is some decussation. It projects to the vermis in the anterior lobe, the pyramis and the uvula. The paramedian nucleus also projects to the contralateral PRN, the gigantocellular nucleus, and the nucleus ambiguous. The paramedian reticular formation is adjacent to the abducens (VI)nucleus in the pons and adjacent to the oculomotor nucleus(III) in the midbrain. The paramedian nucleus receives afferents mostly from the fastigial nucleus in the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex; however, the projections from the spinal cord are very sparse. The descending afferent connections come mostly from the frontal and parietal lobes; however the pontine reticular formation also sends projections to the paramedian reticular nucleus. There are also very sparse innervations from the superior colliculus. Lesions in the paramedian reticular nucleus have been shown to cause a stereotyped increase in the random patterns of motion in rats. The paramedian nuclei on either side of the brain stem have been shown to mediate the horizontal eye movements on their ipsilateral sides. It seems possible that that the random motion patterns of the above rats were caused by an inability to mediate their horizontal eye movements. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedian_reticular_nucleus }
    • + paramedian reticular nucleus has related synonym nucleus reticularis paramedianus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedian_reticular_nucleus }
    • + paramedian reticular nucleus has related synonym paramedian nucleus reticularis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedian_reticular_nucleus , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: gyrus

Changes for: glial blood brain barrier

Changes for: endothelial blood brain barrier

Changes for: Reichert’s cartilage

  • Deleted
    • - Reichert’s cartilage definition a continuous cartilaginous formation in mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch in the embryo. The longer cranial or styloid segment is continuous with the otic capsule; its inferior end is angulated and is situated very close to the oropharynx. The smaller caudal segment is in contact with the body and greater horn of the hyoid cartilaginous structure { database cross reference=MP:0004916 , database cross reference=doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00524.x }
  • Added
    • + Reichert’s cartilage definition a continuous cartilaginous formation in mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch in the embryo. The longer cranial or styloid segment is continuous with the otic capsule; its inferior end is angulated and is situated very close to the oropharynx. The smaller caudal segment is in contact with the body and greater horn of the hyoid cartilaginous structure { database cross reference=http://dx.doi.org//10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00524.x , database cross reference=MP:0004916 }

Changes for: ectoplacental cone

Changes for: Descemet’s membrane

Changes for: vascular system

Changes for: stylohyoid ligament

Changes for: pallium

Changes for: cauda epididymis

Changes for: ventral part of telencephalon

Changes for: mixed dentition

Changes for: aortic arch

Changes for: pharyngeal arch 1

Changes for: pharyngeal gill

  • Deleted
    • - pharyngeal gill database cross reference Vertebrate gills
    • - pharyngeal gill definition Gills of vertebrates are developed in the walls of the pharynx along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. In fish, the gills are located on both sides of the pharynx. Gills are made of filaments which help increase surface area for oxygen exchange. In bony fish, the gills are covered by a bony cover called an operculum. When a fish breathes, it opens its mouth at regular times and draws in a mouthful of water. It then draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings. The water passes over the gills on the outside. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping through the mouth again. The operculum can be very important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills. Lampreys and sharks lack an operculum, they have multiple gill openings. Also, they must use different methods to force water over the gills. In sharks and rays, this ventilation of the gills is achieved either by the use of spiracles or ram ventilation (ventilation by constantly swimming). Although some animals use this method it is much better for animals to use a spiracle because they are less susceptible to injury. { database cross reference=Vertebrate gills }
  • Added
    • + pharyngeal gill database cross reference Vertebrate gills
    • + pharyngeal gill definition Gills of vertebrates are developed in the walls of the pharynx along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. In fish, the gills are located on both sides of the pharynx. Gills are made of filaments which help increase surface area for oxygen exchange. In bony fish, the gills are covered by a bony cover called an operculum. When a fish breathes, it opens its mouth at regular times and draws in a mouthful of water. It then draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings. The water passes over the gills on the outside. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping through the mouth again. The operculum can be very important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills. Lampreys and sharks lack an operculum, they have multiple gill openings. Also, they must use different methods to force water over the gills. In sharks and rays, this ventilation of the gills is achieved either by the use of spiracles or ram ventilation (ventilation by constantly swimming). Although some animals use this method it is much better for animals to use a spiracle because they are less susceptible to injury. { database cross reference=Vertebrate gills }

Changes for: tetrapod frontal bone

Changes for: corpus epididymis

Changes for: caput epididymis

Changes for: paired limb/fin bud

  • Deleted
    • - paired limb/fin bud definition An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. { database cross reference=ISBN:9780878932504 , database cross reference=MP:0005650 , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • - paired limb/fin bud homology notes The tetrapod limb is derived from a posterior part of the fin endoskeleton of elasmobranchs and basal bony fish, the so-called metapterygium, a series of endoskeletal elements that is the first to form in the developing paired fins. (…) In addition, there is an independent endoskeletal element called the protopterygium that develops anterior to the metapterygium in many basal fishes (e.g., the bichir and sturgeon). Teleosts have lost the metapterygium whereas the sarcopterygians, on the other hand, have lost the protopterygium. Sarcopterygians thus develop all their endoskeletal structures from the metapterygium and consequently the tetrapod limb skeleton is derived from the metapterygium.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001258 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + paired limb/fin bud definition An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 , database cross reference=ISBN:9780878932504 , database cross reference=MP:0005650 }
    • + paired limb/fin bud homology notes The tetrapod limb is derived from a posterior part of the fin endoskeleton of elasmobranchs and basal bony fish, the so-called metapterygium, a series of endoskeletal elements that is the first to form in the developing paired fins. (…) In addition, there is an independent endoskeletal element called the protopterygium that develops anterior to the metapterygium in many basal fishes (e.g., the bichir and sturgeon). Teleosts have lost the metapterygium whereas the sarcopterygians, on the other hand, have lost the protopterygium. Sarcopterygians thus develop all their endoskeletal structures from the metapterygium and consequently the tetrapod limb skeleton is derived from the metapterygium.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001258 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001) }

Changes for: apical ectodermal ridge

Changes for: male inguinal canal

Changes for: female inguinal canal

Changes for: interphalangeal joint of manus

Changes for: interphalangeal joint of pes

Changes for: vitelline vasculature

Changes for: interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 1

Changes for: anterior limiting lamina of cornea

Changes for: interphalangeal joint of manual digit 1

Changes for: distal epiphysis

Changes for: epiphysis of femur

Changes for: cleavage stage

  • Deleted
    • - cleavage stage database cross reference Wikipedia:Cleavage_(embryo)
    • - cleavage stage definition The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. { database cross reference=GO:0040016 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cleavage_(embryo) }
  • Added
    • + cleavage stage database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage_(embryo)
    • + cleavage stage definition The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage_(embryo) , database cross reference=GO:0040016 }

Changes for: epiphysis of radius

Changes for: zygote stage

Changes for: epiphysis of humerus

Changes for: life cycle stage

Changes for: epiphysis of tibia

Changes for: life cycle

Changes for: proximal epiphysis

Changes for: metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 1

Changes for: skeleton of limb

Changes for: gastrula stage

Changes for: blastula stage

Changes for: epiphysis of metatarsal bone

Changes for: respiratory segment of nasal mucosa

  • Deleted
    • - respiratory segment of nasal mucosa definition The segment of the nasal mucosa that is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium). The respiratory segment has a very vascularized lamina propria allowing the venous plexuses of the conchal mucosa to engorge with blood, restricting airflow and causing air to be directed to the other side of the nose.[WP,modified] { database cross reference=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cavity }
  • Added
    • + respiratory segment of nasal mucosa definition The segment of the nasal mucosa that is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium). The respiratory segment has a very vascularized lamina propria allowing the venous plexuses of the conchal mucosa to engorge with blood, restricting airflow and causing air to be directed to the other side of the nose.[WP,modified] { database cross reference=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cavity }

Changes for: epiphysis of ulna

Changes for: epiphysis of phalanx of manus

Changes for: olfactory apparatus chamber

  • Deleted
    • - olfactory apparatus chamber definition An anatomical chamber that is part of the olfactory apparatus, consisting of cavity walls (nasal epithelium and mucosal layers) and the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
  • Added
    • + olfactory apparatus chamber definition An anatomical chamber that is part of the olfactory apparatus, consisting of cavity walls (nasal epithelium and mucosal layers) and the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 2

Changes for: life cycle stage boundary

Changes for: blastopore

Changes for: lobe of lung

Changes for: epiphysis of metacarpal bone

Changes for: cell layer

  • Deleted
    • - cell layer definition Portion of tissue, that consists of single layer of cells connected to each other by cell junctions. Examples: layer of glial cells; epithelium. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + cell layer definition Portion of tissue, that consists of single layer of cells connected to each other by cell junctions. Examples: layer of glial cells; epithelium. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 5

Changes for: metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 4

Changes for: lung bud

Changes for: respiratory tube

Changes for: metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 3

Changes for: organogenesis stage

Changes for: post-juvenile adult stage

Changes for: lung connective tissue

Changes for: metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 3

Changes for: metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 4

Changes for: metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 2

Changes for: olivary body

Changes for: facial nucleus

Changes for: cranial nerve nucleus

Changes for: metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 1

Changes for: epineurium

Changes for: neural nucleus

Changes for: endoneurium

Changes for: blood brain barrier

  • Deleted
    • - blood brain barrier database cross reference Wikipedia:Blood-brain_barrier
    • - blood brain barrier definition Cell layer consisting of lining cells that separates the central nervous system and the bloodstream. The BBB may consist of endothelial cells or glial cells. An endothelial barrier may have arisen independently several times during evolution. In bichir and lungfish the barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells, while in sturgeon it is formed by a complex perivascular glial sheath, but with no detectable tight junctions. { database cross reference=DOI:10.1002/glia.20642 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Blood-brain_barrier }
  • Added

Changes for: perineurium

Changes for: transverse foramen

Changes for: trochlea of humerus

Changes for: spinothalamic tract

Changes for: anal canal

Changes for: theca externa

Changes for: theca cell layer

Changes for: theca interna

Changes for: pelvic fin

Changes for: pectoral fin

Changes for: fourth thoracic spinal ganglion

Changes for: fourth sacral spinal ganglion

Changes for: cervical subsegment of spinal cord

Changes for: oral cavity

  • Deleted
    • - oral cavity database cross reference SCTID:181220002
    • - oral cavity definition Anatomical cavity at the start of the digestive tract that that is enclosed by the mouth. The boundaries and contents vary depending on the species. In vertebrates, the boundaries are the oral opening, the cheeks, the palate and (if present) the palatoglossal arch - if this is not present then the mouth and pharynx form the oropharyngeal cavity. The buccal cavity contains the teeth, tongue and palate (when present) { database cross reference=ISBN10:0073040584 , database cross reference=https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-digestive-tract , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • - oral cavity external definition The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures (muscles and mucosa). [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000188 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/oral+cavity }
    • - oral cavity homology notes Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000188 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.32 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + oral cavity database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226896
    • + oral cavity database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181220002
    • + oral cavity definition Anatomical cavity at the start of the digestive tract that that is enclosed by the mouth. The boundaries and contents vary depending on the species. In vertebrates, the boundaries are the oral opening, the cheeks, the palate and (if present) the palatoglossal arch - if this is not present then the mouth and pharynx form the oropharyngeal cavity. The buccal cavity contains the teeth, tongue and palate (when present) { database cross reference=https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-digestive-tract , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 , database cross reference=ISBN10:0073040584 }
    • + oral cavity external definition The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures (muscles and mucosa). [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000188 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/oral+cavity }
    • + oral cavity homology notes Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000188 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.32 }

Changes for: oral opening

  • Deleted
    • - oral opening definition The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body. { database cross reference=https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-digestive-tract }
    • - oral opening homology notes (…) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and ‘basal’ deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a ‘new’ mouth.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000280 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.06.002 Christiaen L, Jaszczyszyn Y, Kerfant M, Kanob S, Thermes V, Joly JS, Evolutionary modification of mouth position in deuterostomes. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2007) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + oral opening definition The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body. { database cross reference=https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-digestive-tract }
    • + oral opening homology notes (…) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and ‘basal’ deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a ‘new’ mouth.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000280 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.06.002 Christiaen L, Jaszczyszyn Y, Kerfant M, Kanob S, Thermes V, Joly JS, Evolutionary modification of mouth position in deuterostomes. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2007) }

Changes for: sacral subsegment of spinal cord

Changes for: mouth

Changes for: lumbar subsegment of spinal cord

Changes for: primitive urogenital sinus

Changes for: embryonic cloaca

Changes for: cloaca

Changes for: orifice

Changes for: intestine

Changes for: respiration organ

Changes for: amniotic fluid

Changes for: pus

  • Deleted
    • - pus database cross reference Wikipedia:Pus
    • - pus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swollen_eye_with_conjunctivitis.jpg/180px-Swollen_eye_with_conjunctivitis.jpg
    • - pus definition Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells. { database cross reference=ENVO:02000038 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pus }
  • Added
    • + pus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pus
    • + pus definition Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pus , database cross reference=ENVO:02000038 }
    • + pus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swollen_eye_with_conjunctivitis.jpg/180px-Swollen_eye_with_conjunctivitis.jpg

Changes for: blood

  • Deleted
    • - blood database cross reference Wikipedia:Blood
    • - blood definition Circulating body substance which consists of blood plasma and hemoglobin-carrying red blood cells. Excludes blood analogues (see UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid). { database cross reference=FMA:9670 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Blood }
    • - blood homology notes Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (…) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000224 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + blood database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood
    • + blood database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0005767
    • + blood definition Circulating body substance which consists of blood plasma and hemoglobin-carrying red blood cells. Excludes blood analogues (see UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood , database cross reference=FMA:9670 }
    • + blood homology notes Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (…) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000224 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) }

Changes for: sagittal sinus

Changes for: rostrum of corpus callosum

Changes for: lateral lumbar region of abdomen

Changes for: splenium of the corpus callosum

Changes for: neck of radius

Changes for: foramina of scarpa

Changes for: gingival groove

Changes for: coagulating gland

Changes for: cheek pouch

Changes for: skin of cheek

Changes for: stylopharyngeus muscle

Changes for: parietal endoderm

Changes for: superior mediastinum

Changes for: inferior mediastinum

Changes for: inferior tarsal muscle

Changes for: meninx of midbrain

  • Deleted
    • - meninx of midbrain external definition Meninges that are part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000012 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - meninx of midbrain homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000012 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + meninx of midbrain external definition Meninges that are part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000012 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + meninx of midbrain homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000012 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: meninx of telencephalon

  • Deleted
    • - meninx of telencephalon external definition Meninges that are part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000010 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - meninx of telencephalon homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000010 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + meninx of telencephalon external definition Meninges that are part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000010 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + meninx of telencephalon homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000010 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: intromittent organ

Changes for: mesentery of oesophagus

  • Deleted
    • - mesentery of oesophagus homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000415 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + mesentery of oesophagus homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000415 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 }

Changes for: nasopalatine nerve

Changes for: mesentery of midgut

  • Deleted
    • - mesentery of midgut homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000413 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + mesentery of midgut homology notes Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000413 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 }

Changes for: pharyngeal slit

Changes for: pharyngeal system

Changes for: helicotrema

Changes for: mesentery of stomach

Changes for: hemipenis

  • Deleted
    • - hemipenis database cross reference SCTID:27265006
    • - hemipenis database cross reference Wikipedia:Hemipenis
    • - hemipenis definition one of a pair of intromittent organs of male squamates. Hemipenes are usually held inverted, within the body, and are everted for reproduction via erectile tissue like that in the human penis. Only one is used at a time, and some evidence indicates males alternate use between copulations. The hemipenis itself has a variety of shapes, depending on species. Often the hemipenis bears spines or hooks, in order to anchor the male within the female. Some species even have forked hemipenes (each hemipenis has two tips). Due to being everted and inverted, hemipenes do not have a completely enclosed channel for the conduction of sperm, but rather a seminal groove which seals as the erectile tissue expands { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hemipenis }
    • - hemipenis has related synonym hemipenes { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hemipenis , has synonym type=plural term }
  • Added
    • + hemipenis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemipenis
    • + hemipenis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/27265006
    • + hemipenis definition one of a pair of intromittent organs of male squamates. Hemipenes are usually held inverted, within the body, and are everted for reproduction via erectile tissue like that in the human penis. Only one is used at a time, and some evidence indicates males alternate use between copulations. The hemipenis itself has a variety of shapes, depending on species. Often the hemipenis bears spines or hooks, in order to anchor the male within the female. Some species even have forked hemipenes (each hemipenis has two tips). Due to being everted and inverted, hemipenes do not have a completely enclosed channel for the conduction of sperm, but rather a seminal groove which seals as the erectile tissue expands { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemipenis }
    • + hemipenis has related synonym hemipenes { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemipenis , has synonym type=plural term }

Changes for: forestomach

  • Deleted
    • - forestomach external definition The mouse stomach contains two well-defined areas, a (nonglandular) forestomach and a glandular stomach, which are separated by the limiting ridge (margo plicatus)[http://ctrgenpath.net/static/atlas/mousehistology/Windows/digestive/forestomach.html]. { source=http://ctrgenpath.net/static/atlas/mousehistology/Windows/digestive/forestomach.html }
  • Added
    • + forestomach database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0033745
    • + forestomach external definition The mouse stomach contains two well-defined areas, a (nonglandular) forestomach and a glandular stomach, which are separated by the limiting ridge (margo plicatus)[http://ctrgenpath.net/static/atlas/mousehistology/Windows/digestive/forestomach.html]. { source=http://ctrgenpath.net/static/atlas/mousehistology/Windows/digestive/forestomach.html }

Changes for: presphenoid bone

Changes for: cerebellum external granule cell layer

Changes for: roof plate of midbrain

Changes for: anterior mediastinum

Changes for: posterior mediastinum

Changes for: middle mediastinum

Changes for: meninx of hindbrain

  • Deleted
    • - meninx of hindbrain external definition Meninges that are part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000011 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - meninx of hindbrain homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000011 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + meninx of hindbrain external definition Meninges that are part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000011 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + meninx of hindbrain homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000011 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: duct of epididymis

Changes for: meninx of spinal cord

Changes for: pulmonary surfactant

Changes for: meninx of diencephalon

  • Deleted
    • - meninx of diencephalon external definition Meninges that are part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000009 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - meninx of diencephalon homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000009 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + meninx of diencephalon external definition Meninges that are part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000009 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + meninx of diencephalon homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000009 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: palmar pad

Changes for: hepatic diverticulum

Changes for: prostomium

  • Deleted
    • - prostomium database cross reference Wikipedia:Prostomium
    • - prostomium definition The first body segment in annelids worms. It is in front of (but does not include) the mouth, being usually a small shelf- or lip-like extension over the dorsal side of the mouth. It sometimes bears antennae and eyes. By feeding, it often functions like a kind of overlip. The shape and composition of prostomium are important for annelid systematics. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Prostomium }
  • Added
    • + prostomium database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostomium
    • + prostomium definition The first body segment in annelids worms. It is in front of (but does not include) the mouth, being usually a small shelf- or lip-like extension over the dorsal side of the mouth. It sometimes bears antennae and eyes. By feeding, it often functions like a kind of overlip. The shape and composition of prostomium are important for annelid systematics. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostomium }

Changes for: great auricular nerve

Changes for: outer spiral sulcus

Changes for: inner spiral sulcus

Changes for: cerebellum internal granule cell layer

Changes for: plantar pad

Changes for: skeletal ligament

Changes for: nonskeletal ligament

Changes for: ovarian ligament

Changes for: suspensory ligament of testis

Changes for: suspensory ligament

Changes for: gubernaculum testis

Changes for: mesentery of colon

Changes for: mesentery of jejunum

Changes for: smooth muscle of trachea

Changes for: cardiac muscle of left atrium

Changes for: cardiac muscle of right atrium

Changes for: fossa ovalis of heart

Changes for: distal epiphysis of humerus

Changes for: epithelium of tongue

Changes for: distal epiphysis of phalanx of manus

Changes for: distal epiphysis of radius

Changes for: distal epiphysis of ulna

Changes for: distal epiphysis of tibia

Changes for: distal epiphysis of femur

Changes for: transverse palatine fold

Changes for: rugal fold

Changes for: mucosa of rectum

Changes for: rugal fold of stomach

Changes for: mucosa of oral region

Changes for: mucosa of anal canal

Changes for: cranial fossa

  • Deleted
  • Added

Changes for: posterior cranial fossa

Changes for: fourth trochanter

Changes for: third trochanter

Changes for: submucosa of rectum

Changes for: submucosa of colon

Changes for: submucosa of duodenum

Changes for: dorsal venous arch

Changes for: submucosa of jejunum

Changes for: serosa of colon

Changes for: inner cell mass derived epiblast

Changes for: serosa of duodenum

Changes for: subclavius

Changes for: inner cell mass derived hypoblast

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of fibula

  • Deleted
    • - proximal epiphysis of fibula database cross reference SCTID:182080006
    • - proximal epiphysis of fibula external definition The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate form, presenting above a flattened articular surface, directed upward, forward, and medialward, for articulation with a corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the tibia. On the lateral side is a thick and rough prominence continued behind into a pointed eminence, the apex, which projects upward from the posterior part of the head. The prominence, at its upper and lateral part, gives attachment to the tendon of the Biceps femoris and to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint, the ligament dividing the tendon into two parts. The remaining part of the circumference of the head is rough, for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. It presents in front a tubercle for the origin of the upper and anterior fibers of the Peronæus longus, and a surface for the attachment of the anterior ligament of the head; and behind, another tubercle, for the attachment of the posterior ligament of the head and the origin of the upper fibers of the Soleus[Wikipedia:Head_of_fibula]. { source=Wikipedia:Head_of_fibula }
  • Added
    • + proximal epiphysis of fibula database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0223908
    • + proximal epiphysis of fibula database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/182080006
    • + proximal epiphysis of fibula external definition The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate form, presenting above a flattened articular surface, directed upward, forward, and medialward, for articulation with a corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the tibia. On the lateral side is a thick and rough prominence continued behind into a pointed eminence, the apex, which projects upward from the posterior part of the head. The prominence, at its upper and lateral part, gives attachment to the tendon of the Biceps femoris and to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint, the ligament dividing the tendon into two parts. The remaining part of the circumference of the head is rough, for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. It presents in front a tubercle for the origin of the upper and anterior fibers of the Peronæus longus, and a surface for the attachment of the anterior ligament of the head; and behind, another tubercle, for the attachment of the posterior ligament of the head and the origin of the upper fibers of the Soleus[Wikipedia:Head_of_fibula]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_fibula }

Changes for: epaxial musclulature

  • Deleted
    • - epaxial musclulature definition Musculature that is derived from the epaxial myotome region, ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae. Epaxial muscles include other (dorsal) muscles associated with the vertebrae, ribs, and base of the skull. In humans, the erector spinae, the transversospinal muscles (including the multifidus, semispinalis and rotatores), the splenius and suboccipital muscles are the only epaxial muscles. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Epaxial_and_hypaxial_muscles }
  • Added
    • + epaxial musclulature definition Musculature that is derived from the epaxial myotome region, ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae. Epaxial muscles include other (dorsal) muscles associated with the vertebrae, ribs, and base of the skull. In humans, the erector spinae, the transversospinal muscles (including the multifidus, semispinalis and rotatores), the splenius and suboccipital muscles are the only epaxial muscles. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epaxial_and_hypaxial_muscles }

Changes for: hypaxial musclulature

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of tibia

Changes for: submucosa of anal canal

Changes for: mesenchyme of carpal region

Changes for: cerebral artery

Changes for: odontogenic papilla of incisor

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 1

Changes for: epiphysis of phalanx

Changes for: distal epiphysis of phalanx

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 3

Changes for: floor plate of medulla oblongata

  • Deleted
    • - floor plate of medulla oblongata homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000786 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + floor plate of medulla oblongata homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000786 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) }

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 4

Changes for: floor plate of metencephalon

  • Deleted
    • - floor plate of metencephalon homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000784 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + floor plate of metencephalon homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000784 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) }

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 5

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 1

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 2

Changes for: floor plate of diencephalon

  • Deleted
    • - floor plate of diencephalon homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000782 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + floor plate of diencephalon homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000782 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) }

Changes for: floor plate of neural tube

  • Deleted
    • - floor plate of neural tube homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000300 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + floor plate of neural tube homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000300 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) }

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 5

Changes for: floor plate of midbrain

  • Deleted
    • - floor plate of midbrain homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000780 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + floor plate of midbrain homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000780 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) }

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 4

Changes for: floor plate of telencephalon

  • Deleted
    • - floor plate of telencephalon homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000783 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + floor plate of telencephalon homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000783 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) }

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 2

Changes for: roof plate of metencephalon

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 3

Changes for: roof plate of diencephalon

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 4

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 5

Changes for: roof plate of medulla oblongata

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 2

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 3

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of fourth metatarsal bone

Changes for: roof plate of telencephalon

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of fifth metatarsal bone

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of second metatarsal bone

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of first metatarsal bone

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of third metatarsal bone

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 4

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 5

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of first metacarpal bone

Changes for: caroticotympanic artery

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of second metacarpal bone

Changes for: nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of third metacarpal bone

Changes for: gustatory pore

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of fourth metacarpal bone

Changes for: early pharyngeal endoderm

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of fifth metacarpal bone

Changes for: tract of spinal cord

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 3

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 2

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 1

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of metacarpal bone

Changes for: distal epiphysis of fibula

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of humerus

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manus

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of metatarsal bone

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of femur

Changes for: facial neural crest

  • Deleted
    • - facial neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001209 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + facial neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001209 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 }

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of radius

Changes for: thyroid diverticulum

Changes for: anlage

Changes for: duodenal mucosa

Changes for: late embryo

Changes for: cerebral lobe

Changes for: hair root

Changes for: intersomitic vein

Changes for: inner cambium layer of periosteum

Changes for: extensor muscle

  • Deleted
    • - extensor muscle definition A muscle that, upon contraction, tends to straighten a joint or limb. The antagonist of a flexor muscle[BTO]. Any of the muscles that increase the angle between members of a limb, as by straightening the elbow or knee or bending the wrist or spine backward. The movement is usually directed backward, with the notable exception of the knee joint. In humans, certain muscles of the hand and foot are named for this function. In the hand these include the extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi ulnaris, which run from the humerus (bone of the upper arm) along the back of the forearm to the metacarpal bones at the back of the hand[Britannica] { database cross reference=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198909/extensor-muscle }
  • Added
    • + extensor muscle definition A muscle that, upon contraction, tends to straighten a joint or limb. The antagonist of a flexor muscle[BTO]. Any of the muscles that increase the angle between members of a limb, as by straightening the elbow or knee or bending the wrist or spine backward. The movement is usually directed backward, with the notable exception of the knee joint. In humans, certain muscles of the hand and foot are named for this function. In the hand these include the extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi ulnaris, which run from the humerus (bone of the upper arm) along the back of the forearm to the metacarpal bones at the back of the hand[Britannica] { database cross reference=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198909/extensor-muscle }

Changes for: breast

Changes for: musculature of face

Changes for: subarachnoid space

Changes for: cervical mucus

Changes for: musculature of pectoral girdle

Changes for: cytotrophoblast

Changes for: colonic mucosa

Changes for: amniotic cavity

Changes for: blastula

Changes for: anular ligament of radius

Changes for: body wall

Changes for: adductor longus

Changes for: lateral recess of fourth ventricle

Changes for: tendon sheath

Changes for: capillary loop nephron

Changes for: amnion

  • Deleted
    • - amnion database cross reference SCTID:181457005
    • - amnion database cross reference Wikipedia:Amnion
    • - amnion database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Gray14.png
    • - amnion definition A membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, which are hence called ‘Amniota’; but not in amphibians and fish (Ichthyopsida), which are consequently termed ‘Anamniota’. The primary function of this is the protection of the embryo for its development. It stems from parts of the mesoderm on the outer side and the ectoderm on the inner side[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Amnion }
    • - amnion external definition A thin but tough extraembryonic membrane of reptiles, birds and mammals that lines the chorion and contains the fEtus and the amniotic fluid around it. [Biology_Online][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000721 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - amnion homology notes Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000721 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + amnion database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnion
    • + amnion database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0002630
    • + amnion database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181457005
    • + amnion definition A membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, which are hence called ‘Amniota’; but not in amphibians and fish (Ichthyopsida), which are consequently termed ‘Anamniota’. The primary function of this is the protection of the embryo for its development. It stems from parts of the mesoderm on the outer side and the ectoderm on the inner side[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnion }
    • + amnion depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Gray14.png
    • + amnion external definition A thin but tough extraembryonic membrane of reptiles, birds and mammals that lines the chorion and contains the fEtus and the amniotic fluid around it. [Biology_Online][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000721 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + amnion homology notes Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000721 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187 }

Changes for: anatomical junction

Changes for: esophageal sphincter

Changes for: esophagogastric junction

Changes for: endomeninx

Changes for: ectomeninx

  • Deleted
    • - ectomeninx definition the layer of mesoderm from which the dura mater and much of the membrane bone of the skull develop in the higher vertebrate embryo. { database cross reference=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/ectomeninx }
  • Added
    • + ectomeninx definition the layer of mesoderm from which the dura mater and much of the membrane bone of the skull develop in the higher vertebrate embryo. { database cross reference=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/ectomeninx }

Changes for: ligamentum arteriosum

Changes for: gastric vein

Changes for: node of ligamentum arteriosum

Changes for: thoracic lymph node

Changes for: future meninx

  • Deleted
    • - future meninx definition A developing anatomical structure that is the outermost mesenchymal covering of the developing brain and spinal cord and is the precursor of the meningeal cluster. In mammals this gives rise to the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater. In cyclostomes and fishes, the future meninx gives rise to a single meningeal layer, the primitive meninx. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
  • Added
    • + future meninx definition A developing anatomical structure that is the outermost mesenchymal covering of the developing brain and spinal cord and is the precursor of the meningeal cluster. In mammals this gives rise to the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater. In cyclostomes and fishes, the future meninx gives rise to a single meningeal layer, the primitive meninx. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: neurula embryo

Changes for: tarsal region

Changes for: metacarpus region

Changes for: carpal region

Changes for: trigeminal nuclear complex

Changes for: magnocellular nucleus of stria terminalis

Changes for: comb and wattle

Changes for: pecten oculi

  • Deleted
    • - pecten oculi database cross reference Wikipedia:Pecten_oculi
    • - pecten oculi definition a comb-like structure of blood vessels belonging to the choroid in the eye of a bird or reptile. It is non-sensory and is a pigmented structure that projects into the vitreous body from the point where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. The pecten is believed to both nourish the retina and control the pH of the vitreous body. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Pecten_oculi }
  • Added
    • + pecten oculi database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecten_oculi
    • + pecten oculi definition a comb-like structure of blood vessels belonging to the choroid in the eye of a bird or reptile. It is non-sensory and is a pigmented structure that projects into the vitreous body from the point where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. The pecten is believed to both nourish the retina and control the pH of the vitreous body. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecten_oculi }

Changes for: nucleus of medulla oblongata

Changes for: hippocampus stratum lucidum

Changes for: parabrachial nucleus

Changes for: nucleus of trapezoid body

Changes for: hippocampus alveus

Changes for: ciliated epithelium

Changes for: vertebral foramen of atlas

Changes for: stratified cuboidal epithelium

Changes for: stratified columnar epithelium

Changes for: tetrapod parietal bone

Changes for: ligament

Changes for: toilet claw

Changes for: tibial artery

Changes for: extensor digitorum communis

Changes for: extensor digiti minimi muscle

Changes for: extensor digitorum lateralis muscle

Changes for: layer of synovial tissue

  • Deleted
    • - layer of synovial tissue definition A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. { database cross reference=BTO:0001338 , database cross reference=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578563/synovial-tissue }
  • Added
    • + layer of synovial tissue definition A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. { database cross reference=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578563/synovial-tissue , database cross reference=BTO:0001338 }

Changes for: prostate gland ventral lobe

  • Deleted
    • - prostate gland ventral lobe definition Prostate gland lobe that in the mouse has the following characteristics: grossly, clear, gelatinous, and leaf-like; originates ventrally and wraps incompletely around the urethra dorsally, bilaterally. Simple columnar epithelium with the least amount of infolding. Secretory cells are oval and have slightly foamy cytoplasm; nuclei and basal nucleoli are inconspicuous. The secretion is pale and homogeneous. The stroma is thin { database cross reference=PMID:15163300 }
  • Added
    • + prostate gland ventral lobe definition Prostate gland lobe that in the mouse has the following characteristics: grossly, clear, gelatinous, and leaf-like; originates ventrally and wraps incompletely around the urethra dorsally, bilaterally. Simple columnar epithelium with the least amount of infolding. Secretory cells are oval and have slightly foamy cytoplasm; nuclei and basal nucleoli are inconspicuous. The secretion is pale and homogeneous. The stroma is thin { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15163300 }

Changes for: atlanto-occipital joint

Changes for: limiting membrane of retina

Changes for: supraauricular point

Changes for: hilum of kidney

Changes for: muscle tissue of prostate

Changes for: stylohyoid muscle

Changes for: alveolar ridge of mandible

Changes for: anatomical projection

Changes for: alveolar process of maxilla

Changes for: papillary muscle of left ventricle

Changes for: papillary muscle of right ventricle

Changes for: muscle of vertebral column

Changes for: primitive mesencephalic artery

Changes for: oral part of ventral posterolateral nucleus

Changes for: lateral pes lemniscus

Changes for: flocculonodular lobe

Changes for: facial motor nucleus

Changes for: alar central lobule

Changes for: postcommissural fornix

Changes for: anterior quadrangular lobule

Changes for: parvicellular part of ventral posteromedial nucleus

Changes for: substantia innominata

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + substantia innominata database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_innominata
    • + substantia innominata database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0038589
    • + substantia innominata definition The substantia innominata (literally ‘unnamed substance’) of Meynert is a stratum consisting partly of gray and partly of white substance, which lies below the anterior part of the thalamus and lentiform nucleus. The gross anatomical structure is called anterior perforated substance because to the naked eye looks perforated by many holes. Holes are due to many blood vessels that pass through this area. It is part of the basal forebrain. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_innominata }
    • + substantia innominata depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Substantia_innominata_MRI.PNG
    • + substantia innominata depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Substantia_innominata_MRI.PNG/200px-Substantia_innominata_MRI.PNG

Changes for: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of hypothalamus

Changes for: dorsal tegmental decussation

Changes for: microfilament

Changes for: medial lemniscus

Changes for: lemniscus

Changes for: intermediate filament

Changes for: lateral parabrachial nucleus

Changes for: dorsal nucleus of lateral lemniscus

Changes for: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain

Changes for: median raphe nucleus

Changes for: posterior nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: submedial nucleus

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord

Changes for: septum

Changes for: central dorsal nucleus

Changes for: suprageniculate nucleus

Changes for: central lateral nucleus

Changes for: central lobule

Changes for: subcallosal area

Changes for: stria terminalis

Changes for: commissure of inferior colliculus

Changes for: cingulate cortex

Changes for: limitans nucleus

Changes for: brachium of inferior colliculus

Changes for: principal part of ventral posteromedial nucleus

Changes for: pontine tegmentum

Changes for: cerebral cortex lobe

Changes for: systemic venous system

  • Deleted
    • - systemic venous system database cross reference Wikipedia:Systemic_venous_system
    • - systemic venous system definition The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong] { database cross reference=ISBN10:0073040584 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Systemic_venous_system }
    • - systemic venous system external definition In human anatomy, the systemic venous system refers to veins that drain into the right atrium without passing through two vascular beds (i.e. they originate from a set of capillaries and do not pass through a second set of capillaries before reaching the right side of the heart). The term systemic venous system is often used to differentiate veins from veins that drain the pulmonary system (the pulmonary venous system) and veins that drain the digestive tract (the portal venous system). Large veins that are considered part of the systemic venous system are the: Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava[WP] { source=Wikipedia:Systemic_venous_system }
    • - systemic venous system homology notes The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000277 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + systemic venous system database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_venous_system
    • + systemic venous system definition The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong] { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_venous_system , database cross reference=ISBN10:0073040584 }
    • + systemic venous system external definition In human anatomy, the systemic venous system refers to veins that drain into the right atrium without passing through two vascular beds (i.e. they originate from a set of capillaries and do not pass through a second set of capillaries before reaching the right side of the heart). The term systemic venous system is often used to differentiate veins from veins that drain the pulmonary system (the pulmonary venous system) and veins that drain the digestive tract (the portal venous system). Large veins that are considered part of the systemic venous system are the: Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava[WP] { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_venous_system }
    • + systemic venous system homology notes The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000277 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) }

Changes for: venous system

  • Deleted
    • - venous system database cross reference SCTID:362060003
    • - venous system definition The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • - venous system homology notes The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000277 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + venous system database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1267406
    • + venous system database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362060003
    • + venous system definition The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + venous system homology notes The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000277 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) }

Changes for: systemic artery

Changes for: arterial system

Changes for: smooth muscle sphincter

Changes for: systemic arterial system

Changes for: sphincter muscle

Changes for: proper plantar digital artery

Changes for: apical epidermal cap

Changes for: external capsule

Changes for: cribriform plate

  • Deleted
    • - cribriform plate database cross reference SCTID:282814006
    • - cribriform plate database cross reference Wikipedia:Cribriform_plate
    • - cribriform plate database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray149.png
    • - cribriform plate database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray149.png/200px-Gray149.png
    • - cribriform plate definition The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (horizontal lamina) is received into the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone and roofs in the nasal cavities. Projecting upward from the middle line of this plate is a thick, smooth, triangular process, the crista galli, so called from its resemblance to a cock’s comb. The long thin posterior border of the crista galli serves for the attachment of the falx cerebri. Its anterior border, short and thick, articulates with the frontal bone, and presents two small projecting alæ, which are received into corresponding depressions in the frontal bone and complete the foramen cecum. Its sides are smooth, and sometimes bulging from the presence of a small air sinus in the interior. On either side of the crista galli, the cribriform plate is narrow and deeply grooved; it supports the olfactory bulb and is perforated by foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerves. The foramina in the middle of the groove are small and transmit the nerves to the roof of the nasal cavity; those at the medial and lateral parts of the groove are larger—the former transmit the nerves to the upper part of the nasal septum, the latter those to the superior nasal concha. At the front part of the cribriform plate, on either side of the crista galli, is a small fissure which is occupied by a process of dura mater. Lateral to this fissure is a notch or foramen which transmits the nasociliary nerve; from this notch a groove extends backward to the anterior ethmoidal foramen. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cribriform_plate }
    • - cribriform plate has exact synonym cribiform plate of ethmoid bone { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cribriform_plate }
    • - cribriform plate has related synonym lamina cribrosa ossis ethmoidalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cribriform_plate , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + cribriform plate database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cribriform_plate
    • + cribriform plate database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/282814006
    • + cribriform plate definition The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (horizontal lamina) is received into the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone and roofs in the nasal cavities. Projecting upward from the middle line of this plate is a thick, smooth, triangular process, the crista galli, so called from its resemblance to a cock’s comb. The long thin posterior border of the crista galli serves for the attachment of the falx cerebri. Its anterior border, short and thick, articulates with the frontal bone, and presents two small projecting alæ, which are received into corresponding depressions in the frontal bone and complete the foramen cecum. Its sides are smooth, and sometimes bulging from the presence of a small air sinus in the interior. On either side of the crista galli, the cribriform plate is narrow and deeply grooved; it supports the olfactory bulb and is perforated by foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerves. The foramina in the middle of the groove are small and transmit the nerves to the roof of the nasal cavity; those at the medial and lateral parts of the groove are larger—the former transmit the nerves to the upper part of the nasal septum, the latter those to the superior nasal concha. At the front part of the cribriform plate, on either side of the crista galli, is a small fissure which is occupied by a process of dura mater. Lateral to this fissure is a notch or foramen which transmits the nasociliary nerve; from this notch a groove extends backward to the anterior ethmoidal foramen. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cribriform_plate }
    • + cribriform plate depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray149.png
    • + cribriform plate depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray149.png/200px-Gray149.png
    • + cribriform plate has exact synonym cribiform plate of ethmoid bone { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cribriform_plate }
    • + cribriform plate has related synonym lamina cribrosa ossis ethmoidalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cribriform_plate , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: decidua capsularis

Changes for: right eye

Changes for: left eye

Changes for: regenerating anatomical structure

Changes for: cardiovascular system

Changes for: left testis

Changes for: right testis

Changes for: right kidney

Changes for: left kidney

Changes for: blood vasculature

Changes for: proper palmar digital vein

Changes for: digital vein

Changes for: gastroesophageal sphincter

Changes for: forelimb digital artery

Changes for: digital artery

Changes for: fundus of gallbladder

Changes for: fundus of urinary bladder

Changes for: subdivision of vertebral column

Changes for: lumbar region of vertebral column

Changes for: thoracic region of vertebral column

Changes for: genu of corpus callosum

Changes for: cervical region of vertebral column

Changes for: frontal gyrus

Changes for: glossopharyngeal nerve fiber bundle

Changes for: inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

Changes for: cuneus cortex

Changes for: precuneus cortex

Changes for: inferior parietal cortex

Changes for: internal arcuate fiber bundle

Changes for: dorsal external arcuate fiber bundle

Changes for: perirhinal cortex

Changes for: stria medullaris

Changes for: ventral external arcuate fiber bundle

Changes for: posterior transverse termporal area 42

Changes for: anterior transverse termporal area 41

Changes for: superior parietal cortex

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 1

Changes for: basal nuclear complex

Changes for: digit 1

Changes for: conotruncus

  • Deleted
    • - conotruncus homology notes The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta (256). However, similar to the mammalian condition (306, 326, 339), the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development (134, 135). The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000437 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM and Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiol Rev (2003) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + conotruncus homology notes The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta (256). However, similar to the mammalian condition (306, 326, 339), the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development (134, 135). The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000437 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM and Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiol Rev (2003) }

Changes for: multi-limb segment region

Changes for: falx cerebri

  • Deleted
    • - falx cerebri database cross reference SCTID:279275004
    • - falx cerebri database cross reference Wikipedia:Falx_cerebri
    • - falx cerebri database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Falxcerebri.jpg
    • - falx cerebri definition The falx cerebri, also known as the cerebral falx, so named from its sickle-like form, is a strong, arched fold of dura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres. It is narrow in front, where it is attached to the crista galli of the ethmoid; and broad behind, where it is connected with the upper surface of the tentorium cerebelli. Its upper margin is convex, and attached to the inner surface of the skull in the middle line, as far back as the internal occipital protuberance; it contains the superior sagittal sinus. Its lower margin is free and concave, and contains the inferior sagittal sinus. The falx cerebri is known to calcify with age. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Falx_cerebri }
  • Added
    • + falx cerebri database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falx_cerebri
    • + falx cerebri database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0228120
    • + falx cerebri database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279275004
    • + falx cerebri definition The falx cerebri, also known as the cerebral falx, so named from its sickle-like form, is a strong, arched fold of dura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres. It is narrow in front, where it is attached to the crista galli of the ethmoid; and broad behind, where it is connected with the upper surface of the tentorium cerebelli. Its upper margin is convex, and attached to the inner surface of the skull in the middle line, as far back as the internal occipital protuberance; it contains the superior sagittal sinus. Its lower margin is free and concave, and contains the inferior sagittal sinus. The falx cerebri is known to calcify with age. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falx_cerebri }
    • + falx cerebri depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Falxcerebri.jpg

Changes for: surface of occiput

Changes for: coccygeal vertebra

Changes for: process of vertebra

Changes for: articular process of vertebra

Changes for: hemal arch

  • Deleted
    • - hemal arch database cross reference Wikipedia:Haemal_arch
    • - hemal arch definition Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra[AAO]. Hemal arches extend ventrally from the centra of caudal and transitional vertebrae to enclose the caudal artery and vein. In cyprinids, the hemal arch forms directly in membrane bone[ZFA]. { database cross reference=AAO:0000726 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Haemal_arch , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
  • Added
    • + hemal arch database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemal_arch
    • + hemal arch definition Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra[AAO]. Hemal arches extend ventrally from the centra of caudal and transitional vertebrae to enclose the caudal artery and vein. In cyprinids, the hemal arch forms directly in membrane bone[ZFA]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemal_arch , database cross reference=AAO:0000726 , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }

Changes for: regional part of hypothalamus

Changes for: collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle

  • Deleted
    • - collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle definition A rigid external coating which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some transitional epithelial cells which covers the outer body, the major openings into the body cavity from the exterior, and two large sensory bristles, the male spicules. The cuticle of the spicules, the hook, and of some portions of the spicule channels is especially rigid and is probably sclerotized. Similar sclerotic features are occasionally noted in the ventral surface of the male tail fan[WBbt]. The main structural components of the nematode cuticle are proteins, highly cross-linked collagens and specialised insoluble proteins known as cuticlins, together with glycoproteins and lipids[WP]. { database cross reference=WA:dh , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle definition A rigid external coating which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some transitional epithelial cells which covers the outer body, the major openings into the body cavity from the exterior, and two large sensory bristles, the male spicules. The cuticle of the spicules, the hook, and of some portions of the spicule channels is especially rigid and is probably sclerotized. Similar sclerotic features are occasionally noted in the ventral surface of the male tail fan[WBbt]. The main structural components of the nematode cuticle are proteins, highly cross-linked collagens and specialised insoluble proteins known as cuticlins, together with glycoproteins and lipids[WP]. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 , database cross reference=WA:dh }

Changes for: body of corpus callosum

Changes for: uncinate fasciculus

Changes for: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

Changes for: ventral acoustic stria

Changes for: central gray substance of midbrain

Changes for: trigeminal nerve fibers

Changes for: posterior part of anterior commissure

Changes for: vitelline artery

Changes for: presomitic mesoderm

  • Deleted
    • - presomitic mesoderm has exact synonym unsegmented paraxial mesoderm { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • - presomitic mesoderm homology notes It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (…) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (…). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (…) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000559 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + presomitic mesoderm has exact synonym unsegmented paraxial mesoderm { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + presomitic mesoderm homology notes It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (…) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (…). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (…) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000559 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001) }

Changes for: chordal neural plate

  • Deleted
    • - chordal neural plate homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001201 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + chordal neural plate homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001201 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 }

Changes for: hypochord

  • Deleted
    • - hypochord definition The hypochord is a transient rod-like structure in the embryos of fish, lampreys and amphibians that is located immediately ventral to the notochord. The hypochord may play a role in positioning the dorsal aorta[GO]. near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle[AAO] { database cross reference=AAO:0000733 , database cross reference=GO:0055016 , database cross reference=ISBN:0815318960 , database cross reference=PMID:10648245 }
    • - hypochord has exact synonym subnotochordal rod { database cross reference=GO:0055016 , database cross reference=PMID:10648245 }
    • - hypochord homology notes In other words, we identified variations in gene expression patterns that may contribute to a molecular basis of evolutionary variation of axial structures between Teleostei and Mammalia in the determination of body axis. As already mentioned, one such difference is illustrated by the hypochord present in lower vertebrates but absent in higher animals. Perhaps, Tbx-b and Tbx-c are involved in the mechanisms underlying the formation of this organ that were lost during later evolution leading to the disappearance of the hypochord itself, similarly to other organs, such as the lateral line.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000081 , ontology=VHOG , source=PMID:11548409 Korzh VP, T-box genes and developmental decisions that cells make. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + hypochord definition The hypochord is a transient rod-like structure in the embryos of fish, lampreys and amphibians that is located immediately ventral to the notochord. The hypochord may play a role in positioning the dorsal aorta[GO]. near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle[AAO] { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10648245 , database cross reference=AAO:0000733 , database cross reference=GO:0055016 , database cross reference=ISBN:0815318960 }
    • + hypochord has exact synonym subnotochordal rod { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10648245 , database cross reference=GO:0055016 }
    • + hypochord homology notes In other words, we identified variations in gene expression patterns that may contribute to a molecular basis of evolutionary variation of axial structures between Teleostei and Mammalia in the determination of body axis. As already mentioned, one such difference is illustrated by the hypochord present in lower vertebrates but absent in higher animals. Perhaps, Tbx-b and Tbx-c are involved in the mechanisms underlying the formation of this organ that were lost during later evolution leading to the disappearance of the hypochord itself, similarly to other organs, such as the lateral line.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000081 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=PMID:11548409 Korzh VP, T-box genes and developmental decisions that cells make. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology (2001) }

Changes for: periderm

Changes for: pre-chordal neural plate

  • Deleted
    • - pre-chordal neural plate homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001200 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pre-chordal neural plate homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001200 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 }

Changes for: ventricular zone

Changes for: cusp of cardiac valve

Changes for: roof plate

Changes for: fibrous ring of heart

  • Deleted
    • - fibrous ring of heart database cross reference Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart
    • - fibrous ring of heart definition The right and left fibrous rings of heart (anulus fibrosus cordis) surround the atrioventricular and arterial orifices, and are stronger upon the left than on the right side of the heart. The right fibrous ring is known as the anulus fibrosus dexter cordis, and the left is known as the anulus fibrosus sinister cordis. The atrioventricular rings serve for the attachment of the muscular fibers of the atria and ventricles, and for the attachment of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The left atrioventricular ring is closely connected, by its right margin, with the aortic arterial ring; between these and the right atrioventricular ring is a triangular mass of fibrous tissue, the trigonum fibrosum, which represents the os cordis seen in the heart of some of the larger animals, as the ox and elephant. Lastly, there is the tendinous band, already referred to, the posterior surface of the conus arteriosus. The fibrous rings surrounding the arterial orifices serve for the attachment of the great vessels and semilunar valves, they are known as The aortic annulus. Each ring receives, by its ventricular margin, the attachment of some of the muscular fibers of the ventricles; its opposite margin presents three deep semicircular notches, to which the middle coat of the artery is firmly fixed. The attachment of the artery to its fibrous ring is strengthened by the external coat and serous membrane externally, and by the endocardium internally. From the margins of the semicircular notches the fibrous structure of the ring is continued into the segments of the valves. The middle coat of the artery in this situation is thin, and the vessel is dilated to form the sinuses of the aorta and pulmonary artery. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart }
    • - fibrous ring of heart has related synonym annulus fibrosus cordis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - fibrous ring of heart has related synonym anulus fibrosus cordis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart }
    • - fibrous ring of heart has related synonym aortic annulus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart }
    • - fibrous ring of heart has related synonym fibrous ring of heart { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart }
  • Added
    • + fibrous ring of heart database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_rings_of_heart
    • + fibrous ring of heart definition The right and left fibrous rings of heart (anulus fibrosus cordis) surround the atrioventricular and arterial orifices, and are stronger upon the left than on the right side of the heart. The right fibrous ring is known as the anulus fibrosus dexter cordis, and the left is known as the anulus fibrosus sinister cordis. The atrioventricular rings serve for the attachment of the muscular fibers of the atria and ventricles, and for the attachment of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The left atrioventricular ring is closely connected, by its right margin, with the aortic arterial ring; between these and the right atrioventricular ring is a triangular mass of fibrous tissue, the trigonum fibrosum, which represents the os cordis seen in the heart of some of the larger animals, as the ox and elephant. Lastly, there is the tendinous band, already referred to, the posterior surface of the conus arteriosus. The fibrous rings surrounding the arterial orifices serve for the attachment of the great vessels and semilunar valves, they are known as The aortic annulus. Each ring receives, by its ventricular margin, the attachment of some of the muscular fibers of the ventricles; its opposite margin presents three deep semicircular notches, to which the middle coat of the artery is firmly fixed. The attachment of the artery to its fibrous ring is strengthened by the external coat and serous membrane externally, and by the endocardium internally. From the margins of the semicircular notches the fibrous structure of the ring is continued into the segments of the valves. The middle coat of the artery in this situation is thin, and the vessel is dilated to form the sinuses of the aorta and pulmonary artery. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_rings_of_heart }
    • + fibrous ring of heart has related synonym annulus fibrosus cordis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_rings_of_heart , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + fibrous ring of heart has related synonym anulus fibrosus cordis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_rings_of_heart }
    • + fibrous ring of heart has related synonym aortic annulus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_rings_of_heart }
    • + fibrous ring of heart has related synonym fibrous ring of heart { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_rings_of_heart }

Changes for: ear vesicle

Changes for: pre-Botzinger complex

Changes for: midbrain-hindbrain boundary

  • Deleted
    • - midbrain-hindbrain boundary homology notes Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000649 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + midbrain-hindbrain boundary homology notes Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000649 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) }

Changes for: hair follicle isthmus

Changes for: olfactory placode

Changes for: integumentary adnexa

Changes for: pharyngeal arch 2

Changes for: dorsolateral placode

  • Deleted
    • - dorsolateral placode homology notes In summary, the collective term ‘placodes’ refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000103 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + dorsolateral placode homology notes In summary, the collective term ‘placodes’ refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000103 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) }

Changes for: axial mesoderm

Changes for: otic placode

  • Deleted
    • - otic placode database cross reference Wikipedia:Otic_placode
    • - otic placode definition A cranial placode which, once specified, invaginates to form an otic cup, which eventually separates from the surface ectoderm to form the otic vesicle or otocyst, a rounded structure without appar- ent polarity. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII[NBK] { database cross reference=NBK:NBK53175 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Otic_placode }
    • - otic placode homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (…) (2) neurogenic placodes (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000235 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + otic placode database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otic_placode
    • + otic placode database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1518677
    • + otic placode definition A cranial placode which, once specified, invaginates to form an otic cup, which eventually separates from the surface ectoderm to form the otic vesicle or otocyst, a rounded structure without appar- ent polarity. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII[NBK] { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otic_placode , database cross reference=NBK:NBK53175 }
    • + otic placode homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (…) (2) neurogenic placodes (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000235 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 }

Changes for: hyaloid canal

Changes for: webbed interdigital region

  • Deleted
    • - webbed interdigital region database cross reference Wikipedia:Interdigital_webbing
    • - webbed interdigital region definition Interdigital webbing is the presence of membranes of skin between the digits. Normally in mammals, webbing is present in the embryo but resorbed later in development, but in various mammal species it occasionally persists in adulthood.[1] In humans, it can be found in those suffering from LEOPARD syndrome and from Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Webbing between the digits of the hindfoot is also present in several mammals that spend part of their time in the water.[3] Webbing accommodates movement in the water[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Interdigital_webbing }
  • Added
    • + webbed interdigital region database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdigital_webbing
    • + webbed interdigital region definition Interdigital webbing is the presence of membranes of skin between the digits. Normally in mammals, webbing is present in the embryo but resorbed later in development, but in various mammal species it occasionally persists in adulthood.[1] In humans, it can be found in those suffering from LEOPARD syndrome and from Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Webbing between the digits of the hindfoot is also present in several mammals that spend part of their time in the water.[3] Webbing accommodates movement in the water[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdigital_webbing }

Changes for: pronephric duct

Changes for: blood island

  • Deleted
    • - blood island database cross reference Wikipedia:Blood_island_of_umbilical_vesicle
    • - blood island definition Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Blood_island_of_umbilical_vesicle }
    • - blood island homology notes Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000085 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450, DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + blood island database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_island_of_umbilical_vesicle
    • + blood island database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1511224
    • + blood island definition Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_island_of_umbilical_vesicle }
    • + blood island homology notes Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000085 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450, DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006) }

Changes for: primitive knot

Changes for: prechordal plate

  • Deleted
    • - prechordal plate database cross reference Wikipedia:Prechordal_plate
    • - prechordal plate definition a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann’s organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells[GO]. Axial hypoblast located anterior to the chordamesoderm; the polster is its most anterior region[ZFA]. Uniquely thickened portion of the endoderm that is in contact with ectoderm immediately rostral to the cephalic tip of the notochord[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Prechordal_plate , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • - prechordal plate external definition Axial mesoderm that lies anterior to the notochord and that underlies the forebrain. [Amphioxus_goosecoid_and_the_evolution_of_the_head_organizer_and_prechordal_plate.Evolution_and_Development(2008)_2(6):303-310, Neidert_AH, Panopoulou_G_and_Langeland_JA][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000086 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - prechordal plate homology notes There are two opposing models that can potentially explain the differences in gsc (goosecoid) expression between amphioxus and vertebrates. In one model, the vertebrate gsc expression pattern more closely resembles the common ancestral state and the amphioxus gsc expression pattern is a derivation associated with its unique morphology. (…) In an alternate model, the amphioxus gsc expression pattern most closely represents the common ancestral state and the vertebrate pattern is derived. This model suggests that the evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by the segregation of gsc expression, from a more general domain underlying the entire brain anlage to a distinct forebrain organizer domain and subsequent prechordal plate. We feel this second model is more parsimonious than the first model in that what would be novel anterior gsc expression in vertebrates directly correlates with a novel vertebrate anterior structure, the prechordal plate.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000086 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + prechordal plate database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prechordal_plate
    • + prechordal plate definition a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann’s organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells[GO]. Axial hypoblast located anterior to the chordamesoderm; the polster is its most anterior region[ZFA]. Uniquely thickened portion of the endoderm that is in contact with ectoderm immediately rostral to the cephalic tip of the notochord[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prechordal_plate , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • + prechordal plate external definition Axial mesoderm that lies anterior to the notochord and that underlies the forebrain. [Amphioxus_goosecoid_and_the_evolution_of_the_head_organizer_and_prechordal_plate.Evolution_and_Development(2008)_2(6):303-310, Neidert_AH, Panopoulou_G_and_Langeland_JA][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000086 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + prechordal plate homology notes There are two opposing models that can potentially explain the differences in gsc (goosecoid) expression between amphioxus and vertebrates. In one model, the vertebrate gsc expression pattern more closely resembles the common ancestral state and the amphioxus gsc expression pattern is a derivation associated with its unique morphology. (…) In an alternate model, the amphioxus gsc expression pattern most closely represents the common ancestral state and the vertebrate pattern is derived. This model suggests that the evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by the segregation of gsc expression, from a more general domain underlying the entire brain anlage to a distinct forebrain organizer domain and subsequent prechordal plate. We feel this second model is more parsimonious than the first model in that what would be novel anterior gsc expression in vertebrates directly correlates with a novel vertebrate anterior structure, the prechordal plate.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000086 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008) }

Changes for: intermediate mesoderm

Changes for: ciliary marginal zone

  • Deleted
    • - ciliary marginal zone homology notes The retina of all vertebrates develops via similar mechanisms. Toward the end of retinal histogenesis, proliferating progenitors and newly generated cells are confined to peripheral regions of the retina. In fish and amphibians, this region is maintained after embryonic development and becomes the CMZ (ciliary margin zone). A CMZ exists in birds but compared to that of fish and amphibians this region produces much less new retina as the globe of the eye expands postnatally. At least some of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the addition of new cells in this zone appear to have been conserved from fish to birds.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000088 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1159/000057571 Reh TA, Fischer AJ, Stem cells in the vertebrate retina. Brain Behav Evol (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + ciliary marginal zone homology notes The retina of all vertebrates develops via similar mechanisms. Toward the end of retinal histogenesis, proliferating progenitors and newly generated cells are confined to peripheral regions of the retina. In fish and amphibians, this region is maintained after embryonic development and becomes the CMZ (ciliary margin zone). A CMZ exists in birds but compared to that of fish and amphibians this region produces much less new retina as the globe of the eye expands postnatally. At least some of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the addition of new cells in this zone appear to have been conserved from fish to birds.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000088 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1159/000057571 Reh TA, Fischer AJ, Stem cells in the vertebrate retina. Brain Behav Evol (2001) }

Changes for: floor plate

  • Deleted
    • - floor plate database cross reference Wikipedia:Floor_plate
    • - floor plate database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Gray642.png
    • - floor plate database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Gray642.png/200px-Gray642.png
    • - floor plate definition The specialized glial structure (non-neuronal cells) situated at the ventral midline of the embryonic neural tube; this structure spans the anteroposterior axis from the midbrain to the tail regions, separating the left and right basal plates of the developing neural tube, and serves as an organizer to ventralize tissues in the embryo as well as to guide neuronal positioning and differentiation along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube. { database cross reference=GO:0021508 , database cross reference=MGI:anna , database cross reference=PMID:15738958 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Floor_plate }
    • - floor plate description A structure integral to the developing nervous system of vertebrate organisms. Located on the ventral midline of the embryonic neural tube, the floor plate is a specialized glial structure that spans the anteroposterior axis from the midbrain to the tail regions. It has been shown that the floor plate is conserved among vertebrates with homologous structures in invertebrates such as the fruit fly Drosophila and the nematode C. elegans. Functionally, the structure serves as an organizer to ventralize tissues in the embryo as well as to guide neuronal positioning and differentiation along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube. { source=Wikipedia:Floor_plate }
    • - floor plate external definition Organizing center consisting of a small group of cells located at the ventral midline of the neural tube that influences the development of the nervous system, governing the specification of neuronal cell types and directing axonal trajectories.[AAO] { date retrieved=2012-06-20 , external class=AAO:0011041 , ontology=AAO , source=GO:0021508 , source=PMID:15738958 }
  • Added
    • + floor plate database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_plate
    • + floor plate definition The specialized glial structure (non-neuronal cells) situated at the ventral midline of the embryonic neural tube; this structure spans the anteroposterior axis from the midbrain to the tail regions, separating the left and right basal plates of the developing neural tube, and serves as an organizer to ventralize tissues in the embryo as well as to guide neuronal positioning and differentiation along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_plate , database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15738958 , database cross reference=GO:0021508 , database cross reference=MGI:anna }
    • + floor plate depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Gray642.png
    • + floor plate depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Gray642.png/200px-Gray642.png
    • + floor plate description A structure integral to the developing nervous system of vertebrate organisms. Located on the ventral midline of the embryonic neural tube, the floor plate is a specialized glial structure that spans the anteroposterior axis from the midbrain to the tail regions. It has been shown that the floor plate is conserved among vertebrates with homologous structures in invertebrates such as the fruit fly Drosophila and the nematode C. elegans. Functionally, the structure serves as an organizer to ventralize tissues in the embryo as well as to guide neuronal positioning and differentiation along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_plate }
    • + floor plate external definition Organizing center consisting of a small group of cells located at the ventral midline of the neural tube that influences the development of the nervous system, governing the specification of neuronal cell types and directing axonal trajectories.[AAO] { date retrieved=2012-06-20 , external class=AAO:0011041 , ontology=AAO , source=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15738958 , source=GO:0021508 }

Changes for: paraxial mesoderm

Changes for: epibranchial placode

  • Deleted
    • - epibranchial placode external definition Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. [Graham_A, The_development_and_evolution_of_the_pharyngeal_arches.J_Anat(2001)_199:_133-141][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000117 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - epibranchial placode homology notes These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (…) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000117 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A, The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + epibranchial placode external definition Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. [Graham_A, The_development_and_evolution_of_the_pharyngeal_arches.J_Anat(2001)_199:_133-141][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000117 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + epibranchial placode homology notes These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (…) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000117 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A, The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: eye primordium

Changes for: optic cup

  • Deleted
    • - optic cup database cross reference SCTID:308789007
    • - optic cup homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000167 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + optic cup database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0231109
    • + optic cup database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308789007
    • + optic cup homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000167 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: trigeminal placode

  • Deleted
    • - trigeminal placode homology notes The dorsolateral placodes (trigeminal and vestibular) develop from ectoderm lateral to the brain (…). In summary, the collective term ‘placodes’ refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000109 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + trigeminal placode homology notes The dorsolateral placodes (trigeminal and vestibular) develop from ectoderm lateral to the brain (…). In summary, the collective term ‘placodes’ refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000109 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) }

Changes for: neural plate

Changes for: posterior neural tube

  • Deleted
    • - posterior neural tube homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001383 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + posterior neural tube homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001383 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 }

Changes for: lens placode

Changes for: mesonephric duct

Changes for: ventral aorta

  • Deleted
    • - ventral aorta homology notes When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000121 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + ventral aorta homology notes When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000121 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 }

Changes for: heart primordium

Changes for: anterior cardinal vein

Changes for: caudal artery

Changes for: lateral plate mesoderm

Changes for: anterior neural tube

  • Deleted
    • - anterior neural tube homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001384 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + anterior neural tube homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001384 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 }

Changes for: trunk neural crest

  • Deleted
    • - trunk neural crest database cross reference Wikipedia:Trunk_neural_crest
    • - trunk neural crest definition Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia]. { database cross reference=ISBN:0815318960 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Trunk_neural_crest }
    • - trunk neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000062 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + trunk neural crest database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_neural_crest
    • + trunk neural crest definition Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_neural_crest , database cross reference=ISBN:0815318960 }
    • + trunk neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000062 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 }

Changes for: myotome

Changes for: sclerotome

Changes for: supraorbital lateral line

  • Deleted
    • - supraorbital lateral line external definition The lateral line that is located above the eye. [Butler_AB_and_Hodos_W, Comparative_vertebrate_neuroanatomy:Evolution_and_Adaptation(1996)_New_York:_Wiley-Liss_Inc., p.27][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000128 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - supraorbital lateral line homology notes The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000128 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + supraorbital lateral line external definition The lateral line that is located above the eye. [Butler_AB_and_Hodos_W, Comparative_vertebrate_neuroanatomy:Evolution_and_Adaptation(1996)_New_York:_Wiley-Liss_Inc., p.27][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000128 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + supraorbital lateral line homology notes The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000128 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 }

Changes for: optic stalk

Changes for: dorsal fin

Changes for: middle lateral line

  • Deleted
    • - middle lateral line homology notes The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000133 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + middle lateral line homology notes The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000133 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 }

Changes for: dorsal lateral line

  • Deleted
    • - dorsal lateral line homology notes The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001677 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + dorsal lateral line homology notes The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001677 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 }

Changes for: infraorbital lateral line

  • Deleted
    • - infraorbital lateral line external definition The lateral line that is located below the eye. [Butler_AB_and_Hodos_W, Comparative_vertebrate_neuroanatomy:Evolution_and_Adaptation(1996)_New_York:_Wiley-Liss_Inc., p.27][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000132 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - infraorbital lateral line homology notes The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000132 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + infraorbital lateral line external definition The lateral line that is located below the eye. [Butler_AB_and_Hodos_W, Comparative_vertebrate_neuroanatomy:Evolution_and_Adaptation(1996)_New_York:_Wiley-Liss_Inc., p.27][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000132 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + infraorbital lateral line homology notes The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000132 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 }

Changes for: occipital lateral line

  • Deleted
    • - occipital lateral line homology notes The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000131 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + occipital lateral line homology notes The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000131 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 }

Changes for: ultimobranchial body

Changes for: thyroid primordium

  • Deleted
    • - thyroid primordium definition The initial thyroid precursor, the thyroid primordium, starts as a simple midline thickening and develops to form the thyroid diverticulum. This structure is initially hollow, although it later solidifies and becomes bilobed. The 2 lobes are located on either side of the midline and are connected via an isthmus. { database cross reference=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview }
  • Added
    • + thyroid primordium database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1519512
    • + thyroid primordium definition The initial thyroid precursor, the thyroid primordium, starts as a simple midline thickening and develops to form the thyroid diverticulum. This structure is initially hollow, although it later solidifies and becomes bilobed. The 2 lobes are located on either side of the midline and are connected via an isthmus. { database cross reference=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview }

Changes for: cranial neural crest

Changes for: sphenoid bone pterygoid process

Changes for: aortic arch 2

  • Deleted
    • - aortic arch 2 database cross reference SCTID:308775002
    • - aortic arch 2 database cross reference Arches 1 and 2
    • - aortic arch 2 external definition [Arches 1 and 2].](The first and second arches disappear early, but the dorsal end of the second gives origin to the stapedial artery, a vessel which atrophies in humans but persists in some mammals. It passes through the ring of the stapes and divides into supraorbital, infraorbital, and mandibular branches which follow the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The infraorbital and mandibular arise from a common stem, the terminal part of which anastomoses with the external carotid. On the obliteration of the stapedial artery this anastomosis enlarges and forms the internal maxillary artery, and the branches of the stapedial artery are now branches of this vessel. The common stem of the infraorbital and mandibular branches passes between the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve and becomes the middle meningeal artery; the original supraorbital branch of the stapedial is represented by the orbital twigs of the middle meningeal[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arches_1_and_2].) { source=Arches 1 and 2 }
  • Added
    • + aortic arch 2 database cross reference Arches 1 and 2
    • + aortic arch 2 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308775002
    • + aortic arch 2 external definition [Arches 1 and 2].](The first and second arches disappear early, but the dorsal end of the second gives origin to the stapedial artery, a vessel which atrophies in humans but persists in some mammals. It passes through the ring of the stapes and divides into supraorbital, infraorbital, and mandibular branches which follow the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The infraorbital and mandibular arise from a common stem, the terminal part of which anastomoses with the external carotid. On the obliteration of the stapedial artery this anastomosis enlarges and forms the internal maxillary artery, and the branches of the stapedial artery are now branches of this vessel. The common stem of the infraorbital and mandibular branches passes between the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve and becomes the middle meningeal artery; the original supraorbital branch of the stapedial is represented by the orbital twigs of the middle meningeal[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arches_1_and_2].) { source=Arches 1 and 2 }

Changes for: aortic arch 1

Changes for: liver lobule

Changes for: esophagus muscularis mucosa

Changes for: infraorbital artery

Changes for: pharyngeal arch 3

  • Deleted
    • - pharyngeal arch 3 database cross reference SCTID:308769006
    • - pharyngeal arch 3 homology notes A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000298 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pharyngeal arch 3 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308769006
    • + pharyngeal arch 3 homology notes A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000298 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) }

Changes for: urinary bladder urothelium

Changes for: pharyngeal arch 4

  • Deleted
    • - pharyngeal arch 4 database cross reference SCTID:308770007
    • - pharyngeal arch 4 homology notes A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000299 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pharyngeal arch 4 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308770007
    • + pharyngeal arch 4 homology notes A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000299 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) }

Changes for: fourth ventricle ependyma

Changes for: pharyngeal arch 5

  • Deleted
    • - pharyngeal arch 5 database cross reference SCTID:308771006
    • - pharyngeal arch 5 homology notes A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001204 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pharyngeal arch 5 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308771006
    • + pharyngeal arch 5 homology notes A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001204 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) }

Changes for: lateral ventricle ependyma

Changes for: pharyngeal arch 6

  • Deleted
    • - pharyngeal arch 6 database cross reference SCTID:308772004
    • - pharyngeal arch 6 homology notes A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001205 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pharyngeal arch 6 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308772004
    • + pharyngeal arch 6 homology notes A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001205 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) }

Changes for: third ventricle ependyma

Changes for: spleen capsule

Changes for: efferent arteriole

Changes for: dermatocranium

Changes for: thoracic vertebra 12

Changes for: otic capsule

  • Deleted
    • - otic capsule database cross reference SCTID:361515007
    • - otic capsule definition The capsule surrounding the inner ear mechanism; in elasmobranchs, it remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans)[Biology-Online]. Bilaterally paired cartilage encasing the semicircular canals of the inner ear[ZFA]. { database cross reference=ZFA:0001500 , database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/otic+capsule , database cross reference=http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Otic_capsule }
    • - otic capsule external definition The cartilage capsule surrounding the inner ear mechanism; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony. [Biology_online][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000854 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - otic capsule homology notes Otic capsules develop around the parts of the ear that lie within the chondrocranium. This part of the ear, known as the inner ear, is composed of the semicircular ducts and associated sacs that contain the receptive cells for equilibrium and hearing (reference 1); (…) considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced’ vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000854 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.235, DOI:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00168-4 Fay RR, Popper AN, Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. Hearing research (2000) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + otic capsule database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361515007
    • + otic capsule definition The capsule surrounding the inner ear mechanism; in elasmobranchs, it remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans)[Biology-Online]. Bilaterally paired cartilage encasing the semicircular canals of the inner ear[ZFA]. { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/otic+capsule , database cross reference=http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Otic_capsule , database cross reference=ZFA:0001500 }
    • + otic capsule external definition The cartilage capsule surrounding the inner ear mechanism; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony. [Biology_online][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000854 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + otic capsule homology notes Otic capsules develop around the parts of the ear that lie within the chondrocranium. This part of the ear, known as the inner ear, is composed of the semicircular ducts and associated sacs that contain the receptive cells for equilibrium and hearing (reference 1); (…) considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced’ vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000854 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.235, DOI:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00168-4 Fay RR, Popper AN, Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. Hearing research (2000) }

Changes for: suspensorium

  • Deleted
    • - suspensorium definition (1) the arrangement of bones which supports the jaw from the braincase; (2) in teleost fish, a large, usually triangular, bone which supports the jaw. The teleost suspensorium is formed by fusion of various elements which vary among different taxa. { database cross reference=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossarySq.html }
  • Added
    • + suspensorium definition (1) the arrangement of bones which supports the jaw from the braincase; (2) in teleost fish, a large, usually triangular, bone which supports the jaw. The teleost suspensorium is formed by fusion of various elements which vary among different taxa. { database cross reference=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossarySq.html }

Changes for: blood vessel endothelium

Changes for: afferent arteriole

Changes for: Meckel’s cartilage

Changes for: thoracic vertebra 9

Changes for: dorsal lateral plate region

Changes for: thoracic vertebra 7

Changes for: thoracic vertebra 11

Changes for: thoracic vertebra 10

Changes for: mesenchyme

Changes for: male organism

Changes for: surface structure

Changes for: thoracic vertebra 6

Changes for: thoracic vertebra 5

Changes for: female organism

Changes for: thoracic vertebra 2

Changes for: thoracic vertebra 3

Changes for: sacral vertebra 4

Changes for: thoracic vertebra 1

Changes for: thoracic vertebra 4

Changes for: lumbar vertebra 4

Changes for: sacral vertebra 3

Changes for: sacral vertebra 2

Changes for: sacral vertebra 1

Changes for: lumbar vertebra 5

Changes for: mammalian cervical vertebra 5

Changes for: mammalian cervical vertebra 6

Changes for: mammalian cervical vertebra 7

Changes for: lumbar vertebra 1

Changes for: lumbar vertebra 2

Changes for: lumbar vertebra 3

Changes for: rib 12

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + rib 12 database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_rib
    • + rib 12 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1709948
    • + rib 12 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244667008
    • + rib 12 definition In humans: The twelfth rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends. The twelfth has angle nor costal groove; it is much shorter than the eleventh rib, and its head is inclined slightly downward. Sometimes the twelfth rib is even shorter than the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_rib }
    • + rib 12 depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Gray128.png
    • + rib 12 depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gray128.png/200px-Gray128.png

Changes for: rib 11

Changes for: mammalian cervical vertebra 4

Changes for: mammalian cervical vertebra 3

Changes for: rib 10

Changes for: rib 9

Changes for: rib 7

Changes for: rib 6

Changes for: rib 5

Changes for: rib 4

Changes for: rib 3

Changes for: rib 1

  • Deleted
    • - rib 1 database cross reference SCTID:182016005
    • - rib 1 database cross reference Wikipedia:First_rib
    • - rib 1 database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Gray124.png
    • - rib 1 database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray124.png/200px-Gray124.png
    • - rib 1 definition The first rib is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward. The head is small, rounded, and possesses only a single articular facet, for articulation with the body of the first thoracic vertebra. The neck is narrow and rounded. The tubercle, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. There is no angle, but at the tubercle the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the scalene tubercle, for the attachment of the Scalenus anterior; the anterior groove transmits the subclavian vein, the posterior the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus. Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the Scalenus medius. The under surface is smooth, and destitute of a costal groove. The outer border is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the serratus ventralis. The inner border is concave, thin, and sharp, and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle. The anterior extremity is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:First_rib }
    • - rib 1 has related synonym costa prima { database cross reference=Wikipedia:First_rib , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + rib 1 database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_rib
    • + rib 1 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1709945
    • + rib 1 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/182016005
    • + rib 1 definition The first rib is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward. The head is small, rounded, and possesses only a single articular facet, for articulation with the body of the first thoracic vertebra. The neck is narrow and rounded. The tubercle, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. There is no angle, but at the tubercle the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the scalene tubercle, for the attachment of the Scalenus anterior; the anterior groove transmits the subclavian vein, the posterior the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus. Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the Scalenus medius. The under surface is smooth, and destitute of a costal groove. The outer border is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the serratus ventralis. The inner border is concave, thin, and sharp, and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle. The anterior extremity is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_rib }
    • + rib 1 depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Gray124.png
    • + rib 1 depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray124.png/200px-Gray124.png
    • + rib 1 has related synonym costa prima { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_rib , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: rib 2

  • Deleted
    • - rib 2 database cross reference SCTID:244656007
    • - rib 2 database cross reference Wikipedia:Second_rib
    • - rib 2 database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Gray125.png
    • - rib 2 database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray125.png/200px-Gray125.png
    • - rib 2 definition The second rib is much longer than the first, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked. The angle is slight, and situated close to the tubercle. The body is not twisted, so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the first rib. The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the serratus ventralis; behind and above this is attached the Scalenus posterior. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downward and a little inward: on its posterior part there is a short costal groove. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Second_rib }
    • - rib 2 has related synonym costa secunda { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Second_rib , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + rib 2 database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_rib
    • + rib 2 database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1709949
    • + rib 2 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244656007
    • + rib 2 definition The second rib is much longer than the first, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked. The angle is slight, and situated close to the tubercle. The body is not twisted, so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the first rib. The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the serratus ventralis; behind and above this is attached the Scalenus posterior. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downward and a little inward: on its posterior part there is a short costal groove. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_rib }
    • + rib 2 depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Gray125.png
    • + rib 2 depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray125.png/200px-Gray125.png
    • + rib 2 has related synonym costa secunda { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_rib , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: obsolete sclerite

Changes for: obsolete peritreme

Changes for: chorion frondosum

Changes for: habenular nucleus

Changes for: pupa

Changes for: nucleus of cerebellar nuclear complex

Changes for: cerebrovascular system

Changes for: hoof lamina

Changes for: reproductive organ

Changes for: fascia

Changes for: arthropod hypopharynx

Changes for: submocosal esophageal gland

Changes for: renal parenchyma

Changes for: arthropod tibia

Changes for: arthropod sternum

  • Deleted
    • - arthropod sternum database cross reference Wikipedia:Sternum_(arthropod)
    • - arthropod sternum definition ventral portion of a segment of an arthropod thorax or abdomen. In insects, the sterna are usually single, large sclerites, and external. However, they can sometimes be divided in two or more, in which case the subunits are called sternites, and may also be modified on the terminal abdominal segments so as to form part of the functional genitalia, in which case they are frequently reduced in size and development, and may become internalized and/or membranous. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Sternum_(arthropod) }
  • Added
    • + arthropod sternum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternum_(arthropod)
    • + arthropod sternum definition ventral portion of a segment of an arthropod thorax or abdomen. In insects, the sterna are usually single, large sclerites, and external. However, they can sometimes be divided in two or more, in which case the subunits are called sternites, and may also be modified on the terminal abdominal segments so as to form part of the functional genitalia, in which case they are frequently reduced in size and development, and may become internalized and/or membranous. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternum_(arthropod) }

Changes for: skull

Changes for: chorion

Changes for: aortic arch 6

  • Deleted
    • - aortic arch 6 database cross reference SCTID:308779008
    • - aortic arch 6 database cross reference Arch 6
    • - aortic arch 6 external definition [Arch 6].](The sixth right arch disappears; the sixth left arch gives off the pulmonary arteries and forms the ductus arteriosus; this duct remains pervious during the whole of fetal life, but then closes within the first few days after birth due to increased O2 concentration. Oxygen concentration causes the production of bradykinin which causes the ductus to constrict occluding all flow. Within 1-3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosus. His showed that in the early embryo the right and left arches each gives a branch to the lungs, but that later both pulmonary arteries take origin from the left arch[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6].) { source=Arch 6 }
  • Added
    • + aortic arch 6 database cross reference Arch 6
    • + aortic arch 6 database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308779008
    • + aortic arch 6 external definition [Arch 6].](The sixth right arch disappears; the sixth left arch gives off the pulmonary arteries and forms the ductus arteriosus; this duct remains pervious during the whole of fetal life, but then closes within the first few days after birth due to increased O2 concentration. Oxygen concentration causes the production of bradykinin which causes the ductus to constrict occluding all flow. Within 1-3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosus. His showed that in the early embryo the right and left arches each gives a branch to the lungs, but that later both pulmonary arteries take origin from the left arch[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6].) { source=Arch 6 }

Changes for: aortic arch 5

Changes for: left colon

Changes for: aortic arch 4

Changes for: right colon

Changes for: cranium

Changes for: open tracheal system trachea

Changes for: trachea

Changes for: vitelline membrane

  • Deleted
    • - vitelline membrane database cross reference Wikipedia:Vitelline_membrane
    • - vitelline membrane definition a structure directly adjacent to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of an ovum. It is composed mostly of protein fibers, with protein receptors needed for sperm binding, binding to sperm plasma membrane receptors. The species-specificity between these receptors contributes to prevention of breeding between different species [Wikipedia]. A protective layer around the egg[FBbt]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vitelline_membrane }
    • - vitelline membrane has related synonym m. vitellina { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vitelline_membrane , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - vitelline membrane homology notes Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000720 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + vitelline membrane database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_membrane
    • + vitelline membrane definition a structure directly adjacent to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of an ovum. It is composed mostly of protein fibers, with protein receptors needed for sperm binding, binding to sperm plasma membrane receptors. The species-specificity between these receptors contributes to prevention of breeding between different species [Wikipedia]. A protective layer around the egg[FBbt]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_membrane }
    • + vitelline membrane has related synonym m. vitellina { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_membrane , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + vitelline membrane homology notes Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000720 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159 }

Changes for: pes anserinus of tibia

Changes for: anal sac

Changes for: carcass

Changes for: aortic arch 3

Changes for: apocrine gland

Changes for: shell gland

Changes for: snake venom gland

Changes for: cerebellar peduncle

Changes for: bulbourethral gland secretion

Changes for: pancreaticoduodenal vein

Changes for: Peyer’s patch germinal center

Changes for: outflow tract endothelium

  • Deleted
    • - outflow tract endothelium homology notes It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001524 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1254/jjp.87.253 Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K, Absence of endothelium in invertebrate blood vessels: significance of endothelium and sympathetic nerve/medial smooth muscle in the vertebrate vascular system. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + outflow tract endothelium homology notes It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001524 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1254/jjp.87.253 Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K, Absence of endothelium in invertebrate blood vessels: significance of endothelium and sympathetic nerve/medial smooth muscle in the vertebrate vascular system. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology (2001) }

Changes for: vena cava endothelium

Changes for: lieno-renal ligament

Changes for: costo-cervical trunk

  • Deleted
    • - costo-cervical trunk database cross reference SCTID:244225009
    • - costo-cervical trunk database cross reference Wikipedia:Costocervical_trunk
    • - costo-cervical trunk database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png
    • - costo-cervical trunk database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png/200px-Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png
    • - costo-cervical trunk definition The costocervical trunk arises from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery, behind the scalenus anterior on the right side, and medial to that muscle on the left side. Passing backward, it splits into the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery (or the Highest intercostal artery), which descends behind the pleura in front of the necks of the first and second ribs, and anastomoses with the first aortic intercostal (3rd posterior intercostal artery). As it crosses the neck of the first rib it lies medial to the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve, and lateral to the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. In the first intercostal space, it gives off a branch which is distributed in a manner similar to the distribution of the aortic intercostals. The branch for the second intercostal space usually joins with one from the highest aortic intercostal artery. This branch is not constant, but is more commonly found on the right side; when absent, its place is supplied by an intercostal branch from the aorta. Each intercostal gives off a posterior branch which goes to the posterior vertebral muscles, and sends a small spinal branch through the corresponding intervertebral foramen to the medulla spinalis and its membranes. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Costocervical_trunk }
    • - costo-cervical trunk has related synonym truncus costocervicalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Costocervical_trunk , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + costo-cervical trunk database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costocervical_trunk
    • + costo-cervical trunk database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244225009
    • + costo-cervical trunk definition The costocervical trunk arises from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery, behind the scalenus anterior on the right side, and medial to that muscle on the left side. Passing backward, it splits into the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery (or the Highest intercostal artery), which descends behind the pleura in front of the necks of the first and second ribs, and anastomoses with the first aortic intercostal (3rd posterior intercostal artery). As it crosses the neck of the first rib it lies medial to the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve, and lateral to the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. In the first intercostal space, it gives off a branch which is distributed in a manner similar to the distribution of the aortic intercostals. The branch for the second intercostal space usually joins with one from the highest aortic intercostal artery. This branch is not constant, but is more commonly found on the right side; when absent, its place is supplied by an intercostal branch from the aorta. Each intercostal gives off a posterior branch which goes to the posterior vertebral muscles, and sends a small spinal branch through the corresponding intervertebral foramen to the medulla spinalis and its membranes. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costocervical_trunk }
    • + costo-cervical trunk depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png
    • + costo-cervical trunk depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png/200px-Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png
    • + costo-cervical trunk has related synonym truncus costocervicalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costocervical_trunk , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: naso-frontal vein

Changes for: raphe nuclei

Changes for: middle temporal area

Changes for: gastro-splenic ligament

Changes for: body of fornix

Changes for: vestibular system

  • Deleted
    • - vestibular system database cross reference SCTID:361533001
    • - vestibular system database cross reference Wikipedia:Vestibular_system
    • - vestibular system external definition The vestibular system, which contributes to our balance and our sense of spatial orientation, is the sensory system that provides the dominant input about movement and equilibrioception. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear, situated in the vestibulum in the inner ear. As our movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system comprises two components: the semicircular canal system, which indicate rotational movements; and the otoliths, which indicate linear accelerations. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our eye movements, and to the muscles that keep us upright. The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is required for clear vision; and the projections to the muscles that control our posture are necessary to keep us upright[Wikipedia:Vestibular_system]. { source=Wikipedia:Vestibular_system }
  • Added
    • + vestibular system database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_system
    • + vestibular system database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361533001
    • + vestibular system external definition The vestibular system, which contributes to our balance and our sense of spatial orientation, is the sensory system that provides the dominant input about movement and equilibrioception. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear, situated in the vestibulum in the inner ear. As our movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system comprises two components: the semicircular canal system, which indicate rotational movements; and the otoliths, which indicate linear accelerations. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our eye movements, and to the muscles that keep us upright. The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is required for clear vision; and the projections to the muscles that control our posture are necessary to keep us upright[Wikipedia:Vestibular_system]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_system }

Changes for: corona radiata

  • Deleted
    • - corona radiata database cross reference Wikipedia:Corona_radiata
    • - corona radiata database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Gray745.png
    • - corona radiata database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gray745.png/200px-Gray745.png
    • - corona radiata definition For the structure in embryology, see Corona radiata (embryology) In neuroanatomy, the corona radiata is a white matter sheet that continues caudally as the internal capsule and rostrally as the centrum semiovale. This sheet of axons contains both descending and ascending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex. The corona radiata is associated with the corticospinal tract, the corticopontine tract, and the corticobulbar tract. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Corona_radiata }
  • Added
    • + corona radiata database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_radiata
    • + corona radiata definition For the structure in embryology, see Corona radiata (embryology) In neuroanatomy, the corona radiata is a white matter sheet that continues caudally as the internal capsule and rostrally as the centrum semiovale. This sheet of axons contains both descending and ascending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex. The corona radiata is associated with the corticospinal tract, the corticopontine tract, and the corticobulbar tract. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_radiata }
    • + corona radiata depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Gray745.png
    • + corona radiata depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gray745.png/200px-Gray745.png

Changes for: spinal cord lateral horn

Changes for: spinal cord gray commissure

Changes for: facial nerve root

Changes for: posterior horn lateral ventricle

Changes for: trigeminal nerve root

Changes for: ependyma

Changes for: gyrus rectus

Changes for: vertebra lamina

Changes for: aorta tunica adventitia

Changes for: interventricular septum membranous part

Changes for: interventricular septum muscular part

Changes for: fourth ventricle aperture

Changes for: mandible coronoid process

Changes for: humerus diaphysis

Changes for: stratum intermedium of tooth

  • Deleted
    • - stratum intermedium of tooth database cross reference Wikipedia:Stratum_intermedium
    • - stratum intermedium of tooth definition The stratum intermedium in a developing tooth is a layer of two or three cells between the inner enamel epithelium and the newly forming cells of the stellate reticulum. It first appears during the early bell stage of tooth development, at around the 14th week of intrauterine life (in humans). The stratum intermedium has a notably high alkaline phosphatase activity. This layer, along with the inner enamel epithelium, is responsible for the tooth enamel formation. It is a part of the dental (enamel) organ. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Stratum_intermedium }
  • Added
    • + stratum intermedium of tooth database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_intermedium
    • + stratum intermedium of tooth database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1514987
    • + stratum intermedium of tooth definition The stratum intermedium in a developing tooth is a layer of two or three cells between the inner enamel epithelium and the newly forming cells of the stellate reticulum. It first appears during the early bell stage of tooth development, at around the 14th week of intrauterine life (in humans). The stratum intermedium has a notably high alkaline phosphatase activity. This layer, along with the inner enamel epithelium, is responsible for the tooth enamel formation. It is a part of the dental (enamel) organ. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_intermedium }

Changes for: scapula spine

Changes for: mandible condylar process

Changes for: temporal process of zygomatic bone

Changes for: zygomatic process of temporal bone

Changes for: mandible neck

Changes for: mandible head

Changes for: primary ovarian follicle

Changes for: tertiary ovarian follicle

Changes for: lamina propria of trachea

Changes for: lamina propria

Changes for: head

Changes for: follicular fluid

Changes for: follicular antrum

Changes for: Leydig’s organ

Changes for: pinhole eye

Changes for: simple eye

Changes for: stemma

Changes for: ganglion

  • Deleted
    • - ganglion database cross reference Wikipedia:Ganglion
    • - ganglion definition A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ganglion , database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/300 }
    • - ganglion homology notes Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000156 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + ganglion database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion
    • + ganglion database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0017067
    • + ganglion definition A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion , database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/300 }
    • + ganglion homology notes Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000156 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005) }

Changes for: dorsal root ganglion

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + dorsal root ganglion database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion
    • + dorsal root ganglion database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0017070
    • + dorsal root ganglion database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244455004
    • + dorsal root ganglion definition ganglion on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve that is one of a series of ganglia lodging cell bodies of sensory neurons[BTO]. Trunk ganglion which is located adjacent to the spine on a dorsal root and contains the cell bodies of afferent sensory nerves[..]. one on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve[TFD]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion }
    • + dorsal root ganglion depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/DRG_Chicken_e7.jpg
    • + dorsal root ganglion depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DRG_Chicken_e7.jpg/200px-DRG_Chicken_e7.jpg
    • + dorsal root ganglion has related synonym ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + dorsal root ganglion homology notes From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000222 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000) }

Changes for: tendon

Changes for: serous membrane

  • Deleted
    • - serous membrane database cross reference SCTID:362878009
    • - serous membrane database cross reference Wikipedia:Serous_membrane
    • - serous membrane database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ens.png
    • - serous membrane database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png
    • - serous membrane definition multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Serous_membrane , database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/86 }
    • - serous membrane external definition A multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer.[TAO] { date retrieved=2012-08-14 , external class=TAO:0005425 , ontology=TAO , source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membrane }
    • - serous membrane external definition a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP] { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membrane }
    • - serous membrane has related synonym serosa { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Serous_membrane }
  • Added
    • + serous membrane database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membrane
    • + serous membrane database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0036760
    • + serous membrane database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362878009
    • + serous membrane definition multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membrane , database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/86 }
    • + serous membrane depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ens.png
    • + serous membrane depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png
    • + serous membrane external definition A multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer.[TAO] { date retrieved=2012-08-14 , external class=TAO:0005425 , ontology=TAO , source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membrane }
    • + serous membrane external definition a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP] { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membrane }
    • + serous membrane has related synonym serosa { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membrane }

Changes for: odontode scale

  • Deleted
    • - odontode scale database cross reference Wikipedia:Dermal_denticle
    • - odontode scale definition Multi-tissue structure composed of enameloid, dentine surrounding a pulp cavity, and bone of attachment anchoring the element into the dermis[VSAO]. { database cross reference=GO_REF:0000034 , database cross reference=VSAO:0000079 , database cross reference=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 }
    • - odontode scale external definition Small outgrowths which cover the skin of many cartilaginous fish including sharks. They are similar in structure to teeth, and teeth may have evolved from denticle-like structures in primitive fish.[citation needed] The placoid scales in sharks are formed of dentine with dermal papillae located in the core. These scales develop from the dermal layer of the skin, which is in contrast to the epidermal development seen the in the elasmoid scales of tetrapods. The shape of denticle varies from species to species and can be used in identification. Studies have found that the denticles create tiny vortices that reduce drag to make swimming more efficient. Denticles also allow sharks to swim silently compared to other fish that generate considerable noise when they ply the water[WP][Wikipedia:Dermal_denticle]. { source=Wikipedia:Dermal_denticle }
  • Added
    • + odontode scale database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal_denticle
    • + odontode scale definition Multi-tissue structure composed of enameloid, dentine surrounding a pulp cavity, and bone of attachment anchoring the element into the dermis[VSAO]. { database cross reference=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 , database cross reference=GO_REF:0000034 , database cross reference=VSAO:0000079 }
    • + odontode scale external definition Small outgrowths which cover the skin of many cartilaginous fish including sharks. They are similar in structure to teeth, and teeth may have evolved from denticle-like structures in primitive fish.[citation needed] The placoid scales in sharks are formed of dentine with dermal papillae located in the core. These scales develop from the dermal layer of the skin, which is in contrast to the epidermal development seen the in the elasmoid scales of tetrapods. The shape of denticle varies from species to species and can be used in identification. Studies have found that the denticles create tiny vortices that reduce drag to make swimming more efficient. Denticles also allow sharks to swim silently compared to other fish that generate considerable noise when they ply the water[WP][Wikipedia:Dermal_denticle]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal_denticle }

Changes for: proper hepatic artery

  • Deleted
    • - proper hepatic artery database cross reference SCTID:244262006
    • - proper hepatic artery database cross reference Wikipedia:Hepatic_artery_proper
    • - proper hepatic artery definition The hepatic artery proper (also proper hepatic artery), arises from the common hepatic artery and runs alongside the portal vein and the common bile duct to form the portal triad. The hepatic artery proper gives off a small supraduodenal artery to the duodenal bulb. Then the right gastric artery comes off and runs to the left along the lesser curvature of the stomach to meet the left gastric artery, which is a branch of the celiac trunk. It subsequently gives off the cystic artery, which feeds the gallbladder, before bifurcating into the right and left hepatic arteries. Of note, the right and left hepatic arteries may demonstrate variant anatomy. A replaced right hepatic artery may arise from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and a replaced left hepatic artery may arise from the left gastric artery. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hepatic_artery_proper }
    • - proper hepatic artery has related synonym proper hepatic { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hepatic_artery_proper }
  • Added
    • + proper hepatic artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_artery_proper
    • + proper hepatic artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244262006
    • + proper hepatic artery definition The hepatic artery proper (also proper hepatic artery), arises from the common hepatic artery and runs alongside the portal vein and the common bile duct to form the portal triad. The hepatic artery proper gives off a small supraduodenal artery to the duodenal bulb. Then the right gastric artery comes off and runs to the left along the lesser curvature of the stomach to meet the left gastric artery, which is a branch of the celiac trunk. It subsequently gives off the cystic artery, which feeds the gallbladder, before bifurcating into the right and left hepatic arteries. Of note, the right and left hepatic arteries may demonstrate variant anatomy. A replaced right hepatic artery may arise from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and a replaced left hepatic artery may arise from the left gastric artery. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_artery_proper }
    • + proper hepatic artery has related synonym proper hepatic { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_artery_proper }

Changes for: choledocho-duodenal junction

Changes for: sural nerve

  • Deleted
    • - sural nerve database cross reference SCTID:181073006
    • - sural nerve database cross reference Wikipedia:Sural_nerve
    • - sural nerve definition The sural nerve (short saphenous nerve), formed by the junction of the medial sural cutaneous with the peroneal anastomotic branch of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve, passes downward near the lateral margin of the tendo calcaneus, lying close to the small saphenous vein, to the interval between the lateral malleolus and the calcaneus. It runs forward below the lateral malleolus, and is continued as the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve along the lateral side of the foot and little toe (via a dorsal digital nerve), communicating on the dorsum of the foot with the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve, a branch of the superficial peroneal. In the leg, its branches communicate with those of the posterior femoral cutaneous. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Sural_nerve }
  • Added
    • + sural nerve database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sural_nerve
    • + sural nerve database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181073006
    • + sural nerve definition The sural nerve (short saphenous nerve), formed by the junction of the medial sural cutaneous with the peroneal anastomotic branch of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve, passes downward near the lateral margin of the tendo calcaneus, lying close to the small saphenous vein, to the interval between the lateral malleolus and the calcaneus. It runs forward below the lateral malleolus, and is continued as the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve along the lateral side of the foot and little toe (via a dorsal digital nerve), communicating on the dorsum of the foot with the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve, a branch of the superficial peroneal. In the leg, its branches communicate with those of the posterior femoral cutaneous. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sural_nerve }

Changes for: parasympathetic nervous system

Changes for: peripheral nervous system

Changes for: sympathetic nervous system

Changes for: somatic nervous system

Changes for: zone of skin

Changes for: endocrine pancreas

  • Deleted
    • - endocrine pancreas database cross reference SCTID:361339003
    • - endocrine pancreas database cross reference Wikipedia:Islets_of_Langerhans
    • - endocrine pancreas definition The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin[GO]. { database cross reference=GOC:GO , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Islets_of_Langerhans }
    • - endocrine pancreas external definition The part of the pancreas that acts as an endocrine gland, consisting of the islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and other hormones. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000049 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pancreas }
    • - endocrine pancreas homology notes In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of ‘a new organ’ is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000049 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a ‘pancreatic stem cell’. C.R. Biologies (2007) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + endocrine pancreas database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islets_of_Langerhans
    • + endocrine pancreas database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361339003
    • + endocrine pancreas definition The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin[GO]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islets_of_Langerhans , database cross reference=GOC:GO }
    • + endocrine pancreas external definition The part of the pancreas that acts as an endocrine gland, consisting of the islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and other hormones. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000049 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pancreas }
    • + endocrine pancreas homology notes In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of ‘a new organ’ is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000049 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a ‘pancreatic stem cell’. C.R. Biologies (2007) }

Changes for: exocrine pancreas

  • Deleted
    • - exocrine pancreas database cross reference SCTID:248202004
    • - exocrine pancreas database cross reference Wikipedia:Exocrine_component_of_pancreas
    • - exocrine pancreas definition The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion. { database cross reference=GOC:GO , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Exocrine_component_of_pancreas }
    • - exocrine pancreas external definition The part of the pancreas that acts as an exocrine gland, consisting of the pancreatic acini, which produce pancreatic juice and secrete it into the intestine to aid in protein digestion. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000048 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pancreas }
    • - exocrine pancreas homology notes In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of ‘a new organ’ is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000048 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a ‘pancreatic stem cell’. C.R. Biologies (2007) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + exocrine pancreas database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocrine_component_of_pancreas
    • + exocrine pancreas database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0553695
    • + exocrine pancreas database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/248202004
    • + exocrine pancreas definition The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocrine_component_of_pancreas , database cross reference=GOC:GO }
    • + exocrine pancreas external definition The part of the pancreas that acts as an exocrine gland, consisting of the pancreatic acini, which produce pancreatic juice and secrete it into the intestine to aid in protein digestion. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000048 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pancreas }
    • + exocrine pancreas homology notes In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of ‘a new organ’ is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000048 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a ‘pancreatic stem cell’. C.R. Biologies (2007) }

Changes for: compound eye

Changes for: camera-type eye

  • Deleted
    • - camera-type eye database cross reference SCTID:181143004
    • - camera-type eye definition The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field[GO]. The eye contains the following parts (when they are present in the organism): the eyeball (eye proper), the lacrimal apparatus, the conjuctival, the eyelid. { database cross reference=GO:0043010 , database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • - camera-type eye homology notes The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey’s camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000275 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + camera-type eye database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0015392
    • + camera-type eye database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1280202
    • + camera-type eye database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181143004
    • + camera-type eye definition The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field[GO]. The eye contains the following parts (when they are present in the organism): the eyeball (eye proper), the lacrimal apparatus, the conjuctival, the eyelid. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 , database cross reference=GO:0043010 }
    • + camera-type eye homology notes The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey’s camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000275 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) }

Changes for: tracheobronchial lymph node

Changes for: feather

  • Deleted
    • - feather database cross reference SCTID:410027006
    • - feather database cross reference Wikipedia:Feather
    • - feather database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg
    • - feather definition one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. Feathers are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. The β-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws — and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles — are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into β-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. The exact signals that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Feather }
  • Added
    • + feather database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather
    • + feather database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/410027006
    • + feather definition one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. Feathers are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. The β-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws — and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles — are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into β-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. The exact signals that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather }
    • + feather depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg

Changes for: cutaneous appendage

Changes for: sense organ

Changes for: appendage

Changes for: tube

Changes for: wing

Changes for: lymph node

  • Deleted
    • - lymph node database cross reference SCTID:181756000
    • - lymph node database cross reference Wikipedia:Lymph_node
    • - lymph node database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Illu_lymph_node_structure.png
    • - lymph node definition Oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles. They contain white blood cells that use oxygen to process. Thus they are important in the proper functioning of the immune system. The lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and inside the lymph node the fibrous capsule extends to form trabeculae. The substance of the lymph node is divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla surrounded by the former all around except for at the hilum, where the medulla comes in direct contact with the surface. Thin reticular fibers, elastin and reticular fibers form a supporting meshwork called reticular network (RN) inside the node, within which the white blood cells (WBCs), most prominently, lymphocytes are tightly packed as follicles in the cortex. Elsewhere, there are only occasional WBCs. The RN provides not just the structural support, but also provide surface for adhesion of the dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. It allows for exchange of material with blood through the high endothelial venules and provides the growth and regulatory factors necessary for activation and maturation of immune cells[WP]. { database cross reference=GAID:947 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lymph_node }
    • - lymph node dubious for taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_32443 { source=ZFA , source=doie:10.1177/0192623311409597 }
    • - lymph node has related synonym nodus lymphaticus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lymph_node , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - lymph node homology notes Lymph nodes that are associated with the lymphatic system have evolved in mammals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001273 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.630 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + lymph node database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node
    • + lymph node database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0024204
    • + lymph node database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181756000
    • + lymph node definition Oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles. They contain white blood cells that use oxygen to process. Thus they are important in the proper functioning of the immune system. The lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and inside the lymph node the fibrous capsule extends to form trabeculae. The substance of the lymph node is divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla surrounded by the former all around except for at the hilum, where the medulla comes in direct contact with the surface. Thin reticular fibers, elastin and reticular fibers form a supporting meshwork called reticular network (RN) inside the node, within which the white blood cells (WBCs), most prominently, lymphocytes are tightly packed as follicles in the cortex. Elsewhere, there are only occasional WBCs. The RN provides not just the structural support, but also provide surface for adhesion of the dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. It allows for exchange of material with blood through the high endothelial venules and provides the growth and regulatory factors necessary for activation and maturation of immune cells[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node , database cross reference=GAID:947 }
    • + lymph node depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Illu_lymph_node_structure.png
    • + lymph node dubious for taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_32443 { source=http://dx.doi.org//10.1177/0192623311409597 , source=ZFA }
    • + lymph node has related synonym nodus lymphaticus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + lymph node homology notes Lymph nodes that are associated with the lymphatic system have evolved in mammals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001273 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.630 }

Changes for: splenic lymph node

Changes for: naris

  • Deleted
    • - naris database cross reference SCTID:272650008
    • - naris homology notes Naris refer to the external and interior naris (choana) of tetrapods, and to anterior and posterior naris of zebrafish. It seems now accepted that the structure is homologous: The choana, a unique ‘internal nostril’ opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (…) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000663 , ontology=VHOG , source=doi:10.1038/nature02843 Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + naris database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/272650008
    • + naris homology notes Naris refer to the external and interior naris (choana) of tetrapods, and to anterior and posterior naris of zebrafish. It seems now accepted that the structure is homologous: The choana, a unique ‘internal nostril’ opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (…) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000663 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=doi:10.1038/nature02843 Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004) }

Changes for: olfactory apparatus

Changes for: uterine cervix

Changes for: anterior lingual gland duct

Changes for: submucosa

Changes for: pituitary gland

Changes for: islet of Langerhans

Changes for: levator auris longus muscle

Changes for: hilar portion of hepatic duct

Changes for: sequestrum

Changes for: involucrum

Changes for: middle lobe of lung

Changes for: lingula of left lung

Changes for: lower lobe of left lung

Changes for: upper lobe of left lung

Changes for: left lung lobe

Changes for: azygous lobe of lung

  • Deleted
    • - azygous lobe of lung definition The azygous lobe of the lung is an accessory lobe of the right lung. It is rare and usually associated with an abnormality of the azygous vein. It is produced by an aberrant position of the azygous vein near the hilum of the lung. It divides the right superior lobe near the apex of the lung down to the hilum in roughly the median plane. The fissure created, the meso-azygous fissure, is lined by both visceral and parietal pleura. The lobe lies superomedial to the fissure. { database cross reference=http://www.e-radiography.net/radpath/a/azygoslobe.htm , database cross reference=http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk }
  • Added
    • + azygous lobe of lung definition The azygous lobe of the lung is an accessory lobe of the right lung. It is rare and usually associated with an abnormality of the azygous vein. It is produced by an aberrant position of the azygous vein near the hilum of the lung. It divides the right superior lobe near the apex of the lung down to the hilum in roughly the median plane. The fissure created, the meso-azygous fissure, is lined by both visceral and parietal pleura. The lobe lies superomedial to the fissure. { database cross reference=http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk , database cross reference=http://www.e-radiography.net/radpath/a/azygoslobe.htm }

Changes for: auditory bulla

Changes for: centrum semiovale

Changes for: dental follicle

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + dental follicle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_follicle
    • + dental follicle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/110975002
    • + dental follicle definition The dental follicle is a sac containing the developing tooth and its odontogenic organ. The dental follicle (DF) differentiates into the periodontal ligament. In addition, it may be the precursor of other cells of the periodontium, including osteoblasts, cementoblasts and fibroblasts. They develop into the alveolar bone, the cementum with Sharpey’s fibers and the periodontal ligament fibers respectively. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_follicle }

Changes for: hoof

  • Deleted
    • - hoof database cross reference SCTID:410026002
    • - hoof database cross reference Wikipedia:Hoof
    • - hoof definition The tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick horny (keratin) covering. The hoof consists of a hard or rubbery sole, and a hard wall formed by a thick nail rolled around the tip of the toe. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves grow continuously, and are constantly worn down by use. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hoof }
  • Added
    • + hoof database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoof
    • + hoof database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/410026002
    • + hoof definition The tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick horny (keratin) covering. The hoof consists of a hard or rubbery sole, and a hard wall formed by a thick nail rolled around the tip of the toe. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves grow continuously, and are constantly worn down by use. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoof }

Changes for: forelimb bone

Changes for: parabronchus

Changes for: egg chamber

Changes for: melon organ

Changes for: dorsal ocellus

  • Deleted
    • - dorsal ocellus database cross reference Ocelli
    • - dorsal ocellus definition A simple visual organ of insects[GO]. Two ocelli appear on the vertical and one on the frontal plate[FBbt]. The multi-tissue structure that is located on the top of the head, composed of the corneal lens, pigment cell, rhabdoms and synaptic plexus[HAO]. Two evolutionary distinct ocellus types exist [2]: dorsal ocelli (or simply ‘ocelli’), found in most insects, and lateral ocelli (or stemmata), which are found in the larvae of some insect orders. They are structurally and functionally very different. Simple eyes of other animals, e.g. cnidarians may also be referred to as ‘ocelli’, but again the structure and anatomy of these eyes is quite distinct from those of the dorsal ocelli of insects[Wikipedia]. { database cross reference=FBbt:00004505 , database cross reference=GO:0008056 , database cross reference=HAO:0000661 , database cross reference=Ocelli }
  • Added
    • + dorsal ocellus database cross reference Ocelli
    • + dorsal ocellus definition A simple visual organ of insects[GO]. Two ocelli appear on the vertical and one on the frontal plate[FBbt]. The multi-tissue structure that is located on the top of the head, composed of the corneal lens, pigment cell, rhabdoms and synaptic plexus[HAO]. Two evolutionary distinct ocellus types exist [2]: dorsal ocelli (or simply ‘ocelli’), found in most insects, and lateral ocelli (or stemmata), which are found in the larvae of some insect orders. They are structurally and functionally very different. Simple eyes of other animals, e.g. cnidarians may also be referred to as ‘ocelli’, but again the structure and anatomy of these eyes is quite distinct from those of the dorsal ocelli of insects[Wikipedia]. { database cross reference=Ocelli , database cross reference=FBbt:00004505 , database cross reference=GO:0008056 , database cross reference=HAO:0000661 }

Changes for: lateral ocellus

  • Deleted
    • - lateral ocellus database cross reference Ocelli
    • - lateral ocellus definition The ocellus that is paired[HAO]. The number, form, and function of the dorsal ocelli varies markedly throughout insect orders. They tend to be larger and more strongly expressed in flying insects (particularly bees, wasps, dragonflies and locusts), where they are typically found as a triplet. Two lateral ocelli are directed to the left and right of the head respectively, while a central (median) ocellus is directed frontally. In some terrestrial insects (e.g. some ants and cockroaches), only two lateral ocelli are present: the median ocellus is absent. Note that the unfortunately labelled ‘lateral ocelli’ here refers to the sideways facing position of the ocelli, which are of the dorsal type. They should not be confused with the lateral ocelli of some insect larvae (see stemmata)[Wikipedia]. { database cross reference=HAO:0000481 , database cross reference=Ocelli }
  • Added
    • + lateral ocellus database cross reference Ocelli
    • + lateral ocellus definition The ocellus that is paired[HAO]. The number, form, and function of the dorsal ocelli varies markedly throughout insect orders. They tend to be larger and more strongly expressed in flying insects (particularly bees, wasps, dragonflies and locusts), where they are typically found as a triplet. Two lateral ocelli are directed to the left and right of the head respectively, while a central (median) ocellus is directed frontally. In some terrestrial insects (e.g. some ants and cockroaches), only two lateral ocelli are present: the median ocellus is absent. Note that the unfortunately labelled ‘lateral ocelli’ here refers to the sideways facing position of the ocelli, which are of the dorsal type. They should not be confused with the lateral ocelli of some insect larvae (see stemmata)[Wikipedia]. { database cross reference=Ocelli , database cross reference=HAO:0000481 }

Changes for: somatosensory cortex

Changes for: bilaminar disc

Changes for: blastocele

Changes for: cardiac neural crest

Changes for: sulcus

Changes for: post-embryonic stage

Changes for: visceral hump

  • Deleted
    • - visceral hump definition Mollusks have three distinct divisions of their body. The head contains the sensory equipment (eyes, antennae, etc) and the primitive brain. The visceral hump, which is the main body, contains most of the organs, including a complete digestive and excretory tract as well as the reproductive organs. The visceral hump also includes the two external flaps of tissue, which are known as the mantle. { database cross reference=BTO:0001448 , database cross reference=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630349/visceral-hump }
  • Added
    • + visceral hump definition Mollusks have three distinct divisions of their body. The head contains the sensory equipment (eyes, antennae, etc) and the primitive brain. The visceral hump, which is the main body, contains most of the organs, including a complete digestive and excretory tract as well as the reproductive organs. The visceral hump also includes the two external flaps of tissue, which are known as the mantle. { database cross reference=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630349/visceral-hump , database cross reference=BTO:0001448 }

Changes for: extraembryonic endoderm

Changes for: albumen

Changes for: respiratory primordium

Changes for: lung parenchyma

Changes for: upper lobe of lung

Changes for: lower lobe of lung

Changes for: perichondral bone

Changes for: regenerating fin/limb

Changes for: mixed ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm-derived structure

Changes for: male reproductive system

Changes for: external ectoderm

Changes for: ampulla of Lorenzini

  • Deleted
    • - ampulla of Lorenzini database cross reference Wikipedia:Ampullae_of_Lorenzini
    • - ampulla of Lorenzini database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg
    • - ampulla of Lorenzini definition The ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled pores. Each ampulla consists of a canal opening to the surface by a pore in the skin and ending blindly in a cluster of small pockets full of special jelly. The ampullae are mostly clustered into groups inside the body, each cluster having ampullae connecting with different parts of the skin, but preserving a left-right symmetry. The canal lengths vary from animal to animal, but the distribution of the pores is generally specific to each species. The ampullae pores are plainly visible as dark spots in the skin. They provide fish with a sixth sense capable of detecting electromagnetic fields as well as temperature gradients[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ampullae_of_Lorenzini }
    • - ampulla of Lorenzini has exact synonym ampullae of Lorenzini { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ampullae_of_Lorenzini , has synonym type=plural term }
  • Added
    • + ampulla of Lorenzini database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini
    • + ampulla of Lorenzini definition The ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled pores. Each ampulla consists of a canal opening to the surface by a pore in the skin and ending blindly in a cluster of small pockets full of special jelly. The ampullae are mostly clustered into groups inside the body, each cluster having ampullae connecting with different parts of the skin, but preserving a left-right symmetry. The canal lengths vary from animal to animal, but the distribution of the pores is generally specific to each species. The ampullae pores are plainly visible as dark spots in the skin. They provide fish with a sixth sense capable of detecting electromagnetic fields as well as temperature gradients[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini }
    • + ampulla of Lorenzini depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg
    • + ampulla of Lorenzini has exact synonym ampullae of Lorenzini { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini , has synonym type=plural term }

Changes for: mixed endoderm/mesoderm-derived structure

Changes for: renal glomerulus

Changes for: subdivision of skeletal system

Changes for: pore

Changes for: regional part of nervous system

Changes for: pupal stage

Changes for: substratum of layer of retina

Changes for: hypoblast (generic)

  • Deleted
    • - hypoblast (generic) database cross reference Wikipedia:Hypoblast
    • - hypoblast (generic) database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Cell_differentiation_gastrula.PNG
    • - hypoblast (generic) database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Gray21.png
    • - hypoblast (generic) definition . { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hypoblast , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3560500&group_id=36855&atid=440764 }
    • - hypoblast (generic) has related synonym hypoblastus { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Hypoblast , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - hypoblast (generic) homology notes In mammal and avian, extraembryonic endoderm such as visceral endoderm and hypoblast play essential roles in the embryonic axis formation and germ layer development. These extraembryonic tissues are generally considered to have been created in ancestral amniotes evolved from the Xenopus-type ancestor (reference 1); The endomesoderm secretes as yet unidentified signals that posteriorize the ectoderm, which would otherwise adopt an anterior fate. Our results point to a conserved function at the base of deuterostomes for beta-catenin in germ layer specification and to a causal link in the definition of the posterior part of the embryonic ectoderm by way of activating posteriorizing endomesodermal factors (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001222 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.543 Takeuchi M, Takahashi M, Okabe M, Aizawa S, Germ layer patterning in bichir and lamprey; an insight into its evolution in vertebrates. Developmental Biology (2009) (reference 1), Darras S, Gerhart J, Terasaki M, Kirschner M, Lowe CJ, Beta-catenin specifies the endomesoderm and defines the posterior organizer of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii. Development (2011) (reference 2) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + hypoblast (generic) database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoblast
    • + hypoblast (generic) database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1512561
    • + hypoblast (generic) definition . { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoblast , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3560500&group_id=36855&atid=440764 }
    • + hypoblast (generic) depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Cell_differentiation_gastrula.PNG
    • + hypoblast (generic) depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Gray21.png
    • + hypoblast (generic) has related synonym hypoblastus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoblast , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + hypoblast (generic) homology notes In mammal and avian, extraembryonic endoderm such as visceral endoderm and hypoblast play essential roles in the embryonic axis formation and germ layer development. These extraembryonic tissues are generally considered to have been created in ancestral amniotes evolved from the Xenopus-type ancestor (reference 1); The endomesoderm secretes as yet unidentified signals that posteriorize the ectoderm, which would otherwise adopt an anterior fate. Our results point to a conserved function at the base of deuterostomes for beta-catenin in germ layer specification and to a causal link in the definition of the posterior part of the embryonic ectoderm by way of activating posteriorizing endomesodermal factors (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001222 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.543 Takeuchi M, Takahashi M, Okabe M, Aizawa S, Germ layer patterning in bichir and lamprey; an insight into its evolution in vertebrates. Developmental Biology (2009) (reference 1), Darras S, Gerhart J, Terasaki M, Kirschner M, Lowe CJ, Beta-catenin specifies the endomesoderm and defines the posterior organizer of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii. Development (2011) (reference 2) }

Changes for: morula

Changes for: zona pellucida

  • Deleted
    • - zona pellucida database cross reference Wikipedia:Zona_pellucida
    • - zona pellucida database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray3.png
    • - zona pellucida database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray3.png/200px-Gray3.png
    • - zona pellucida definition A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Zona_pellucida }
    • - zona pellucida homology notes Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000720 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + zona pellucida database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_pellucida
    • + zona pellucida database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0043519
    • + zona pellucida definition A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_pellucida }
    • + zona pellucida depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray3.png
    • + zona pellucida depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray3.png/200px-Gray3.png
    • + zona pellucida homology notes Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000720 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159 }

Changes for: inner cell mass

Changes for: trophoblast

Changes for: metanephros

  • Deleted
    • - metanephros database cross reference SCTID:308797000
    • - metanephros database cross reference Metanephros
    • - metanephros definition In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO]. During the fifth week of gestation, the mesonephric duct develops an outpouching, the ureteric bud, near its attachment to the cloaca. This bud, also called the metanephrogenic diverticulum, grows posteriorly and towards the head of the embryo. The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud, the metanephric duct, later forms the ureter. As the cranial end of the bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it undergoes a series of branchings to form the collecting duct system of the kidney. It also forms the major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis. { database cross reference=GO:0001656 , database cross reference=Metanephros }
    • - metanephros external definition A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the posterior region of the nephric ridge and drained by a ureter; replaces the embryonic pronephros and mesonephros [in mammals]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000039 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - metanephros homology notes The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000039 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + metanephros database cross reference Metanephros
    • + metanephros database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0231049
    • + metanephros database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308797000
    • + metanephros definition In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO]. During the fifth week of gestation, the mesonephric duct develops an outpouching, the ureteric bud, near its attachment to the cloaca. This bud, also called the metanephrogenic diverticulum, grows posteriorly and towards the head of the embryo. The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud, the metanephric duct, later forms the ureter. As the cranial end of the bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it undergoes a series of branchings to form the collecting duct system of the kidney. It also forms the major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis. { database cross reference=Metanephros , database cross reference=GO:0001656 }
    • + metanephros external definition A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the posterior region of the nephric ridge and drained by a ureter; replaces the embryonic pronephros and mesonephros [in mammals]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000039 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + metanephros homology notes The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000039 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 }

Changes for: mesonephric tubule

Changes for: ureteric bud

Changes for: mesonephros

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + mesonephros database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonephros
    • + mesonephros database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0025492
    • + mesonephros database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308799002
    • + mesonephros definition In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney[GO]. One of three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary kidney in higher vertebrates. composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonephros , database cross reference=GO:0001823 }
    • + mesonephros depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Gray986.png
    • + mesonephros depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray986.png/200px-Gray986.png
    • + mesonephros external definition A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the middle region of the nephric ridge; a transient embryonic stage that replaces the pronephros, but is itself replaced by the adult metanephros [in mammals; in fishes and amphibians it is the adult kidney]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000038 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + mesonephros has exact synonym Wolffian body { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonephros , database cross reference=BTO:0001542 , database cross reference=GOC:yaf , database cross reference=MESH:A16.254.500 }
    • + mesonephros has exact synonym mesonephroi { database cross reference=DMK Nephron , has synonym type=plural term }
    • + mesonephros has related synonym opistonephros { database cross reference=http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/bio205_26_sex.html }
    • + mesonephros homology notes As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (…) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (…) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (…) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000038 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639 }

Changes for: vessel

Changes for: fornix of brain

Changes for: macula lutea

  • Deleted
    • - macula lutea database cross reference SCTID:362517001
    • - macula lutea database cross reference Wikipedia:Macula_of_retina
    • - macula lutea database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png
    • - macula lutea database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png/200px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png
    • - macula lutea definition Oval yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye. It has a diameter of around 5 mm and is often histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells. Near its center is the fovea, a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells in the eye and is responsible for central vision, and also contains the parafovea and perifovea[WP]. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed) { database cross reference=MESH:A09.371.729.522 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Macula_of_retina }
  • Added
    • + macula lutea database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula_of_retina
    • + macula lutea database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0450295
    • + macula lutea database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1284755
    • + macula lutea database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362517001
    • + macula lutea definition Oval yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye. It has a diameter of around 5 mm and is often histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells. Near its center is the fovea, a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells in the eye and is responsible for central vision, and also contains the parafovea and perifovea[WP]. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed) { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula_of_retina , database cross reference=MESH:A09.371.729.522 }
    • + macula lutea depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png
    • + macula lutea depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png/200px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png

Changes for: duct

Changes for: large intestine

Changes for: ureter

  • Deleted
    • - ureter database cross reference SCTID:302511008
    • - ureter database cross reference Wikipedia:Ureter
    • - ureter database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Urinary_system.svg
    • - ureter database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Urinary_system.svg/200px-Urinary_system.svg.png
    • - ureter definition Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. In humans, organ with organ cavity which connects the renal sinus to the urinary bladder. Examples: the right and the left ureters. { database cross reference=FMA:9704 , database cross reference=GO:0090189 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ureter }
    • - ureter external definition The duct of amniotes that carries urine from a metanephric kidney to the urinary bladder. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000605 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • - ureter homology notes The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000605 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + ureter database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureter
    • + ureter database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0041951
    • + ureter database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/302511008
    • + ureter definition Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. In humans, organ with organ cavity which connects the renal sinus to the urinary bladder. Examples: the right and the left ureters. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureter , database cross reference=FMA:9704 , database cross reference=GO:0090189 }
    • + ureter depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Urinary_system.svg
    • + ureter depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Urinary_system.svg/200px-Urinary_system.svg.png
    • + ureter external definition The duct of amniotes that carries urine from a metanephric kidney to the urinary bladder. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000605 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
    • + ureter homology notes The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000605 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 }

Changes for: urethra

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + urethra database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethra
    • + urethra database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0041967
    • + urethra database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/302513006
    • + urethra definition A tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethra }
    • + urethra depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png

Changes for: simple eye with multiple lenses

Changes for: fornix of vagina

Changes for: organ part

Changes for: dermal bone

Changes for: respiratory tract

Changes for: fully formed stage

Changes for: embryo stage part

Changes for: perichordal bone

Changes for: embryo stage

Changes for: larval stage

Changes for: anatomical structure

Changes for: organ

Changes for: suspensory ligament of duodenum

Changes for: atrioventricular septum

Changes for: pectinate muscle

Changes for: Bachmann’s bundle

Changes for: left branch of atrioventricular bundle

Changes for: right branch of atrioventricular bundle

Changes for: aortic valve cusp

Changes for: mitral valve anulus

Changes for: chordae tendineae

Changes for: tricuspid valve cusp

Changes for: reticulum trabeculare

Changes for: infundibulum of hair follicle

Changes for: conotruncal ridge

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + conotruncal ridge definition One of the pair of spiral mesenchymal swellings in the primordial ventricular outflow tract, that eventually fuse to form the conotruncal septum, dividing the subvalvular outflow tract and contributing to the membranous interventricular septum[MP] { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8823298 , database cross reference=MP:0010585 }

Changes for: posterior cerebellomedullary cistern

Changes for: crista terminalis

Changes for: axial skeleton plus cranial skeleton

Changes for: hair inner root sheath

  • Deleted
    • - hair inner root sheath definition A multilayered tube composed of terminally differentiated hair follicle keratinocytes that is surrounded by the outer root sheath; the layers of the inner root sheath include the companion layer, Henle’s layer, Huxley’s layer and the inner root sheath cuticle[MP]. { database cross reference=MP:0010685 , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 }
  • Added
    • + hair inner root sheath definition A multilayered tube composed of terminally differentiated hair follicle keratinocytes that is surrounded by the outer root sheath; the layers of the inner root sheath include the companion layer, Henle’s layer, Huxley’s layer and the inner root sheath cuticle[MP]. { database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 , database cross reference=MP:0010685 }

Changes for: hair outer root sheath

Changes for: outflow part of right ventricle

Changes for: outflow part of left ventricle

Changes for: inferior nasal concha

Changes for: middle nasal concha

Changes for: superior nasal concha

Changes for: external naris

Changes for: ethmoidal process of inferior nasal concha

Changes for: primary choana

  • Deleted
    • - primary choana definition initial opening of the nasal pits and olfactory sac of the embryo into the rostral part of the primordial oronasal cavity, before the formation of the secondary palate. { database cross reference=http://www.drugs.com/dict/primary-choana.html }
  • Added
    • + primary choana definition initial opening of the nasal pits and olfactory sac of the embryo into the rostral part of the primordial oronasal cavity, before the formation of the secondary palate. { database cross reference=http://www.drugs.com/dict/primary-choana.html }

Changes for: bulb of hair follicle

Changes for: duct of seminal vesicle

Changes for: duct of male reproductive system

Changes for: occipital region

Changes for: conjunctival sac

Changes for: insect labrum

Changes for: serous sac

Changes for: transitional epithelium

Changes for: supreme nasal concha

Changes for: ala of nose

Changes for: slow muscle tissue

Changes for: fast muscle tissue

Changes for: lumen of digestive tract

Changes for: mandibular process mesenchyme

Changes for: maxillary prominence

Changes for: maxillary process of inferior nasal concha

Changes for: stratified squamous epithelium

Changes for: squamous epithelium

Changes for: urinary bladder muscularis mucosa

Changes for: mandibular prominence

Changes for: pre-cartilage condensation

Changes for: pharyngeal cleft

Changes for: glandular columnar epithelium

Changes for: 1st arch pharyngeal cleft

  • Deleted
    • - 1st arch pharyngeal cleft homology notes In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000969 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 1st arch pharyngeal cleft homology notes In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000969 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010) }

Changes for: palatine process of maxilla

  • Deleted
    • - palatine process of maxilla database cross reference SCTID:368870009
    • - palatine process of maxilla database cross reference Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla
    • - palatine process of maxilla database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Gray160.png
    • - palatine process of maxilla definition The palatine process of the maxilla (palatal process), thick and strong, is horizontal and projects medialward from the nasal surface of the bone. It forms a considerable part of the floor of the nose and the roof of the mouth and is much thicker in front than behind. Its inferior surface is concave, rough and uneven, and forms, with the palatine process of the opposite bone, the anterior three-fourths of the hard palate. It is perforated by numerous foramina for the passage of the nutrient vessels; is channelled at the back part of its lateral border by a groove, sometimes a canal, for the transmission of the descending palatine vessels and the anterior palatine nerve from the spheno-palatine ganglion; and presents little depressions for the lodgement of the palatine glands. When the two maxillae are articulated, a funnel-shaped opening, the incisive foramen, is seen in the middle line, immediately behind the incisor teeth. In this opening the orifices of two lateral canals are visible; they are named the incisive canals or foramina of Stenson; through each of them passes the terminal branch of the descending palatine artery and the nasopalatine nerve. Occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal. On the under surface of the palatine process, a delicate linear suture, well seen in young skulls, may sometimes be noticed extending lateralward and forward on either side from the incisive foramen to the interval between the lateral incisor and the canine tooth. The small part in front of this suture constitutes the premaxilla (os incisivum), which in most vertebrates forms an independent bone; it includes the whole thickness of the alveolus, the corresponding part of the floor of the nose and the anterior nasal spine, and contains the sockets of the incisor teeth. The upper surface of the palatine process is concave from side to side, smooth, and forms the greater part of the floor of the nasal cavity. It presents, close to its medial margin, the upper orifice of the incisive canal. The lateral border of the process is incorporated with the rest of the bone. The medial border is thicker in front than behind, and is raised above into a ridge, the nasal crest, which, with the corresponding ridge of the opposite bone, forms a groove for the reception of the vomer. The front part of this ridge rises to a considerable height, and is named the incisor crest; it is prolonged forward into a sharp process, which forms, together with a similar process of the opposite bone, the anterior nasal spine. The posterior border is serrated for articulation with the horizontal part of the palatine bone. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla }
    • - palatine process of maxilla has related synonym palatal process { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla }
    • - palatine process of maxilla has related synonym palatine process { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla }
    • - palatine process of maxilla has related synonym processus palatinus maxillae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - palatine process of maxilla has related synonym processus palatinus ossis maxillae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + palatine process of maxilla database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_process_of_maxilla
    • + palatine process of maxilla database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/368870009
    • + palatine process of maxilla definition The palatine process of the maxilla (palatal process), thick and strong, is horizontal and projects medialward from the nasal surface of the bone. It forms a considerable part of the floor of the nose and the roof of the mouth and is much thicker in front than behind. Its inferior surface is concave, rough and uneven, and forms, with the palatine process of the opposite bone, the anterior three-fourths of the hard palate. It is perforated by numerous foramina for the passage of the nutrient vessels; is channelled at the back part of its lateral border by a groove, sometimes a canal, for the transmission of the descending palatine vessels and the anterior palatine nerve from the spheno-palatine ganglion; and presents little depressions for the lodgement of the palatine glands. When the two maxillae are articulated, a funnel-shaped opening, the incisive foramen, is seen in the middle line, immediately behind the incisor teeth. In this opening the orifices of two lateral canals are visible; they are named the incisive canals or foramina of Stenson; through each of them passes the terminal branch of the descending palatine artery and the nasopalatine nerve. Occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal. On the under surface of the palatine process, a delicate linear suture, well seen in young skulls, may sometimes be noticed extending lateralward and forward on either side from the incisive foramen to the interval between the lateral incisor and the canine tooth. The small part in front of this suture constitutes the premaxilla (os incisivum), which in most vertebrates forms an independent bone; it includes the whole thickness of the alveolus, the corresponding part of the floor of the nose and the anterior nasal spine, and contains the sockets of the incisor teeth. The upper surface of the palatine process is concave from side to side, smooth, and forms the greater part of the floor of the nasal cavity. It presents, close to its medial margin, the upper orifice of the incisive canal. The lateral border of the process is incorporated with the rest of the bone. The medial border is thicker in front than behind, and is raised above into a ridge, the nasal crest, which, with the corresponding ridge of the opposite bone, forms a groove for the reception of the vomer. The front part of this ridge rises to a considerable height, and is named the incisor crest; it is prolonged forward into a sharp process, which forms, together with a similar process of the opposite bone, the anterior nasal spine. The posterior border is serrated for articulation with the horizontal part of the palatine bone. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_process_of_maxilla }
    • + palatine process of maxilla depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Gray160.png
    • + palatine process of maxilla has related synonym palatal process { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_process_of_maxilla }
    • + palatine process of maxilla has related synonym palatine process { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_process_of_maxilla }
    • + palatine process of maxilla has related synonym processus palatinus maxillae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_process_of_maxilla , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + palatine process of maxilla has related synonym processus palatinus ossis maxillae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_process_of_maxilla , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: esophagus squamous epithelium

Changes for: cervix squamous epithelium

  • Deleted
    • - cervix squamous epithelium definition The squamous epithelium of the cervical portio is similar to that of the vagina, except that it is generally smooth and lacks rete pegs. Colposcopically, it appears featureless except for a fine network of vessels which is sometimes visible. The relative opacity and pale pink coloration of the squamous epithelium derives from its multi-layered histology and the location of its supporting vessels below the basement membrane. { database cross reference=http://www.asccp.org/practicemanagement/cervix/histologyofthenormalcervix/tabid/5842/default.aspx }
  • Added
    • + cervix squamous epithelium database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1707351
    • + cervix squamous epithelium definition The squamous epithelium of the cervical portio is similar to that of the vagina, except that it is generally smooth and lacks rete pegs. Colposcopically, it appears featureless except for a fine network of vessels which is sometimes visible. The relative opacity and pale pink coloration of the squamous epithelium derives from its multi-layered histology and the location of its supporting vessels below the basement membrane. { database cross reference=http://www.asccp.org/practicemanagement/cervix/histologyofthenormalcervix/tabid/5842/default.aspx }

Changes for: undifferentiated genital tubercle

Changes for: vagina squamous epithelium

Changes for: olfactory pit

Changes for: post-hyoid pharyngeal arch skeleton

Changes for: sensory epithelium

Changes for: neural tube alar plate

Changes for: prepollex

Changes for: male genital duct

  • Deleted
    • - male genital duct definition A duct or series of ducts that transports sperm from the gonad. In mammals this is from the seminiferous tubules through rete testis, vas efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens, ejeculatory duct to the urethra. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + male genital duct definition A duct or series of ducts that transports sperm from the gonad. In mammals this is from the seminiferous tubules through rete testis, vas efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens, ejeculatory duct to the urethra. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: efferent duct

Changes for: cervical loop

  • Deleted
    • - cervical loop database cross reference Wikipedia:Cervical_loop
    • - cervical loop definition The cervical loop is the location on an enamel organ in a developing tooth where the outer enamel epithelium and the inner enamel epithelium join. The cervical loop is a histologic term indicating a specific epithelial structure at the apical side of the tooth germ, consisting of loosely aggregated stellate reticulum in the center surrounded by stratum intermedium. These tissues are enveloped by a basal layer of epithelium known on the outside of the tooth as outer enamel epithelium and on the inside as inner enamel epithelium. During root formation the inner layers of epithelium disappear and only the basal layers are left creating Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS). At this point it is usually referred to as HERS instead of the cervical loop to indicate the structural difference[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cervical_loop }
  • Added
    • + cervical loop database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_loop
    • + cervical loop definition The cervical loop is the location on an enamel organ in a developing tooth where the outer enamel epithelium and the inner enamel epithelium join. The cervical loop is a histologic term indicating a specific epithelial structure at the apical side of the tooth germ, consisting of loosely aggregated stellate reticulum in the center surrounded by stratum intermedium. These tissues are enveloped by a basal layer of epithelium known on the outside of the tooth as outer enamel epithelium and on the inside as inner enamel epithelium. During root formation the inner layers of epithelium disappear and only the basal layers are left creating Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS). At this point it is usually referred to as HERS instead of the cervical loop to indicate the structural difference[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_loop }

Changes for: pes bone

Changes for: manus bone

Changes for: jointed/prehensile appendage

Changes for: locomotive weight-bearing appendage

Changes for: leg bone

  • Deleted
    • - leg bone definition A bone that is part of the region of the hindlimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia. Counter-examples: any pes phalanx { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + leg bone definition A bone that is part of the region of the hindlimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia. Counter-examples: any pes phalanx { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: coelomic epithelium

Changes for: stellate reticulum

Changes for: outer dental epithelium

Changes for: inner dental epithelium

Changes for: ejaculatory duct epithelium

Changes for: buccal mucosa

Changes for: pontine flexure

Changes for: gracile fasciculus

Changes for: great vein of heart

Changes for: mandible angular process

Changes for: ovary stroma

Changes for: horn

Changes for: cuneate fasciculus

Changes for: pars distalis of adenohypophysis

Changes for: cuneate fasciculus of spinal cord

Changes for: cranial appendage

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord dorsal column

Changes for: spinal cord segment

Changes for: caudal segment of spinal cord

Changes for: sacral spinal cord

Changes for: nephridium

Changes for: antler

Changes for: cervical spinal cord dorsal column

Changes for: metanephridium

  • Deleted
    • - metanephridium database cross reference Metanephridia
    • - metanephridium definition a type of excretory gland or nephridium found in many types of invertebrates such as Annelids, Arthropods and Molluscs. It typically consists of a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity or coelom connected to a duct which may be variously glandularized, folded or expanded (vesiculate) and which typically opens to the organism’s exterior. These ciliated tubules pump water carrying surplus ions, metabolic waste, toxins from food, and useless hormones out of the organism through openings known as nephrostomes. This waste is passed out of the body at the nephridiopore. The primary urine produced by filtration of blood (or a similar functioning fluid) is modified into secondary urine through selective reabsorption by the cells lining the metanephridium. In many earthworms the nephridial ducts open into the digestive tract instead, a condition known as enteronephry. { database cross reference=Metanephridia }
  • Added
    • + metanephridium database cross reference Metanephridia
    • + metanephridium definition a type of excretory gland or nephridium found in many types of invertebrates such as Annelids, Arthropods and Molluscs. It typically consists of a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity or coelom connected to a duct which may be variously glandularized, folded or expanded (vesiculate) and which typically opens to the organism’s exterior. These ciliated tubules pump water carrying surplus ions, metabolic waste, toxins from food, and useless hormones out of the organism through openings known as nephrostomes. This waste is passed out of the body at the nephridiopore. The primary urine produced by filtration of blood (or a similar functioning fluid) is modified into secondary urine through selective reabsorption by the cells lining the metanephridium. In many earthworms the nephridial ducts open into the digestive tract instead, a condition known as enteronephry. { database cross reference=Metanephridia }

Changes for: protonephridium

  • Deleted
    • - protonephridium database cross reference Metanephridia
    • - protonephridium definition a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings found in the Phylums Platyhelminthes, kinorhyncha and Rotifera. The ends are called flame cells (if cilliated) or solenocytes (if flagellated); they function in osmoregulation and ionoregulation. The terminal cells are located at the blind end of the protonephridium. Each cell has one or more cilia and their beating inside the protonephridial tube creates an outward going current and hence a partial pressurization in the blind of the tube. Because of this pressurization drives waste fluids from the inside of the animal, they are pulled through small perforations in the terminal cells and into the protonephridium. The perforations in the terminal cell are large enough for small molecules to pass, but larger proteins are retained within the animal. From the bottom of the protonephridium the solutes are led through the tube, formed by the canal cells, and exits the animal from a small opening formed by the nephridiopore. Selective reabsorption of useful molecules by the canal cells occurs as the solutes pass down the tubule. Protonephridia are generally found in basal organisms such as flatworms. Protonephridia likely first arose as a way to cope with a hypotonic environment by removing excess water from the organism (osmoregulation). Their use as excretory/ionoregulatory structures likely arose secondarily. { database cross reference=Metanephridia }
  • Added
    • + protonephridium database cross reference Metanephridia
    • + protonephridium definition a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings found in the Phylums Platyhelminthes, kinorhyncha and Rotifera. The ends are called flame cells (if cilliated) or solenocytes (if flagellated); they function in osmoregulation and ionoregulation. The terminal cells are located at the blind end of the protonephridium. Each cell has one or more cilia and their beating inside the protonephridial tube creates an outward going current and hence a partial pressurization in the blind of the tube. Because of this pressurization drives waste fluids from the inside of the animal, they are pulled through small perforations in the terminal cells and into the protonephridium. The perforations in the terminal cell are large enough for small molecules to pass, but larger proteins are retained within the animal. From the bottom of the protonephridium the solutes are led through the tube, formed by the canal cells, and exits the animal from a small opening formed by the nephridiopore. Selective reabsorption of useful molecules by the canal cells occurs as the solutes pass down the tubule. Protonephridia are generally found in basal organisms such as flatworms. Protonephridia likely first arose as a way to cope with a hypotonic environment by removing excess water from the organism (osmoregulation). Their use as excretory/ionoregulatory structures likely arose secondarily. { database cross reference=Metanephridia }

Changes for: cervical spinal cord lateral column

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord lateral column

Changes for: cervical spinal cord ventral column

Changes for: anatomical surface

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord ventral column

Changes for: segment of aorta

Changes for: splenius capitis

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + splenius capitis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenius_capitis_muscle
    • + splenius capitis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244850004
    • + splenius capitis definition The splenius capitis is a broad, straplike muscle in the back of the neck. It pulls on the base of the skull from vertebrae in the neck and upper thorax. It arises from the lower half of the ligamentum nuchæ, from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and from the spinous processes of the upper three or four thoracic vertebræ. The fibers of the muscle are directed upward and lateralward and are inserted, under cover of the Sternocleidomastoideus, into the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and into the rough surface on the occipital bone just below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line. The Splenius Capitis muscle is innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves C3-C4. The splenius muscle is a prime mover for head extension. The splenius capitis can also allow lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenius_capitis_muscle }
    • + splenius capitis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Splenius.png
    • + splenius capitis has exact synonym splenius capitis muscle { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenius_capitis_muscle }
    • + splenius capitis has related synonym musculus splenius capitis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenius_capitis_muscle , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: bone tissue of long bone

Changes for: portal system

  • Deleted
    • - portal system database cross reference SCTID:362063001
    • - portal system database cross reference Wikipedia:Portal_venous_system
    • - portal system definition In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, ‘portal venous system’ often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, ‘portal vein’ most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Portal_venous_system }
  • Added
    • + portal system database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_venous_system
    • + portal system database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226727
    • + portal system database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362063001
    • + portal system definition In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, ‘portal venous system’ often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, ‘portal vein’ most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_venous_system }

Changes for: rostral ventrolateral medulla

  • Deleted
    • - rostral ventrolateral medulla database cross reference Wikipedia:Rostral_ventrolateral_medulla
    • - rostral ventrolateral medulla definition Control of blood pressure is crucially dependent on the integrity of a small region of the brainstem called the ventrolateral medulla. Within this part of the brain are the cells that control the heart, blood vessels, swallowing, breathing and many other functions of the body that are not noticed at a conscious level; such unconscious activities are known as ‘Autonomic’. One of these regions is the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla (RVLM) is also known as the pressor area of the medulla (medulla pressor). It receives inhibitory GABAergic input from the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). The RVLM is the primary regulator of the sympathetic nervous system, sending excitatory fibers (catecholaminergic) to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, via reticulospinal tract[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Rostral_ventrolateral_medulla }
    • - rostral ventrolateral medulla has exact synonym medulla pressor { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Rostral_ventrolateral_medulla }
  • Added
    • + rostral ventrolateral medulla database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostral_ventrolateral_medulla
    • + rostral ventrolateral medulla definition Control of blood pressure is crucially dependent on the integrity of a small region of the brainstem called the ventrolateral medulla. Within this part of the brain are the cells that control the heart, blood vessels, swallowing, breathing and many other functions of the body that are not noticed at a conscious level; such unconscious activities are known as ‘Autonomic’. One of these regions is the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla (RVLM) is also known as the pressor area of the medulla (medulla pressor). It receives inhibitory GABAergic input from the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). The RVLM is the primary regulator of the sympathetic nervous system, sending excitatory fibers (catecholaminergic) to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, via reticulospinal tract[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostral_ventrolateral_medulla }
    • + rostral ventrolateral medulla has exact synonym medulla pressor { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostral_ventrolateral_medulla }

Changes for: dorsal aorta

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + dorsal aorta database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_aorta
    • + dorsal aorta database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/338637006
    • + dorsal aorta definition The artery in vertebrate embryos that transports blood from the aortic arches to the trunk and limbs. In adult fish it is a major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the efferent branchial arteries to branches that supply the body organ. In adult tetrapods it arises from the systemic arch[BTO]. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once[GO]. Each primitive aorta receives anteriorly a vein ‘the vitelline vein’ from the yolk-sac, and is prolonged backward on the lateral aspect of the notochord under the name of the dorsal aorta. The dorsal aortae give branches to the yolk-sac, and are continued backward through the body-stalk as the umbilical arteries to the villi of the chorion. The two dorsal aortae combine to become the descending aorta in later development[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_aorta , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3316981&group_id=36855&atid=440764 , database cross reference=BTO:0004673 , database cross reference=GO:0035907 }
    • + dorsal aorta depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray459.png
    • + dorsal aorta has related synonym aortae dorsales { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_aorta , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + dorsal aorta has related synonym dorsal aortæ { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_aorta }
    • + dorsal aorta homology notes When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000264 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 }

Changes for: cervical vertebra 1 anterior tubercle

Changes for: cephalic flexure

Changes for: tubercle

  • Deleted
    • - tubercle database cross reference Wikipedia:Tubercle_(anatomy)
    • - tubercle definition a round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on bones, skin, or within the lungs in tuberculosis. They are also found on the leading edge of Humpback Whale’s flippers, improving fluid flow over the flipper’s surface[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Tubercle_(anatomy) }
  • Added
    • + tubercle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)
    • + tubercle definition a round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on bones, skin, or within the lungs in tuberculosis. They are also found on the leading edge of Humpback Whale’s flippers, improving fluid flow over the flipper’s surface[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy) }

Changes for: arch of atlas

Changes for: central carpal bone

Changes for: falciform carpal bone

Changes for: jejunal mucosa

Changes for: colonic epithelium

Changes for: cartilage tissue of sternum

Changes for: cochlear ganglion

Changes for: vallate papilla

Changes for: leptomeninx

Changes for: longissimus muscle

Changes for: lens nucleus

Changes for: apocrine sweat gland

Changes for: meniscus

  • Deleted
    • - meniscus database cross reference Wikipedia:Meniscus_(anatomy)
    • - meniscus definition crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure present in the knee, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints[2] that, in contrast to articular disks, only partly divides a joint cavity.[3] A small meniscus also occurs in the radio-carpal joint. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Meniscus_(anatomy) }
  • Added
    • + meniscus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)
    • + meniscus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0224498
    • + meniscus definition crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure present in the knee, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints[2] that, in contrast to articular disks, only partly divides a joint cavity.[3] A small meniscus also occurs in the radio-carpal joint. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy) }

Changes for: epiglottis

Changes for: lens cortex

Changes for: urinary bladder detrusor smooth muscle

Changes for: tapetum of corpus callosum

Changes for: syncytiotrophoblast

Changes for: extensor digitorum brevis

Changes for: maxillary nerve

Changes for: tongue muscle

Changes for: mandibular nerve

Changes for: hindlimb stylopod

Changes for: adductor magnus

Changes for: tracheal mucosa

Changes for: urothelium

Changes for: red bone marrow

Changes for: reticuloendothelial system

Changes for: renal medulla

  • Deleted
    • - renal medulla database cross reference SCTID:30737000
    • - renal medulla database cross reference Wikipedia:Renal_medulla
    • - renal medulla database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg
    • - renal medulla database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney.jpg
    • - renal medulla definition The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the arcuate arterioles. The arcuate arterioles each in turn branch into interlobular arterioles, which finally reach the glomeruli. At the glomerulus the blood reaches a highly disfavourable pressure gradient and a large exchange surface area, which forces the serum portion of the blood out of the vessel into the renal tubules. Flow continues through the renal tubules, including the proximal tubule, the Loop of Henle, and finally leaves the kidney by means of the collecting duct, leading to the renal ureter. The renal medulla (latin renes medulla = kidney middle) contains the structures of the nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood. The renal medulla is hypertonic to the filtrate in the nephron and aids in the reabsorption of water. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Renal_medulla }
  • Added
    • + renal medulla database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_medulla
    • + renal medulla database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0022664
    • + renal medulla database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/30737000
    • + renal medulla definition The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the arcuate arterioles. The arcuate arterioles each in turn branch into interlobular arterioles, which finally reach the glomeruli. At the glomerulus the blood reaches a highly disfavourable pressure gradient and a large exchange surface area, which forces the serum portion of the blood out of the vessel into the renal tubules. Flow continues through the renal tubules, including the proximal tubule, the Loop of Henle, and finally leaves the kidney by means of the collecting duct, leading to the renal ureter. The renal medulla (latin renes medulla = kidney middle) contains the structures of the nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood. The renal medulla is hypertonic to the filtrate in the nephron and aids in the reabsorption of water. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_medulla }
    • + renal medulla depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg
    • + renal medulla depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney.jpg

Changes for: adductor brevis

  • Deleted
    • - adductor brevis database cross reference SCTID:181687007
    • - adductor brevis database cross reference Wikipedia:Adductor_brevis_muscle
    • - adductor brevis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG
    • - adductor brevis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG
    • - adductor brevis definition The adductor brevis is a muscle in the thigh situated immediately behind the pectineus and adductor longus. It is somewhat triangular in form, and arises by a narrow origin from the outer surfaces of the superior and inferior rami of the pubis, between the gracilis and obturator externus. Its fibers, passing backward, lateralward, and downward, are inserted, by an aponeurosis, into the line leading from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera and into the upper part of the linea aspera, immediately behind the pectineus and upper part of the adductor longus.[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Adductor_brevis_muscle }
  • Added
    • + adductor brevis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_brevis_muscle
    • + adductor brevis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181687007
    • + adductor brevis definition The adductor brevis is a muscle in the thigh situated immediately behind the pectineus and adductor longus. It is somewhat triangular in form, and arises by a narrow origin from the outer surfaces of the superior and inferior rami of the pubis, between the gracilis and obturator externus. Its fibers, passing backward, lateralward, and downward, are inserted, by an aponeurosis, into the line leading from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera and into the upper part of the linea aspera, immediately behind the pectineus and upper part of the adductor longus.[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_brevis_muscle }
    • + adductor brevis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG
    • + adductor brevis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG

Changes for: sesamoid bone of manus

Changes for: corpus striatum

Changes for: pharyngeal mucosa

Changes for: parenchyma

  • Deleted
    • - parenchyma database cross reference Wikipedia:Parenchyma
    • - parenchyma definition functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Parenchyma }
  • Added
    • + parenchyma database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchyma
    • + parenchyma database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0933845
    • + parenchyma definition functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchyma }

Changes for: nuchal ligament

Changes for: preputial gland

Changes for: blastocyst

Changes for: throat

  • Deleted
    • - throat database cross reference Wikipedia:Throat
    • - throat database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Throat_Diagram.png
    • - throat database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Throat_Diagram.png/200px-Throat_Diagram.png
    • - throat definition In anatomy, the throat is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. An important feature of the throat is the epiglottis, a flap which separates the esophagus from the trachea and prevents inhalation of food or drink. The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals. It is sometimes considered a synonym for fauces. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Throat }
  • Added
    • + throat database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throat
    • + throat database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0230069
    • + throat definition In anatomy, the throat is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. An important feature of the throat is the epiglottis, a flap which separates the esophagus from the trachea and prevents inhalation of food or drink. The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals. It is sometimes considered a synonym for fauces. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throat }
    • + throat depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Throat_Diagram.png
    • + throat depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Throat_Diagram.png/200px-Throat_Diagram.png

Changes for: myelin

  • Deleted
    • - myelin database cross reference Wikipedia:Myelin
    • - myelin definition a dielectric (electrically insulating) material consisting of protein and fat that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. Myelin is about 40 % water; the dry mass of myelin is about 70 - 85 % lipids and about 15 - 30 % proteins. Some of the proteins that make up myelin are myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and proteolipid protein (PLP). The primary lipid of myelin is a glycolipid called galactocerebroside (GalC). The intertwining hydrocarbon chains of sphingomyelin serve to strengthen the myelin sheath. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Myelin }
    • - myelin present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_6340 { source=http://www1.pbrc.hawaii.edu/~danh/MyelinEvolution/evolution.html }
    • - myelin present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_6681 { source=http://www1.pbrc.hawaii.edu/~danh/MyelinEvolution/evolution.html }
    • - myelin present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7742 { source=http://www1.pbrc.hawaii.edu/~danh/MyelinEvolution/evolution.html }
  • Added
    • + myelin database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin
    • + myelin definition a dielectric (electrically insulating) material consisting of protein and fat that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. Myelin is about 40 % water; the dry mass of myelin is about 70 - 85 % lipids and about 15 - 30 % proteins. Some of the proteins that make up myelin are myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and proteolipid protein (PLP). The primary lipid of myelin is a glycolipid called galactocerebroside (GalC). The intertwining hydrocarbon chains of sphingomyelin serve to strengthen the myelin sheath. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin }
    • + myelin present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_6340 { source=http://www1.pbrc.hawaii.edu/~danh/MyelinEvolution/evolution.html }
    • + myelin present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_6681 { source=http://www1.pbrc.hawaii.edu/~danh/MyelinEvolution/evolution.html }
    • + myelin present in taxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7742 { source=http://www1.pbrc.hawaii.edu/~danh/MyelinEvolution/evolution.html }

Changes for: mucosa

Changes for: myelin sheath

Changes for: ophthalmic nerve

Changes for: limbic system

  • Deleted
    • - limbic system database cross reference SCTID:361342009
    • - limbic system database cross reference Wikipedia:Limbic_system
    • - limbic system database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Brain_limbicsystem.jpg
    • - limbic system database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Brain_limbicsystem.jpg/200px-Brain_limbicsystem.jpg
    • - limbic system definition A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn’t correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex]. including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction [Wikipedia]. { database cross reference=BIRNLEX:Limbic_system , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Limbic_system }
  • Added
    • + limbic system database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system
    • + limbic system database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0023715
    • + limbic system database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361342009
    • + limbic system definition A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn’t correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex]. including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction [Wikipedia]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system , database cross reference=BIRNLEX:Limbic_system }
    • + limbic system depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Brain_limbicsystem.jpg
    • + limbic system depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Brain_limbicsystem.jpg/200px-Brain_limbicsystem.jpg

Changes for: intestinal gland

Changes for: yellow bone marrow

Changes for: ileal mucosa

Changes for: scapholunate

Changes for: urorectal septum

  • Deleted
    • - urorectal septum database cross reference Wikipedia:Urorectal_septum
    • - urorectal septum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray992.png
    • - urorectal septum definition The ridge of mesoderm covered with endoderm that in the early developing embryo partitions the endodermal cloaca into the primary urogenital sinus (ventrally) and the anorectal canal of the hindgut (dorsally); the urorectal septum eventually fuses with the cloacal membrane, dividing it into a dorsal anal membrane and a larger ventral urogenital membrane - this area of fusion is represented in the adult by the perineal body[MP]. { database cross reference=MP:anna , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Urorectal_septum }
    • - urorectal septum external definition A ridge of mesoderm covered with endoderm that in the early developing embryo divides the endodermal cloaca into the urogenital sinus and the rectum. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000018 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/urorectal+septum }
    • - urorectal septum has exact synonym septum urorectale { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Urorectal_septum , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - urorectal septum homology notes In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (…) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000018 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.388-89 and Figure 300 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + urorectal septum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urorectal_septum
    • + urorectal septum database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1519838
    • + urorectal septum definition The ridge of mesoderm covered with endoderm that in the early developing embryo partitions the endodermal cloaca into the primary urogenital sinus (ventrally) and the anorectal canal of the hindgut (dorsally); the urorectal septum eventually fuses with the cloacal membrane, dividing it into a dorsal anal membrane and a larger ventral urogenital membrane - this area of fusion is represented in the adult by the perineal body[MP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urorectal_septum , database cross reference=MP:anna }
    • + urorectal septum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray992.png
    • + urorectal septum external definition A ridge of mesoderm covered with endoderm that in the early developing embryo divides the endodermal cloaca into the urogenital sinus and the rectum. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000018 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/urorectal+septum }
    • + urorectal septum has exact synonym septum urorectale { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urorectal_septum , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + urorectal septum homology notes In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (…) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000018 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.388-89 and Figure 300 }

Changes for: lateral tuberal nucleus

Changes for: arachnoid trabecula

  • Deleted
    • - arachnoid trabecula database cross reference Wikipedia:Arachnoid_trabeculae
    • - arachnoid trabecula definition The arachnoid trabeculae are delicate strands of connective tissue that loosely connect the two innermost layers of the meninges – the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. They are found within the subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal fluid is also found. Embryologically, the trabeculae are the remnants of the common precursor that forms both the arachnoid and pial layers of the meninges. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Arachnoid_trabeculae }
  • Added
    • + arachnoid trabecula database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnoid_trabeculae
    • + arachnoid trabecula definition The arachnoid trabeculae are delicate strands of connective tissue that loosely connect the two innermost layers of the meninges – the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. They are found within the subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal fluid is also found. Embryologically, the trabeculae are the remnants of the common precursor that forms both the arachnoid and pial layers of the meninges. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnoid_trabeculae }

Changes for: basement membrane of epithelium

Changes for: endopeduncular nucleus

Changes for: glomerular basement membrane

Changes for: septum of telencephalon

Changes for: habenular trigone

  • Deleted
    • - habenular trigone database cross reference Wikipedia:Habenular_trigone
    • - habenular trigone definition The habenular trigone is a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the taenia thalami. It contains a group of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulC&. Fibers enter it from the stalk of the pineal body, and others, forming what is termed the habenular commissure, pass across the middle line to the corresponding ganglion of the opposite side. Most of its fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Habenular_trigone }
    • - habenular trigone has related synonym trigonum habenulae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Habenular_trigone , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + habenular trigone database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenular_trigone
    • + habenular trigone definition The habenular trigone is a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the taenia thalami. It contains a group of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulC&. Fibers enter it from the stalk of the pineal body, and others, forming what is termed the habenular commissure, pass across the middle line to the corresponding ganglion of the opposite side. Most of its fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenular_trigone }
    • + habenular trigone has related synonym trigonum habenulae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenular_trigone , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: decidual cell

  • Deleted
    • - decidual cell database cross reference Wikipedia:Decidual_cells
    • - decidual cell definition Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua. The thickness and vascularity of the mucous membrane are greatly increased; its glands are elongated and open on its free surface by funnel-shaped orifices, while their deeper portions are tortuous and dilated into irregular spaces. The interglandular tissue is also increased in quantity, and is crowded with large round, oval, or polygonal cells, termed decidual cells. Their enlargement is due to glycogen and lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm allowing these cells to provide a rich source of nutrition for the developing embryo. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Decidual_cells }
  • Added
    • + decidual cell database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decidual_cells
    • + decidual cell definition Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua. The thickness and vascularity of the mucous membrane are greatly increased; its glands are elongated and open on its free surface by funnel-shaped orifices, while their deeper portions are tortuous and dilated into irregular spaces. The interglandular tissue is also increased in quantity, and is crowded with large round, oval, or polygonal cells, termed decidual cells. Their enlargement is due to glycogen and lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm allowing these cells to provide a rich source of nutrition for the developing embryo. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decidual_cells }

Changes for: trabecula

  • Deleted
    • - trabecula database cross reference Wikipedia:Trabecula
    • - trabecula definition A small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like.. Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen. They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle[WP]. { database cross reference=GO:0060343 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Trabecula }
  • Added
    • + trabecula database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabecula
    • + trabecula definition A small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like.. Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen. They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabecula , database cross reference=GO:0060343 }

Changes for: left testicular vein

Changes for: lymphoid follicle

Changes for: right testicular vein

Changes for: tunica intima of artery

Changes for: subdural space

Changes for: adventitia

Changes for: bone foramen

Changes for: dermal papilla

  • Deleted
    • - dermal papilla database cross reference SCTID:320101005
    • - dermal papilla database cross reference Wikipedia:Dermal_papillae
    • - dermal papilla database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Skin.jpg
    • - dermal papilla database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Skin.jpg/200px-Skin.jpg
    • - dermal papilla definition small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis. They can be observed at the surface of the skin in hands and feet as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints). The dermal papillae nourishes all hair follicles and bring food and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are inherited features that are developed before birth. They remain unaltered (except size) throughout life, and are therefore used for fingerprints. The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the papillary dermis, and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis. Because the dermis’ main function is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers. Additionally, the increase in surface area prevent the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each others by strengthening the junction between them. With age, the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in numbers. Dermal papillae also play a pivotal role in hair formation, growth and, cycling { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dermal_papillae }
    • - dermal papilla has related synonym papillae dermis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Dermal_papillae , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + dermal papilla database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal_papillae
    • + dermal papilla database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0221931
    • + dermal papilla database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/320101005
    • + dermal papilla definition small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis. They can be observed at the surface of the skin in hands and feet as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints). The dermal papillae nourishes all hair follicles and bring food and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are inherited features that are developed before birth. They remain unaltered (except size) throughout life, and are therefore used for fingerprints. The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the papillary dermis, and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis. Because the dermis’ main function is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers. Additionally, the increase in surface area prevent the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each others by strengthening the junction between them. With age, the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in numbers. Dermal papillae also play a pivotal role in hair formation, growth and, cycling { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal_papillae }
    • + dermal papilla depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Skin.jpg
    • + dermal papilla depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Skin.jpg/200px-Skin.jpg
    • + dermal papilla has related synonym papillae dermis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal_papillae , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: primary vitreous humour

Changes for: optic canal

Changes for: mucous gland

Changes for: glomerular tuft

Changes for: bronchial mucosa

Changes for: visual cortex

Changes for: caudal part of nephrogenic cord

Changes for: visceral layer of glomerular capsule

Changes for: prostate epithelium

Changes for: glomerular parietal epithelium

Changes for: gastric pit

Changes for: rostral part of nephrogenic cord

Changes for: eccrine sweat gland

Changes for: myoepithelium

Changes for: scalp

Changes for: mandibular ramus

Changes for: nasal vestibule

Changes for: sympathetic trunk

Changes for: vertebral ganglion

Changes for: serous gland

Changes for: jejunal epithelium

Changes for: lamina densa of glomerular basement membrane

Changes for: lamina rara interna

Changes for: lamina rara externa

Changes for: duplex uterus

Changes for: bipartite uterus

Changes for: embryonic uterus

Changes for: bicornuate uterus

Changes for: simplex uterus

Changes for: nephric ridge

  • Deleted
    • - nephric ridge definition Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions. { database cross reference=http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter27/custom2/deluxe-content.html }
  • Added
    • + nephric ridge definition Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions. { database cross reference=http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter27/custom2/deluxe-content.html }

Changes for: extraembryonic mesoderm

Changes for: obsolete somitomere

Changes for: olfactory system

  • Deleted
    • - olfactory system database cross reference SCTID:362290002
    • - olfactory system database cross reference Wikipedia:Olfactory_system
    • - olfactory system definition A sensory system that is capable of olfacttion (the sensory perception of smell). { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
    • - olfactory system external definition The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction, or the sense of smell. Most mammals and reptiles have two distinct parts to their olfactory system: a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects volatile, airborne substances, while the accessory olfactory system senses fluid-phase stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones. The olfactory system is often spoken of along with the gustatory system as the chemosensory senses because both transduce chemical signals into perception[WP][Wikipedia:Olfactory_system]. { source=Wikipedia:Olfactory_system }
  • Added
    • + olfactory system database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_system
    • + olfactory system database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0228065
    • + olfactory system database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362290002
    • + olfactory system definition A sensory system that is capable of olfacttion (the sensory perception of smell). { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + olfactory system external definition The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction, or the sense of smell. Most mammals and reptiles have two distinct parts to their olfactory system: a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects volatile, airborne substances, while the accessory olfactory system senses fluid-phase stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones. The olfactory system is often spoken of along with the gustatory system as the chemosensory senses because both transduce chemical signals into perception[WP][Wikipedia:Olfactory_system]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_system }

Changes for: floor plate spinal cord region

  • Deleted
    • - floor plate spinal cord region homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000787 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + floor plate spinal cord region homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000787 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) }

Changes for: roof plate spinal cord region

Changes for: obsolete nephrotome

  • Deleted
    • - obsolete nephrotome database cross reference Wikipedia:Nephrotome
    • - obsolete nephrotome definition The nephrotome is a section of the mesoderm. It gives rise to the pronephros and eventually to the rest of the kidney. A nephrotome is an obsolete term used to describe rounded mesodermal portions of the forming pronephros. In old texts the pronephros is described as forming through the fusion of multiple nephrotomes. Modern visualization methods such as scanning electron microscopy, in situ hybridization and confocal microscopy, combined with the simple approach of peeling off the epidermis to see the forming kidney, have shown that this is not the case. Nephric mesenchyme separates from the intermediate mesoderm as a single elongated primordia. As this primordia begins to undergo epithelialization the anterior portions of the pronephros form rounded protrusions, which then later become the dorsal branches of the pronephros that link to nephrostomes (distinct from nephrotomes). These rounded bumps are probably the structures observed in histological sections that are referred to as nephrotomes. Nephrostomes are thin ciliated funnels that link pronephric nephrons to the ceolom, and are not related to nephrotomes. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nephrotome }
    • - obsolete nephrotome has related synonym nephromere { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Nephrotome }
  • Added
    • + obsolete nephrotome database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotome
    • + obsolete nephrotome definition The nephrotome is a section of the mesoderm. It gives rise to the pronephros and eventually to the rest of the kidney. A nephrotome is an obsolete term used to describe rounded mesodermal portions of the forming pronephros. In old texts the pronephros is described as forming through the fusion of multiple nephrotomes. Modern visualization methods such as scanning electron microscopy, in situ hybridization and confocal microscopy, combined with the simple approach of peeling off the epidermis to see the forming kidney, have shown that this is not the case. Nephric mesenchyme separates from the intermediate mesoderm as a single elongated primordia. As this primordia begins to undergo epithelialization the anterior portions of the pronephros form rounded protrusions, which then later become the dorsal branches of the pronephros that link to nephrostomes (distinct from nephrotomes). These rounded bumps are probably the structures observed in histological sections that are referred to as nephrotomes. Nephrostomes are thin ciliated funnels that link pronephric nephrons to the ceolom, and are not related to nephrotomes. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotome }
    • + obsolete nephrotome has related synonym nephromere { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotome }

Changes for: swim bladder tunica externa

Changes for: swim bladder tunica interna

  • Deleted
    • - swim bladder tunica interna definition Multi-tissue structure that is the internal layer of the swim bladder and is comprised of thin endoderm and a smooth muscle layer called the muscularis mucosa with longitudinal and circular fibres with some collagen. { database cross reference=http:www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/T.htm }
  • Added
    • + swim bladder tunica interna definition Multi-tissue structure that is the internal layer of the swim bladder and is comprised of thin endoderm and a smooth muscle layer called the muscularis mucosa with longitudinal and circular fibres with some collagen. { database cross reference=http:www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/T.htm }

Changes for: tunica adventitia of blood vessel

Changes for: major alar cartilage

  • Deleted
    • - major alar cartilage database cross reference SCTID:361928006
    • - major alar cartilage database cross reference Wikipedia:Greater_alar_cartilage
    • - major alar cartilage database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gray852.png
    • - major alar cartilage definition The greater alar cartilage (lower lateral cartilage) is a thin, flexible plate, situated immediately below the preceding, and bent upon itself in such a manner as to form the medial wall and lateral wall of the naris of its own side. The portion which forms the medial wall (crus mediale) is loosely connected with the corresponding portion of the opposite cartilage, the two forming, together with the thickened integument and subjacent tissue, the septum mobile nasi. The part which forms the lateral wall (crus laterale) is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small cartilaginous plates, the lesser alar cartilages (cartilagines alares minores; sesamoid cartilages). Above, it is connected by fibrous tissue to the lateral cartilage and front part of the cartilage of the septum; below, it falls short of the margin of the naris, the ala being completed by fatty and fibrous tissue covered by skin. In front, the greater alar cartilages are separated by a notch which corresponds with the apex of the nose. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Greater_alar_cartilage }
    • - major alar cartilage has related synonym cartilago alaris major { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Greater_alar_cartilage , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + major alar cartilage database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_alar_cartilage
    • + major alar cartilage database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361928006
    • + major alar cartilage definition The greater alar cartilage (lower lateral cartilage) is a thin, flexible plate, situated immediately below the preceding, and bent upon itself in such a manner as to form the medial wall and lateral wall of the naris of its own side. The portion which forms the medial wall (crus mediale) is loosely connected with the corresponding portion of the opposite cartilage, the two forming, together with the thickened integument and subjacent tissue, the septum mobile nasi. The part which forms the lateral wall (crus laterale) is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small cartilaginous plates, the lesser alar cartilages (cartilagines alares minores; sesamoid cartilages). Above, it is connected by fibrous tissue to the lateral cartilage and front part of the cartilage of the septum; below, it falls short of the margin of the naris, the ala being completed by fatty and fibrous tissue covered by skin. In front, the greater alar cartilages are separated by a notch which corresponds with the apex of the nose. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_alar_cartilage }
    • + major alar cartilage depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gray852.png
    • + major alar cartilage has related synonym cartilago alaris major { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_alar_cartilage , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: minor alar cartilage

Changes for: post-anal tail

Changes for: craniocervical region

Changes for: unilaminar epithelium

Changes for: sclerotic ring

  • Deleted
    • - sclerotic ring database cross reference Wikipedia:Sclerotic_ring
    • - sclerotic ring definition Sclerotic rings are rings of bone found in the eyes of several groups of vertebrate animals, except for mammals and crocodilians. They can be made up of single bones or small bones together. They are believed to have a role in supporting the eye, especially in animals whose eyes are not spherical, or which live underwater. Fossil sclerotic rings are known for a variety of extinct animals, including ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, but are often not preserved[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Sclerotic_ring }
    • - sclerotic ring has exact synonym scleral ring { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Sclerotic_ring }
  • Added
    • + sclerotic ring database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotic_ring
    • + sclerotic ring definition Sclerotic rings are rings of bone found in the eyes of several groups of vertebrate animals, except for mammals and crocodilians. They can be made up of single bones or small bones together. They are believed to have a role in supporting the eye, especially in animals whose eyes are not spherical, or which live underwater. Fossil sclerotic rings are known for a variety of extinct animals, including ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, but are often not preserved[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotic_ring }
    • + sclerotic ring has exact synonym scleral ring { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotic_ring }

Changes for: synsacrum

  • Deleted
    • - synsacrum database cross reference SCTID:67943001
    • - synsacrum database cross reference Wikipedia:Synsacrum
    • - synsacrum database cross reference http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdskeleton.gif
    • - synsacrum definition The synsacrum is a skeletal structure, mainly described in birds and dinosaurs, in which the sacrum is extended by incorporation of additional fused or partially-fused caudal or lumbar vertebrae. The ilium of the pelvis is attached to the synsacrum and, in some species, may also be fused to it. Together with the pelvis this forms a rigid structure which carries the weight of the hind end of the animal. In living and some prehistoric birds, posterior to the synsacrum there are usually only a few free caudal vertebrae, on the end of which lies the pygostyle[WP]. Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end[AAO]. { database cross reference=AAO:Pugener_2002 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Synsacrum }
  • Added
    • + synsacrum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synsacrum
    • + synsacrum database cross reference http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdskeleton.gif
    • + synsacrum database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/67943001
    • + synsacrum definition The synsacrum is a skeletal structure, mainly described in birds and dinosaurs, in which the sacrum is extended by incorporation of additional fused or partially-fused caudal or lumbar vertebrae. The ilium of the pelvis is attached to the synsacrum and, in some species, may also be fused to it. Together with the pelvis this forms a rigid structure which carries the weight of the hind end of the animal. In living and some prehistoric birds, posterior to the synsacrum there are usually only a few free caudal vertebrae, on the end of which lies the pygostyle[WP]. Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end[AAO]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synsacrum , database cross reference=AAO:Pugener_2002 }

Changes for: connecting stalk

Changes for: adipose tissue of abdominal region

Changes for: fascia of Camper

Changes for: pygostyle

Changes for: proatlas

  • Deleted
    • - proatlas definition a small, paired bony element (more rarely, having fused parts) located between the skull and the atlas in tuataras, crocodiles, chameleons, and many fossil reptiles; it is uncommon in turtles and mammals (hedgehog). The proatlas apparently develops from the ossified neural part of the sclerotome. Externally it resembles the neural arch of the vertebra, since it articulates anteriorly with the lateral occipital bone and posteriorly with the anterior articular process of the atlas. { database cross reference=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Proatlas }
  • Added
    • + proatlas definition a small, paired bony element (more rarely, having fused parts) located between the skull and the atlas in tuataras, crocodiles, chameleons, and many fossil reptiles; it is uncommon in turtles and mammals (hedgehog). The proatlas apparently develops from the ossified neural part of the sclerotome. Externally it resembles the neural arch of the vertebra, since it articulates anteriorly with the lateral occipital bone and posteriorly with the anterior articular process of the atlas. { database cross reference=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Proatlas }

Changes for: uropygial gland

Changes for: spinal cord white commissure

Changes for: pelvic girdle skeleton

Changes for: pectoral girdle skeleton

Changes for: pelvic girdle bone/zone

Changes for: external nose

Changes for: appendage girdle region

Changes for: vomeronasal cartilage

Changes for: lateral nasal cartilage

Changes for: accessory nasal cartilage

Changes for: major vestibular gland

Changes for: minor vestibular gland

Changes for: anatomical space

Changes for: anatomical system

Changes for: multi-cellular organism

Changes for: prefrontal cortex

Changes for: corpus albicans

Changes for: cerebral subcortex

Changes for: decidua basalis

Changes for: endocervix

Changes for: spinal cord dorsal white commissure

Changes for: uterine wall

Changes for: furcula

Changes for: membrane bone

Changes for: bodily secretion

Changes for: uncinate process of ribs

Changes for: cartilage element

Changes for: dense regular connective tissue

Changes for: multilaminar epithelium

Changes for: simple columnar epithelium

Changes for: atypical epithelium

Changes for: simple squamous epithelium

Changes for: basal lamina of epithelium

Changes for: simple cuboidal epithelium

Changes for: epithelium

Changes for: acellular anatomical structure

Changes for: organism subdivision

Changes for: female reproductive system

Changes for: testis

  • Deleted
    • - testis database cross reference SCTID:181431007
    • - testis database cross reference Wikipedia:Testis
    • - testis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray1144.png/200px-Gray1144.png
    • - testis definition gonad of a male animal, produces and releases sperm. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Testis }
    • - testis homology notes (…) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000252 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007), DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + testis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis
    • + testis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0039597
    • + testis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181431007
    • + testis definition gonad of a male animal, produces and releases sperm. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis }
    • + testis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray1144.png/200px-Gray1144.png
    • + testis homology notes (…) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000252 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007), DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) }

Changes for: cell part

Changes for: perichordal tissue

Changes for: extraembryonic structure

Changes for: tissue

Changes for: rhomboid

Changes for: primary palate

Changes for: semi-lunar valve

  • Deleted
    • - semi-lunar valve homology notes Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001393 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + semi-lunar valve homology notes Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001393 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) }

Changes for: right dorsal aorta

Changes for: tubotympanic recess lumen

Changes for: suprarenal artery

Changes for: ventral mesogastrium

Changes for: ileal artery

Changes for: vascular plexus

  • Deleted
    • - vascular plexus definition a vascular network formed by frequent anastomoses between the blood vessels (arteries or veins) of a part. { database cross reference=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=70052 }
    • - vascular plexus external definition [Circulatory system].](In a vascular plexus, the contents of the vessels mix. A plexus allows blood to flow via multiple routes. If one branch of the plexus is obstructed, the blood may flow via the open branches[Wikipedia:Plexus#Circulatory_system].) { source=Circulatory system }
  • Added
    • + vascular plexus definition a vascular network formed by frequent anastomoses between the blood vessels (arteries or veins) of a part. { database cross reference=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=70052 }
    • + vascular plexus external definition [Circulatory system].](In a vascular plexus, the contents of the vessels mix. A plexus allows blood to flow via multiple routes. If one branch of the plexus is obstructed, the blood may flow via the open branches[Wikipedia:Plexus#Circulatory_system].) { source=Circulatory system }

Changes for: extraembryonic membrane

Changes for: fetal membrane

Changes for: ileocecal valve

Changes for: 2nd arch ectoderm

  • Deleted
    • - 2nd arch ectoderm homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001062 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 2nd arch ectoderm homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001062 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: 3rd arch ectoderm

  • Deleted
    • - 3rd arch ectoderm homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000946 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 3rd arch ectoderm homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000946 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: 4th arch ectoderm

  • Deleted
    • - 4th arch ectoderm homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001095 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 4th arch ectoderm homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001095 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: 2nd arch endoderm

  • Deleted
    • - 2nd arch endoderm homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001108 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 2nd arch endoderm homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001108 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: 3rd arch endoderm

  • Deleted
    • - 3rd arch endoderm homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001081 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 3rd arch endoderm homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001081 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: 4th arch endoderm

  • Deleted
    • - 4th arch endoderm homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001092 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 4th arch endoderm homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001092 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: peritoneal cavity mesothelium

Changes for: right lung upper lobe bronchiole

Changes for: lens vesicle cavity

  • Deleted
    • - lens vesicle cavity homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000531 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + lens vesicle cavity homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000531 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: 2nd arch mesenchyme

  • Deleted
    • - 2nd arch mesenchyme homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001102 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 2nd arch mesenchyme homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001102 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: midgut dorsal mesentery

Changes for: 4th arch mesenchyme

  • Deleted
    • - 4th arch mesenchyme homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001052 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 4th arch mesenchyme homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001052 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: 3rd arch mesenchyme

  • Deleted
    • - 3rd arch mesenchyme homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001083 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + 3rd arch mesenchyme homology notes In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001083 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) }

Changes for: iliac artery

Changes for: hyoid artery

  • Deleted
    • - hyoid artery definition The second arch becomes the hyoid artery, which is prominent in early development and normally persists as the caroticotympanic branch of the ICA[Padget] { database cross reference=http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/21/3/572 }
  • Added
    • + hyoid artery definition The second arch becomes the hyoid artery, which is prominent in early development and normally persists as the caroticotympanic branch of the ICA[Padget] { database cross reference=http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/21/3/572 }

Changes for: hyaloid cavity

Changes for: dorsal mesogastrium

Changes for: crus commune

Changes for: dorsal mesocardium

Changes for: secondary palatal shelf

Changes for: mesenteric artery

Changes for: mesenteric vein

Changes for: inner canthus

Changes for: intercostal artery

Changes for: left dorsal aorta

Changes for: lens anterior epithelium

Changes for: iliac vein

Changes for: head somite

Changes for: mammillotegmental axonal tract

Changes for: distal tarsal bone

Changes for: foramen cecum of tongue

Changes for: accessory bone

Changes for: mammillothalamic axonal tract

Changes for: hindlimb zeugopod skeleton

Changes for: accessory navicular bone

Changes for: os vesalianum manus

Changes for: os vesalianum pedis

Changes for: lateral tubercle of talus

Changes for: deep dorsal vein of clitoris

Changes for: tentorium cerebelli

Changes for: sutural bone

Changes for: vertebral canal

  • Deleted
    • - vertebral canal database cross reference SCTID:361746009
    • - vertebral canal database cross reference Wikipedia:Spinal_canal
    • - vertebral canal database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray82.png
    • - vertebral canal definition The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal human body cavity. This canal is enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae. In the intervertebral spaces, the canal is protected by the ligamentum flavum posteriorly and the posterior longitudinal ligament anteriorly. The outermost layer of the meninges, the dura mater, is closely associated with the arachnoid which in turn is loosely connected to the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater. The meninges divide the spinal canal into the epidural space and the subarachnoid space. The pia mater is closely attached to the spinal cord. A subdural space is generally only present due to trauma and/or pathological situations. The subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains the vessels that supply the spinal cord, namely the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries, accompanied by a corresponding spinal veins. The spinal arteries form anastomoses known as the vasocorona of the spinal cord. The epidural space contains loose fatty tissue, and a network of large, thin-walled blood vessels called the anterior vertebral venous plexus and the posterior vertebral venous plexus The spinal canal was first described by Jean Fernel. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Spinal_canal }
    • - vertebral canal has related synonym c. vertebralis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Spinal_canal , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - vertebral canal has related synonym spinal cavity { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Spinal_canal }
    • - vertebral canal has related synonym vertebral canal { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Spinal_canal }
  • Added
    • + vertebral canal database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_canal
    • + vertebral canal database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0037922
    • + vertebral canal database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1522467
    • + vertebral canal database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361746009
    • + vertebral canal definition The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal human body cavity. This canal is enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae. In the intervertebral spaces, the canal is protected by the ligamentum flavum posteriorly and the posterior longitudinal ligament anteriorly. The outermost layer of the meninges, the dura mater, is closely associated with the arachnoid which in turn is loosely connected to the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater. The meninges divide the spinal canal into the epidural space and the subarachnoid space. The pia mater is closely attached to the spinal cord. A subdural space is generally only present due to trauma and/or pathological situations. The subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains the vessels that supply the spinal cord, namely the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries, accompanied by a corresponding spinal veins. The spinal arteries form anastomoses known as the vasocorona of the spinal cord. The epidural space contains loose fatty tissue, and a network of large, thin-walled blood vessels called the anterior vertebral venous plexus and the posterior vertebral venous plexus The spinal canal was first described by Jean Fernel. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_canal }
    • + vertebral canal depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray82.png
    • + vertebral canal has related synonym c. vertebralis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_canal , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + vertebral canal has related synonym spinal cavity { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_canal }
    • + vertebral canal has related synonym vertebral canal { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_canal }

Changes for: paired fin skeleton

Changes for: girdle skeleton

Changes for: forelimb zeugopod skeleton

Changes for: foramen secundum

Changes for: carina of trachea

Changes for: muscularis mucosa

Changes for: inguinal ring

Changes for: mandibular canal

Changes for: central tendon of diaphragm

  • Deleted
    • - central tendon of diaphragm database cross reference SCTID:244943002
    • - central tendon of diaphragm database cross reference Wikipedia:Central_tendon_of_diaphragm
    • - central tendon of diaphragm definition The central tendon of the diaphragm is a thin but strong aponeurosis situated near the center of the vault formed by the muscle, but somewhat closer to the front than to the back of the thorax, so that the posterior muscular fibers are longer. It is situated immediately below the pericardium(fibrous part), with which it is partially blended. The caval opening(T8) passes through the central tendon. This transmits the inferior vena cava & right phrenic nerve. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Central_tendon_of_diaphragm }
    • - central tendon of diaphragm homology notes In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm’s apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001399 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + central tendon of diaphragm database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tendon_of_diaphragm
    • + central tendon of diaphragm database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0230162
    • + central tendon of diaphragm database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244943002
    • + central tendon of diaphragm definition The central tendon of the diaphragm is a thin but strong aponeurosis situated near the center of the vault formed by the muscle, but somewhat closer to the front than to the back of the thorax, so that the posterior muscular fibers are longer. It is situated immediately below the pericardium(fibrous part), with which it is partially blended. The caval opening(T8) passes through the central tendon. This transmits the inferior vena cava & right phrenic nerve. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tendon_of_diaphragm }
    • + central tendon of diaphragm homology notes In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm’s apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001399 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003 }

Changes for: pelvic complex

Changes for: orbital fat pad

Changes for: appendage girdle complex

Changes for: pectoral complex

Changes for: frenulum of tongue

Changes for: spinal vein

Changes for: sublingual caruncle

Changes for: hypoglossal canal

Changes for: posterior fontanelle

Changes for: sphenoidal fontanelle

Changes for: trachealis

Changes for: supraglenoid tubercle

Changes for: prefrontal bone

Changes for: secondary follicle corona

Changes for: germinal center

Changes for: rib 8

Changes for: equine distal sesamoid

Changes for: subdivision of organism along appendicular axis

  • Deleted
    • - subdivision of organism along appendicular axis definition A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along an axis perpedicular to the main body anterior-posterior axis. In vertebrates, this is typically a fin or limb segment. In insects, this includes segments of appendages such as antennae, as well as segments of the insect leg. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + subdivision of organism along appendicular axis definition A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along an axis perpedicular to the main body anterior-posterior axis. In vertebrates, this is typically a fin or limb segment. In insects, this includes segments of appendages such as antennae, as well as segments of the insect leg. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: bone of appendage girdle complex

Changes for: middle pharyngeal constrictor

Changes for: body of ilium

Changes for: iliac blade

Changes for: meningeal cluster

Changes for: bone of pelvic complex

Changes for: bone of pectoral complex

Changes for: shell

Changes for: aponeurosis

Changes for: venous sinus

Changes for: tunica albuginea

Changes for: exoskeleton

Changes for: left external ear

Changes for: right external ear

Changes for: atrium auricular region

Changes for: corpus cavernosum clitoridis

Changes for: medial umbilical ligament

Changes for: mandibular symphysis

Changes for: corpus cavernosum

Changes for: musculo-phrenic vein

Changes for: epicranial aponeurosis

Changes for: muscle layer

Changes for: alveolar canal

Changes for: carotid canal

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + carotid canal database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_canal
    • + carotid canal definition On the interior surface of the temporal bone, behind the rough surface of the apex, is the large circular aperture of the carotid canal, which ascends at first vertically, and then, making a bend, runs horizontally forward and medialward. It transmits into the cranium, the internal carotid artery, and the carotid plexus of nerves. Sympathetics to the head also pass through the carotid canal. They have several motor functions: raise the eyelid (superior tarsal muscle), dilate pupil, innervate sweat glands of face and scalp and constricts blood vessels in head[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_canal }
    • + carotid canal depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Gray141.png
    • + carotid canal has related synonym canalis caroticus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_canal , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: pituitary fossa

Changes for: great cerebral vein

Changes for: accessory hemiazygos vein

Changes for: greater palatine artery

Changes for: hemiazygos vein

Changes for: appendix testis

Changes for: tunica vaginalis testis

Changes for: glenoid fossa

Changes for: deep dorsal vein of penis

Changes for: cruciate ligament of knee

Changes for: interphalangeal joint

Changes for: glans clitoris

Changes for: muscular layer of vagina

Changes for: septum of scrotum

Changes for: perineal body

Changes for: crus of clitoris

Changes for: tunica albuginea of ovary

  • Deleted
    • - tunica albuginea of ovary database cross reference SCTID:258409003
    • - tunica albuginea of ovary database cross reference Wikipedia:Tunica_albuginea_of_testis_%28ovaries%29%28penis%29%28penis%29
    • - tunica albuginea of ovary definition The tunica albuginea is the fibrous envelope of the corpora cavernosa penis. It is comprised of approximately 5% elastin, an extensible tissue that is primarily made up of the amino acids glycine, valine, alanine, and proline. The majority of the remaining tissue is comprised of collagen, which is made up of lysine, proline, glycine, alanine, and other amino acids . The tunica albuginea is directly involved in maintaining an erection; that is due to Buck’s fascia constricting the deep dorsal vein of the penis, preventing blood from leaving and thus sustaining the erect state. The trabeculC& of the tunica albuginea are more delicate, nearly uniform in size, and the meshes between them smaller than in the corpora cavernosa penis: their long diameters, for the most part, corresponding with that of the penis. The external envelope or outer coat of the corpus spongiosum is formed partly of unstriped muscular fibers, and a layer of the same tissue immediately surrounds the canal of the urethra. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Tunica_albuginea_of_testis_%28ovaries%29%28penis%29%28penis%29 }
  • Added
    • + tunica albuginea of ovary database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica_albuginea_of_testis_%28ovaries%29%28penis%29%28penis%29
    • + tunica albuginea of ovary database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/258409003
    • + tunica albuginea of ovary definition The tunica albuginea is the fibrous envelope of the corpora cavernosa penis. It is comprised of approximately 5% elastin, an extensible tissue that is primarily made up of the amino acids glycine, valine, alanine, and proline. The majority of the remaining tissue is comprised of collagen, which is made up of lysine, proline, glycine, alanine, and other amino acids . The tunica albuginea is directly involved in maintaining an erection; that is due to Buck’s fascia constricting the deep dorsal vein of the penis, preventing blood from leaving and thus sustaining the erect state. The trabeculC& of the tunica albuginea are more delicate, nearly uniform in size, and the meshes between them smaller than in the corpora cavernosa penis: their long diameters, for the most part, corresponding with that of the penis. The external envelope or outer coat of the corpus spongiosum is formed partly of unstriped muscular fibers, and a layer of the same tissue immediately surrounds the canal of the urethra. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica_albuginea_of_testis_%28ovaries%29%28penis%29%28penis%29 }

Changes for: tunica albuginea of testis

Changes for: muscle layer of oviduct

Changes for: appendix epididymis

Changes for: adventitia of seminal vesicle

Changes for: adventitia of ductus deferens

Changes for: suspensory ligament of ovary

Changes for: right atrium auricular region

Changes for: left atrium auricular region

Changes for: coracoid process of scapula

Changes for: musculo-phrenic artery

Changes for: anterior abdominal wall

Changes for: lingual vein

Changes for: coeliac trunk

Changes for: lumbar artery

  • Deleted
    • - lumbar artery database cross reference SCTID:244285007
    • - lumbar artery database cross reference Wikipedia:Lumbar_arteries
    • - lumbar artery database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png
    • - lumbar artery definition The lumbar arteries are in series with the intercostals. They are usually four in number on either side, and arise from the back of the aorta, opposite the bodies of the upper four lumbar vertebrC&. A fifth pair, small in size, is occasionally present: they arise from the middle sacral artery. They run lateralward and backward on the bodies of the lumbar vertebrC&, behind the sympathetic trunk, to the intervals between the adjacent transverse processes, and are then continued into the abdominal wall. The arteries of the right side pass behind the inferior vena cava, and the upper two on each side run behind the corresponding crus of the diaphragm. The arteries of both sides pass beneath the tendinous arches which give origin to the Psoas major, and are then continued behind this muscle and the lumbar plexus. They now cross the Quadratus lumborum, the upper three arteries running behind, the last usually in front of the muscle. At the lateral border of the Quadratus lumborum they pierce the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis and are carried forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus. They anastomose with the lower intercostal, the subcostal, the iliolumbar, the deep iliac circumflex, and the inferior epigastric arteries. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lumbar_arteries }
    • - lumbar artery has related synonym arteria lumbalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lumbar_arteries }
    • - lumbar artery has related synonym arteriae lumbales { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lumbar_arteries , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - lumbar artery has related synonym lumbar artery { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lumbar_arteries }
  • Added
    • + lumbar artery database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_arteries
    • + lumbar artery database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0226408
    • + lumbar artery database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244285007
    • + lumbar artery definition The lumbar arteries are in series with the intercostals. They are usually four in number on either side, and arise from the back of the aorta, opposite the bodies of the upper four lumbar vertebrC&. A fifth pair, small in size, is occasionally present: they arise from the middle sacral artery. They run lateralward and backward on the bodies of the lumbar vertebrC&, behind the sympathetic trunk, to the intervals between the adjacent transverse processes, and are then continued into the abdominal wall. The arteries of the right side pass behind the inferior vena cava, and the upper two on each side run behind the corresponding crus of the diaphragm. The arteries of both sides pass beneath the tendinous arches which give origin to the Psoas major, and are then continued behind this muscle and the lumbar plexus. They now cross the Quadratus lumborum, the upper three arteries running behind, the last usually in front of the muscle. At the lateral border of the Quadratus lumborum they pierce the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis and are carried forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus. They anastomose with the lower intercostal, the subcostal, the iliolumbar, the deep iliac circumflex, and the inferior epigastric arteries. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_arteries }
    • + lumbar artery depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png
    • + lumbar artery has related synonym arteria lumbalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_arteries }
    • + lumbar artery has related synonym arteriae lumbales { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_arteries , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + lumbar artery has related synonym lumbar artery { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_arteries }

Changes for: remnant of urachus

Changes for: crus penis

Changes for: trigeminal neural crest

  • Deleted
    • - trigeminal neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000269 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + trigeminal neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000269 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 }

Changes for: facio-acoustic neural crest

  • Deleted
  • Added

Changes for: telencephalon lateral wall

Changes for: rhombomere floor plate

  • Deleted
    • - rhombomere floor plate homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001019 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + rhombomere floor plate homology notes In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001019 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) }

Changes for: skeleton of manual acropodium

Changes for: right thymus lobe

Changes for: paravertebral ganglia

Changes for: platysma

Changes for: median sacral artery

Changes for: obturator nerve

Changes for: lower back

Changes for: marginal sinus of lymph node

Changes for: left vitelline vein

Changes for: levator scapulae muscle

Changes for: superior mesenteric ganglion

Changes for: sigmoid sinus

Changes for: sulcus limitans of neural tube

Changes for: right umbilical vein

Changes for: right vitelline vein

Changes for: sacral region

Changes for: mesenchyme of tarsal region

Changes for: skeleton of pedal acropodium

Changes for: superior mesenteric plexus

Changes for: anterior interventricular sulcus

Changes for: venous dural sinus

Changes for: vitelline vein

  • Deleted
    • - vitelline vein database cross reference SCTID:2730004
    • - vitelline vein database cross reference SCTID:308832003
    • - vitelline vein database cross reference Wikipedia:Vitelline_veins
    • - vitelline vein database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray475.png
    • - vitelline vein definition One of two veins which drain blood from the yolk sac. They run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vitelline_veins }
    • - vitelline vein has exact synonym vena vitellina { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Vitelline_veins , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - vitelline vein homology notes Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (…) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000401 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + vitelline vein database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_veins
    • + vitelline vein database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0231091
    • + vitelline vein database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/2730004
    • + vitelline vein database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/308832003
    • + vitelline vein definition One of two veins which drain blood from the yolk sac. They run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_veins }
    • + vitelline vein depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray475.png
    • + vitelline vein has exact synonym vena vitellina { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_veins , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + vitelline vein homology notes Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (…) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000401 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 }

Changes for: superior orbital fissure

Changes for: tentorial sinus

Changes for: tricuspid valve leaflet

  • Deleted
    • - tricuspid valve leaflet database cross reference SCTID:276830008
    • - tricuspid valve leaflet homology notes The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000821 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + tricuspid valve leaflet database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/276830008
    • + tricuspid valve leaflet homology notes The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000821 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) }

Changes for: valve of inferior vena cava

  • Deleted
    • - valve of inferior vena cava database cross reference SCTID:277722006
    • - valve of inferior vena cava database cross reference Wikipedia:Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava
    • - valve of inferior vena cava database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray493.png
    • - valve of inferior vena cava definition The valve of the inferior vena cava (eustachian valve) lies at the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium. In fetal life, the Eustachian valve helps direct the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the right atrium into the left cardiac atrium via the foramen ovale (preventing blood flowing into the right ventricle). Before birth, oxygen rich blood returning from the placenta mixes with blood from the hepatic veins in the inferior vena cava. Streaming this blood across the atrial septum via the foramen ovale increases the oxygen content of blood in the left atrium. This in turn increases the oxygen concentration of blood in the left ventricle, the aorta, the coronary circulation and the circulation of the developing brain. Following birth and separation from the placenta, the oxygen content in the inferior vena cava falls. With the onset of breathing, the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. As blood flow to the lungs increases, the amount of blood flow entering the left atrium increases. When the pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium, the foramen ovale begins to close and limits the blood flow between the left and right atrium. While the Eustachian valve persists in adult life, it is essentially vestigial. Eustachian Valve (EV), also called valvulae venae cavae inferioris, was described for the first time by the Italian anatomist: Bartolomeo Eustachi (born between 1500 and 1513, died 1574). { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava }
    • - valve of inferior vena cava has related synonym valve of the inferior vena cava { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava }
    • - valve of inferior vena cava has related synonym valvula venae cavae inferioris { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + valve of inferior vena cava database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava
    • + valve of inferior vena cava database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0225848
    • + valve of inferior vena cava database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/277722006
    • + valve of inferior vena cava definition The valve of the inferior vena cava (eustachian valve) lies at the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium. In fetal life, the Eustachian valve helps direct the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the right atrium into the left cardiac atrium via the foramen ovale (preventing blood flowing into the right ventricle). Before birth, oxygen rich blood returning from the placenta mixes with blood from the hepatic veins in the inferior vena cava. Streaming this blood across the atrial septum via the foramen ovale increases the oxygen content of blood in the left atrium. This in turn increases the oxygen concentration of blood in the left ventricle, the aorta, the coronary circulation and the circulation of the developing brain. Following birth and separation from the placenta, the oxygen content in the inferior vena cava falls. With the onset of breathing, the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. As blood flow to the lungs increases, the amount of blood flow entering the left atrium increases. When the pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium, the foramen ovale begins to close and limits the blood flow between the left and right atrium. While the Eustachian valve persists in adult life, it is essentially vestigial. Eustachian Valve (EV), also called valvulae venae cavae inferioris, was described for the first time by the Italian anatomist: Bartolomeo Eustachi (born between 1500 and 1513, died 1574). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava }
    • + valve of inferior vena cava depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray493.png
    • + valve of inferior vena cava has related synonym valve of the inferior vena cava { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava }
    • + valve of inferior vena cava has related synonym valvula venae cavae inferioris { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: non-neural ectoderm

  • Deleted
    • - non-neural ectoderm homology notes In the early gastrula of vertebrates, factors from the organizer (e.g. noggin, chordin, and follistatin in Xenopus) antagonize the epidermalizing factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thus dividing the epiblast into neuroectoderm. In Drosophila, decapentaplegic, the homologue of BMP4, interacts similarly with the protein short gastrulation, the homologue of chordin. Thus, a comparable molecular mechanism for distinguishing non-neural ectoderm from neural ectoderm was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001372 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + non-neural ectoderm homology notes In the early gastrula of vertebrates, factors from the organizer (e.g. noggin, chordin, and follistatin in Xenopus) antagonize the epidermalizing factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thus dividing the epiblast into neuroectoderm. In Drosophila, decapentaplegic, the homologue of BMP4, interacts similarly with the protein short gastrulation, the homologue of chordin. Thus, a comparable molecular mechanism for distinguishing non-neural ectoderm from neural ectoderm was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001372 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) }

Changes for: primitive heart tube

Changes for: posterior interventricular sulcus

Changes for: hyoid muscle

  • Deleted
    • - hyoid muscle database cross reference SCTID:244823009
    • - hyoid muscle definition One of a group of muscles used in mastication and swallowing. These muscles are attached to the hyoid bone, which is suspended in the neck and forms the base of the tongue and larynx. In humans, the muscles are divided into suprahyoid (superior) or infrahyoid (inferior) groups relative to the bone[WP, generalized]. { database cross reference=http://www.answers.com/topic/hyoid-muscles }
    • - hyoid muscle homology notes Although the zebrafish occupies a rather derived phylogenetic position within actinopterygians and even within teleosts, with respect to the mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles it seems justified to consider it an appropriate representative of these two groups. Among these muscles, the three with clear homologues in tetrapods and the further three identified in sarcopterygian fish are particularly appropriate for comparisons of results between the actinopterygian zebrafish and the sarcopterygians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001494 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 Diogo R, Hinits Y, Hughes SM, Development of mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles in the zebrafish: homologies and evolution of these muscles within bony fishes and tetrapods. BMC Developmental Biology (2008) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + hyoid muscle database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0448345
    • + hyoid muscle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244823009
    • + hyoid muscle definition One of a group of muscles used in mastication and swallowing. These muscles are attached to the hyoid bone, which is suspended in the neck and forms the base of the tongue and larynx. In humans, the muscles are divided into suprahyoid (superior) or infrahyoid (inferior) groups relative to the bone[WP, generalized]. { database cross reference=http://www.answers.com/topic/hyoid-muscles }
    • + hyoid muscle homology notes Although the zebrafish occupies a rather derived phylogenetic position within actinopterygians and even within teleosts, with respect to the mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles it seems justified to consider it an appropriate representative of these two groups. Among these muscles, the three with clear homologues in tetrapods and the further three identified in sarcopterygian fish are particularly appropriate for comparisons of results between the actinopterygian zebrafish and the sarcopterygians.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001494 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 Diogo R, Hinits Y, Hughes SM, Development of mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles in the zebrafish: homologies and evolution of these muscles within bony fishes and tetrapods. BMC Developmental Biology (2008) }

Changes for: intermediate mesenchyme

Changes for: lymphatic part of lymphoid system

Changes for: urinary system structure

Changes for: hypothalamic nucleus

Changes for: superficial palmar arch

Changes for: female urethral meatus

Changes for: left ventricle myocardium

Changes for: right ventricle myocardium

Changes for: trabecula carnea of right ventricle

Changes for: pectinate line

Changes for: trabecula carnea of left ventricle

Changes for: statolith

Changes for: statocyst

Changes for: vestibular organ

Changes for: otolymph

  • Deleted
    • - otolymph definition Transduate located within the osseus labyrinth. Otolymph can be further classified with respect to whether it is within the membranous labyrinth (endolymph) or outside the mebranous labyrinth (perilymph). { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
  • Added
    • + otolymph database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1518679
    • + otolymph definition Transduate located within the osseus labyrinth. Otolymph can be further classified with respect to whether it is within the membranous labyrinth (endolymph) or outside the mebranous labyrinth (perilymph). { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: ligamentum venosum

Changes for: round ligament of liver

Changes for: round ligament of uterus

Changes for: quadrate bone

Changes for: chorda gubernaculum

Changes for: palmar hand interosseous muscle

Changes for: plantar foot interosseous muscle

Changes for: pallidum

  • Deleted
    • - pallidum definition Part of what are called the basal ganglia of the brain which consist of the globus pallidus and the ventral pallidum. { database cross reference=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11614 }
  • Added
    • + pallidum definition Part of what are called the basal ganglia of the brain which consist of the globus pallidus and the ventral pallidum. { database cross reference=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11614 }

Changes for: kidney calyx

Changes for: right lung lobe

Changes for: respiratory system fluid/secretion

Changes for: oculomotor muscle

Changes for: renal convoluted tubule

Changes for: ansa cervicalis

Changes for: cervical region

Changes for: aortic sac

Changes for: anterior spinal artery

Changes for: coronary sinus

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + coronary sinus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_sinus
    • + coronary sinus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0456944
    • + coronary sinus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/244386006
    • + coronary sinus definition The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. It is present in humans and other animals. The coronary sinus opens into the right atrium, between the inferior vena cava and the auriculo-ventricular opening. It returns the blood from the substance of the heart, and is protected by a semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the auricle, the coronary valve. (valve of Thebesius). The sinus, before entering the auricle, is considerably dilated - nearly to the size of the end of the little finger. Its wall is partly muscular, and at its junction with the great coronary vein is somewhat constricted and furnished with a valve consisting of two unequal segments. - Gray 462 { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_sinus }
    • + coronary sinus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray491.png
    • + coronary sinus has related synonym sinus coronarius { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_sinus , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: conus medullaris

Changes for: common hepatic artery

Changes for: cisterna chyli

Changes for: vagal neural crest

  • Deleted
    • - vagal neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001208 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + vagal neural crest homology notes We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001208 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 }

Changes for: dorsal pancreatic duct

Changes for: pectoral appendage apical ectodermal ridge

  • Deleted
    • - pectoral appendage apical ectodermal ridge external definition An ectodermal thickening at the end of the forelimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001064 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apical+ectodermal+ridge }
    • - pectoral appendage apical ectodermal ridge homology notes Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (…) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001064 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pectoral appendage apical ectodermal ridge external definition An ectodermal thickening at the end of the forelimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001064 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apical+ectodermal+ridge }
    • + pectoral appendage apical ectodermal ridge homology notes Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (…) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001064 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x }

Changes for: pelvic appendage bud

  • Deleted
    • - pelvic appendage bud homology notes Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001260 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pelvic appendage bud homology notes Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001260 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 }

Changes for: pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge

  • Deleted
    • - pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge external definition An ectodermal thickening at the end of the hindlimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001066 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apical+ectodermal+ridge }
    • - pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge homology notes Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (…) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001066 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge external definition An ectodermal thickening at the end of the hindlimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001066 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apical+ectodermal+ridge }
    • + pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge homology notes Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (…) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001066 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x }

Changes for: presumptive neural retina

  • Deleted
    • - presumptive neural retina homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000490 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + presumptive neural retina homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000490 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: presumptive retinal pigmented epithelium

  • Deleted
    • - presumptive retinal pigmented epithelium homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000492 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + presumptive retinal pigmented epithelium homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000492 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: lens vesicle

  • Deleted
    • - lens vesicle database cross reference SCTID:361510002
    • - lens vesicle definition Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. { database cross reference=ZFIN:curator , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=994726&aid=3514998&group_id=76834 }
    • - lens vesicle external definition A vesicle formed from the lens pit of the embryo, developing into the crystalline lens. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001163 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lens+vesicle }
    • - lens vesicle homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001163 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + lens vesicle database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361510002
    • + lens vesicle definition Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. { database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=994726&aid=3514998&group_id=76834 , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • + lens vesicle external definition A vesicle formed from the lens pit of the embryo, developing into the crystalline lens. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001163 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lens+vesicle }
    • + lens vesicle homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (…) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001163 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 }

Changes for: segment of manus

Changes for: greater sac cavity

Changes for: left umbilical vein

Changes for: left thymus lobe

Changes for: jugular foramen

Changes for: interventricular groove

Changes for: internal oblique

Changes for: inferior mesenteric ganglion

Changes for: external intercostal muscle

Changes for: ductus arteriosus

Changes for: foramen rotundum

Changes for: greater sac

Changes for: greater omentum

Changes for: filum terminale

  • Deleted
    • - filum terminale database cross reference SCTID:361344005
    • - filum terminale database cross reference Wikipedia:Filum_terminale
    • - filum terminale database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gray662.png
    • - filum terminale definition The filum terminale (‘terminal thread’), is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts: The upper part, or filum terminale internum, is about 15 cm. long and reaches as far as the lower border of the second sacral vertebra. It is continuous above with the pia mater and contained within a tubular sheath of the dura mater. In addition, it is surrounded by the nerves forming the cauda equina, from which it can be easily recognized by its bluish-white color. The lower part, or filum terminale externum, closely adheres to the dura mater. It extends downward from the apex of the tubular sheath and is attached to the back of the first segment of the coccyx in a structure sometimes referred to as the coccygeal ligament. The most inferior of the spinal nerves, the coccygeal nerve leaves the spinal cord at the level of the conus medullaris, superior to the filum terminale. However, adhering to the outer surface of the filum terminale are a few strands of nerve fibers which probably represent rudimentary second and third coccygeal nerves. Furthermore, the central canal of the spinal cord extends 5 to 6 cm. beyond the conus medullaris, downward into the filum terminale. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Filum_terminale }
    • - filum terminale external definition The slender, thread-like continuation of the spinal cord below the origin of the lumbar nerves. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000547 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + filum terminale database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filum_terminale
    • + filum terminale database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361344005
    • + filum terminale definition The filum terminale (‘terminal thread’), is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts: The upper part, or filum terminale internum, is about 15 cm. long and reaches as far as the lower border of the second sacral vertebra. It is continuous above with the pia mater and contained within a tubular sheath of the dura mater. In addition, it is surrounded by the nerves forming the cauda equina, from which it can be easily recognized by its bluish-white color. The lower part, or filum terminale externum, closely adheres to the dura mater. It extends downward from the apex of the tubular sheath and is attached to the back of the first segment of the coccyx in a structure sometimes referred to as the coccygeal ligament. The most inferior of the spinal nerves, the coccygeal nerve leaves the spinal cord at the level of the conus medullaris, superior to the filum terminale. However, adhering to the outer surface of the filum terminale are a few strands of nerve fibers which probably represent rudimentary second and third coccygeal nerves. Furthermore, the central canal of the spinal cord extends 5 to 6 cm. beyond the conus medullaris, downward into the filum terminale. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filum_terminale }
    • + filum terminale depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gray662.png
    • + filum terminale external definition The slender, thread-like continuation of the spinal cord below the origin of the lumbar nerves. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier’s_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:Anatomy(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000547 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }

Changes for: external oblique

Changes for: segment of pes

Changes for: pectoral appendage bud

  • Deleted
    • - pectoral appendage bud homology notes While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of ‘individuated’ pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001754 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + pectoral appendage bud homology notes While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of ‘individuated’ pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes.[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001754 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004) }

Changes for: hindlimb bud

Changes for: forelimb bud

Changes for: spinocerebellar tract

Changes for: zone of polarizing activity

Changes for: optic fissure

  • Deleted
    • - optic fissure database cross reference SCTID:361508004
    • - optic fissure database cross reference Wikipedia:Choroid_fissure
    • - optic fissure database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Gray865.png
    • - optic fissure definition Groove that is in the developing ventral optic cup and through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[ZFA]. a ventral fissure in the developing optic cup through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[Free online medical dictionary]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Choroid_fissure , database cross reference=ZFA:0001284 , database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+fissure , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=3083162&group_id=36855 }
    • - optic fissure homology notes The folded arrangement of the vertebrate retina and RPE [retinal pigment epithelial] provides an evolutionary explanation for the occurrence of the choroid fissure, as proposed more than a century ago. Early in evolution, before the optic cup invaginated, the axons from retinal ganglion cells would simply have run over the surface of the structure. Hence, one can view the optic nerve as having acted rather like a rope in linking the retina to higher centres: the developing eye cup has simply wrapped around this ‘rope’, and the developing axons have thereby not needed to penetrate the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000655 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + optic fissure database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_fissure
    • + optic fissure database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361508004
    • + optic fissure definition Groove that is in the developing ventral optic cup and through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[ZFA]. a ventral fissure in the developing optic cup through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[Free online medical dictionary]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_fissure , database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+fissure , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=3083162&group_id=36855 , database cross reference=ZFA:0001284 }
    • + optic fissure depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Gray865.png
    • + optic fissure homology notes The folded arrangement of the vertebrate retina and RPE [retinal pigment epithelial] provides an evolutionary explanation for the occurrence of the choroid fissure, as proposed more than a century ago. Early in evolution, before the optic cup invaginated, the axons from retinal ganglion cells would simply have run over the surface of the structure. Hence, one can view the optic nerve as having acted rather like a rope in linking the retina to higher centres: the developing eye cup has simply wrapped around this ‘rope’, and the developing axons have thereby not needed to penetrate the retina.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000655 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) }

Changes for: perirenal fat

Changes for: gastrointestinal system

Changes for: circumventricular organ

Changes for: philtrum

Changes for: ventral striatum

  • Deleted
    • - ventral striatum database cross reference Wikipedia:Ventral_striatum
    • - ventral striatum definition The ventral striatum is a portion of the striatum. It consists of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. Some sources also include the ventromedial parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is considered a reward center. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Ventral_striatum }
    • - ventral striatum external definition The term ventral striatum refers to a composite structure of the endbrain that is defined in the striatopallidal system by connectivity and neurochemical staining. It includes the nucleus accumbens, the most ventral portions of the caudate nucleus and the putamen, the rostrolateral portion of the olfactory tubercle, the islands of Calleja and a rostral subcommissural portion of substantia innominata. The boundary between the ventral striatum and dorsal striatum is indistinct in sections stained for Nissl substance ( Heimer-1995 ). { source=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2341 }
  • Added
    • + ventral striatum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_striatum
    • + ventral striatum definition The ventral striatum is a portion of the striatum. It consists of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. Some sources also include the ventromedial parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is considered a reward center. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_striatum }
    • + ventral striatum external definition The term ventral striatum refers to a composite structure of the endbrain that is defined in the striatopallidal system by connectivity and neurochemical staining. It includes the nucleus accumbens, the most ventral portions of the caudate nucleus and the putamen, the rostrolateral portion of the olfactory tubercle, the islands of Calleja and a rostral subcommissural portion of substantia innominata. The boundary between the ventral striatum and dorsal striatum is indistinct in sections stained for Nissl substance ( Heimer-1995 ). { source=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2341 }

Changes for: frontonasal suture

Changes for: pararenal fat

Changes for: inferior glossopharyngeal IX ganglion

Changes for: inferior vagus X ganglion

Changes for: superior vagus X ganglion

Changes for: superior glossopharyngeal IX ganglion

Changes for: vagus X ganglion

Changes for: olfactory lobe

  • Deleted
    • - olfactory lobe homology notes (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000833 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + olfactory lobe database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0178780
    • + olfactory lobe homology notes (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000833 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008) }

Changes for: spinal cord dorsal column

  • Deleted
    • - spinal cord dorsal column database cross reference Wikipedia:Posterior_column
    • - spinal cord dorsal column definition area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus. It is part of an ascending pathway that is important for well-localized fine touch and conscious proprioception called the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway[WP]. The dorsal portion of the gray substance of the spinal cord, in transverse section seen as a horn[TFD]. The dorsal column is a part of the spinal cord which is responsible for transporting sensory input from the body to the cerebral cortex. This part of the spinal cord is key in perceiving fine touch, such as that used to distinguish textures, along with vibration. The dorsal column also contributes to the body’s system of proprioception, used to orient the body in space and to coordinate muscle movements, given information about the body’s position. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Posterior_column }
    • - spinal cord dorsal column external definition The dorsolateral ridge of gray matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001623 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/posterior+column+of+spinal+cord }
    • - spinal cord dorsal column has exact synonym posterior column { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Posterior_column }
  • Added
    • + spinal cord dorsal column database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_column
    • + spinal cord dorsal column database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0458459
    • + spinal cord dorsal column definition area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus. It is part of an ascending pathway that is important for well-localized fine touch and conscious proprioception called the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway[WP]. The dorsal portion of the gray substance of the spinal cord, in transverse section seen as a horn[TFD]. The dorsal column is a part of the spinal cord which is responsible for transporting sensory input from the body to the cerebral cortex. This part of the spinal cord is key in perceiving fine touch, such as that used to distinguish textures, along with vibration. The dorsal column also contributes to the body’s system of proprioception, used to orient the body in space and to coordinate muscle movements, given information about the body’s position. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_column }
    • + spinal cord dorsal column external definition The dorsolateral ridge of gray matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001623 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/posterior+column+of+spinal+cord }
    • + spinal cord dorsal column has exact synonym posterior column { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_column }

Changes for: spinal cord ventral column

Changes for: malleus head

Changes for: paramedian lobule

  • Deleted
    • - paramedian lobule definition the anterior portion of the posteroinferior lobule of the cerebellum, the posterior portion being the semilunar lobule inferior; the two are continuous with the tuber of the vermis. { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paramedian+lobule }
  • Added
    • + paramedian lobule definition the anterior portion of the posteroinferior lobule of the cerebellum, the posterior portion being the semilunar lobule inferior; the two are continuous with the tuber of the vermis. { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paramedian+lobule }

Changes for: ansiform lobule

  • Deleted
    • - ansiform lobule definition A lobule comprising the greater part of the hemisphere of the cerebellum; its superior and inferior surfaces are separated by the horizontal fissure into major parts known as crus I (superior semilunar lobule) and crus II (inferior semilunar lobule). { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ansiform+lobule }
  • Added
    • + ansiform lobule definition A lobule comprising the greater part of the hemisphere of the cerebellum; its superior and inferior surfaces are separated by the horizontal fissure into major parts known as crus I (superior semilunar lobule) and crus II (inferior semilunar lobule). { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ansiform+lobule }

Changes for: cortical plate

Changes for: peritoneal vaginal process

Changes for: paraflocculus

Changes for: spermatic cord

Changes for: spinal cord ependyma

Changes for: malleus neck

Changes for: Rathke’s pouch

Changes for: photoreceptor array

Changes for: olfactory glomerulus

  • Deleted
    • - olfactory glomerulus database cross reference Wikipedia:Glomerulus_(olfaction)
    • - olfactory glomerulus definition One of the small globular masses of dense neuropil in the olfactory bulb, containing the first synapse in the olfactory pathway[BTO]. a spherical structure located in the olfactory bulb of the brain where the synapses form between the olfactory nerve terminals and dendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells. Each glomerulus is surrounded by periglomerular neurons and glial cells which gives it an oval shape.[1][2] All glomeruli are located near the surface of the olfactory bulb. In mammals, glomeruli typically range between 50-120 µm in diameter and number between 1800 and 2400 depending on the species.[1][2] Each glomerulus is composed of two compartments, the olfactory nerve zone and the non-olfactory nerve zone. The olfactory nerve zone is composed of preterminals and terminals of the olfactory nerve and is where the olfactory receptor cells make synapses on their targets.[2] The non-olfactory nerve zone is composed of the dendritic processes of intrinsic neurons and is where dendrodendritic interactions between intrinsic neurons occur.[2] It is the first site for synaptic processing of odor information coming from the nose. It is made up of a globular tangle of axons from the olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium, and dendrites from the mitral cell as well as from juxtaglomerular cells that include tufted cells, periglomerular cells, short axon cells, and astrocytes[WP]. { database cross reference=Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckMedicus , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Glomerulus_(olfaction) }
  • Added
    • + olfactory glomerulus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus_(olfaction)
    • + olfactory glomerulus definition One of the small globular masses of dense neuropil in the olfactory bulb, containing the first synapse in the olfactory pathway[BTO]. a spherical structure located in the olfactory bulb of the brain where the synapses form between the olfactory nerve terminals and dendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells. Each glomerulus is surrounded by periglomerular neurons and glial cells which gives it an oval shape.[1][2] All glomeruli are located near the surface of the olfactory bulb. In mammals, glomeruli typically range between 50-120 µm in diameter and number between 1800 and 2400 depending on the species.[1][2] Each glomerulus is composed of two compartments, the olfactory nerve zone and the non-olfactory nerve zone. The olfactory nerve zone is composed of preterminals and terminals of the olfactory nerve and is where the olfactory receptor cells make synapses on their targets.[2] The non-olfactory nerve zone is composed of the dendritic processes of intrinsic neurons and is where dendrodendritic interactions between intrinsic neurons occur.[2] It is the first site for synaptic processing of odor information coming from the nose. It is made up of a globular tangle of axons from the olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium, and dendrites from the mitral cell as well as from juxtaglomerular cells that include tufted cells, periglomerular cells, short axon cells, and astrocytes[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus_(olfaction) , database cross reference=Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckMedicus }

Changes for: olfactory segment of nasal mucosa

Changes for: nasal cavity respiratory epithelium

Changes for: nasal cavity epithelium

Changes for: dorsal striatum

Changes for: cortical layer V

Changes for: brain arachnoid mater

  • Deleted
    • - brain arachnoid mater database cross reference UMLS:C1707346
    • - brain arachnoid mater external definition The middle membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000230 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arachnoid+mater }
    • - brain arachnoid mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000230 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + brain arachnoid mater database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1707346
    • + brain arachnoid mater external definition The middle membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000230 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arachnoid+mater }
    • + brain arachnoid mater homology notes In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (…) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000230 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 }

Changes for: carotid artery segment

Changes for: cortical layer II

Changes for: cortical layer I

Changes for: cortical layer IV

Changes for: cortical layer III

Changes for: deep part of masseter muscle

Changes for: coronoid process of ulna

  • Deleted
    • - coronoid process of ulna database cross reference SCTID:181951002
    • - coronoid process of ulna database cross reference Wikipedia:Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna
    • - coronoid process of ulna database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gray212.png
    • - coronoid process of ulna definition The coronoid process is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna. Its base is continuous with the body of the bone, and of considerable strength. Its apex is pointed, slightly curved upward, and in flexion of the forearm is received into the coronoid fossa of the humerus. Its upper surface is smooth, concave, and forms the lower part of the semilunar notch. Its antero-inferior surface is concave, and marked by a rough impression for the insertion of the Brachialis muscle. At the junction of this surface with the front of the body is a rough eminence, the tuberosity of the ulna, which gives insertion to a part of the Brachialis; to the lateral border of this tuberosity the oblique cord is attached. Its lateral surface presents a narrow, oblong, articular depression, the radial notch. Its medial surface, by its prominent, free margin, serves for the attachment of part of the ulnar collateral ligament. At the front part of this surface is a small rounded eminence for the origin of one head of the Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle; behind the eminence is a depression for part of the origin of the Flexor digitorum profundus muscle; descending from the eminence is a ridge which gives origin to one head of the Pronator teres muscle. Frequently, the Flexor pollicis longus muscle arises from the lower part of the coronoid process by a rounded bundle of muscular fibers. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna }
    • - coronoid process of ulna has exact synonym coronoid process of the ulna { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna }
    • - coronoid process of ulna has related synonym processus coronoideus ulnae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + coronoid process of ulna database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna
    • + coronoid process of ulna database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181951002
    • + coronoid process of ulna definition The coronoid process is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna. Its base is continuous with the body of the bone, and of considerable strength. Its apex is pointed, slightly curved upward, and in flexion of the forearm is received into the coronoid fossa of the humerus. Its upper surface is smooth, concave, and forms the lower part of the semilunar notch. Its antero-inferior surface is concave, and marked by a rough impression for the insertion of the Brachialis muscle. At the junction of this surface with the front of the body is a rough eminence, the tuberosity of the ulna, which gives insertion to a part of the Brachialis; to the lateral border of this tuberosity the oblique cord is attached. Its lateral surface presents a narrow, oblong, articular depression, the radial notch. Its medial surface, by its prominent, free margin, serves for the attachment of part of the ulnar collateral ligament. At the front part of this surface is a small rounded eminence for the origin of one head of the Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle; behind the eminence is a depression for part of the origin of the Flexor digitorum profundus muscle; descending from the eminence is a ridge which gives origin to one head of the Pronator teres muscle. Frequently, the Flexor pollicis longus muscle arises from the lower part of the coronoid process by a rounded bundle of muscular fibers. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna }
    • + coronoid process of ulna depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gray212.png
    • + coronoid process of ulna has exact synonym coronoid process of the ulna { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna }
    • + coronoid process of ulna has related synonym processus coronoideus ulnae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: articular cartilage of joint

Changes for: transversospinales muscle

Changes for: styloauricular muscle

Changes for: interscutular muscle

Changes for: frontalis

  • Deleted
    • - frontalis database cross reference SCTID:368680005
    • - frontalis database cross reference Wikipedia:Frontalis_muscle
    • - frontalis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Musculus_frontalis.png
    • - frontalis definition The frontalis muscle is thin, of a quadrilateral form, and intimately adherent to the superficial fascia. It is broader than the Occipitalis and its fibers are longer and paler in color. It is located on the front of the head. It has no bony attachments. Its medial fibers are continuous with those of the Procerus; its immediate fibers blend with the Corrugator and Orbicularis oculi, thus attached to the skin of the eyebrows; and its lateral fibers are also blended with the latter muscle over the zygomatic process of the frontal bone. In the eyebrows, its primary function is to lift them (thus opposing the orbital portion of the orbicularis), especially when looking up. It also acts when a view is too distant or dim. From these attachments the fibers are directed upward, and join the galea aponeurotica below the coronal suture. The medial margins of the Frontales are joined together for some distance above the root of the nose; but between the Occipitales there is a considerable, though variable, interval, occupied by the galea aponeurotica. It could be part of occipitofrontalis muscle. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Frontalis_muscle }
    • - frontalis has exact synonym orbito-temporo-auricularis { database cross reference=PMID:18657257 }
    • - frontalis has related synonym frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Frontalis_muscle }
    • - frontalis has related synonym venter frontalis musculi occipitofrontalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Frontalis_muscle , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + frontalis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontalis_muscle
    • + frontalis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/368680005
    • + frontalis definition The frontalis muscle is thin, of a quadrilateral form, and intimately adherent to the superficial fascia. It is broader than the Occipitalis and its fibers are longer and paler in color. It is located on the front of the head. It has no bony attachments. Its medial fibers are continuous with those of the Procerus; its immediate fibers blend with the Corrugator and Orbicularis oculi, thus attached to the skin of the eyebrows; and its lateral fibers are also blended with the latter muscle over the zygomatic process of the frontal bone. In the eyebrows, its primary function is to lift them (thus opposing the orbital portion of the orbicularis), especially when looking up. It also acts when a view is too distant or dim. From these attachments the fibers are directed upward, and join the galea aponeurotica below the coronal suture. The medial margins of the Frontales are joined together for some distance above the root of the nose; but between the Occipitales there is a considerable, though variable, interval, occupied by the galea aponeurotica. It could be part of occipitofrontalis muscle. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontalis_muscle }
    • + frontalis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Musculus_frontalis.png
    • + frontalis has exact synonym orbito-temporo-auricularis { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657257 }
    • + frontalis has related synonym frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontalis_muscle }
    • + frontalis has related synonym venter frontalis musculi occipitofrontalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontalis_muscle , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: nasalis muscle

Changes for: ceratohyoideus muscle

  • Deleted
    • - ceratohyoideus muscle definition The ceratohyoideus is a muscle of Pharyngeal Arch III that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the glossopharyngeal n. , and attaches to the ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus and also to a non-ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus.[FEED] { database cross reference=http://www.feedexp.org }
  • Added
    • + ceratohyoideus muscle definition The ceratohyoideus is a muscle of Pharyngeal Arch III that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the glossopharyngeal n. , and attaches to the ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus and also to a non-ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus.[FEED] { database cross reference=http://www.feedexp.org }

Changes for: arytenoid muscle

Changes for: craniocervical muscle

Changes for: jugulohyoideus muscle

Changes for: occipitofrontalis muscle

Changes for: anterior belly of digastric

Changes for: posterior belly of digastric

Changes for: belly of digastric

Changes for: sternooccipital muscle

Changes for: occipitalis

Changes for: crico-arytenoid muscle

Changes for: orbicularis oris muscle

Changes for: panniculus carnosus

Changes for: thyropharyngeus muscle

Changes for: salpingopharyngeus muscle

Changes for: vertebral element

Changes for: subdivision of skeleton

Changes for: opisthotic

Changes for: lateral thyrohyoid ligament

Changes for: median thyrohyoid ligament

Changes for: cricopharyngeus muscle

Changes for: thyroepiglotticus muscle

Changes for: thyrohyoid ligament

Changes for: paraglossale

Changes for: parafibula

Changes for: footplate

Changes for: endostyle

  • Deleted
    • - endostyle database cross reference Wikipedia:Endostyle
    • - endostyle definition An endostyle is a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles. It is found in urochordates and cephalochordates, and in the larvae of lampreys. It aids in transporting food to the esophagus. It is also called the hypopharyngeal groove. The endostyle in larval lampreys (ammocetes) metamorphoses into the thyroid gland in adults, and is regarded as being homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrates. However, Dumont, et al. question whether the endostyle in ammocetes is homologous with that of the urochordates and cephalochordates. Since the endostyle is found in the three branches of chordates, it is presumed to have arisen in the common ancestor of these taxa, along with a shift to internal feeding for extracting suspended food from the water. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Endostyle }
  • Added
    • + endostyle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endostyle
    • + endostyle definition An endostyle is a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles. It is found in urochordates and cephalochordates, and in the larvae of lampreys. It aids in transporting food to the esophagus. It is also called the hypopharyngeal groove. The endostyle in larval lampreys (ammocetes) metamorphoses into the thyroid gland in adults, and is regarded as being homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrates. However, Dumont, et al. question whether the endostyle in ammocetes is homologous with that of the urochordates and cephalochordates. Since the endostyle is found in the three branches of chordates, it is presumed to have arisen in the common ancestor of these taxa, along with a shift to internal feeding for extracting suspended food from the water. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endostyle }

Changes for: handplate

Changes for: decidua parietalis

Changes for: electric organ

Changes for: anal part of perineum

Changes for: diaphysis proper

  • Deleted
    • - diaphysis proper definition Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between two metaphyses. Note that the diaphysis includes the metaphyses, but the diaphysis proper excludes these. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
  • Added
    • + diaphysis proper definition Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between two metaphyses. Note that the diaphysis includes the metaphyses, but the diaphysis proper excludes these. { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }

Changes for: diaphysis of femur

Changes for: swim bladder

  • Deleted
    • - swim bladder database cross reference SCTID:64748009
    • - swim bladder definition A thin membranous, sometimes alveolated sac in the dorsal portion of the abdominal cavity. Contains a varying mixture of gases, not identical to the composition of air. May be one, two or three chambered. May be connected to the gut by a tube, the ductus pneumaticus (then called physostomous) or unconnected (then called physoclistous). May function as one or more of:- hydrostatic organ, sound producing organ, sound receptor, respiratory organ. Found in Actinopterygii. Often lacking in bottom fishes. { database cross reference=http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/S.htm }
    • - swim bladder has exact synonym gas bladder { database cross reference=ZFA:0000076 , database cross reference=http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/S.htm }
    • - swim bladder homology notes Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (…) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000310 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + swim bladder database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/64748009
    • + swim bladder definition A thin membranous, sometimes alveolated sac in the dorsal portion of the abdominal cavity. Contains a varying mixture of gases, not identical to the composition of air. May be one, two or three chambered. May be connected to the gut by a tube, the ductus pneumaticus (then called physostomous) or unconnected (then called physoclistous). May function as one or more of:- hydrostatic organ, sound producing organ, sound receptor, respiratory organ. Found in Actinopterygii. Often lacking in bottom fishes. { database cross reference=http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/S.htm }
    • + swim bladder has exact synonym gas bladder { database cross reference=http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/S.htm , database cross reference=ZFA:0000076 }
    • + swim bladder homology notes Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (…) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000310 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011) }

Changes for: nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus of medulla

Changes for: adrenal/interrenal gland

  • Deleted
    • - adrenal/interrenal gland homology notes All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (…) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001141 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + adrenal/interrenal gland homology notes All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (…) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001141 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9 }

Changes for: distal straight tubule postmacula segment

Changes for: ureter muscle layer

Changes for: interrenal gland

Changes for: scapula

Changes for: central vein of liver

Changes for: lymphatic capillary

Changes for: nucleus of lateral lemniscus

Changes for: surface groove

Changes for: root of cranial nerve

Changes for: cusp of tooth

Changes for: tegmen tympani

Changes for: posterior ramus of spinal nerve

  • Deleted
    • - posterior ramus of spinal nerve database cross reference Wikipedia:Posterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve
    • - posterior ramus of spinal nerve database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gray819.png
    • - posterior ramus of spinal nerve definition The posterior (or dorsal) branches (or divisions) of the spinal nerves are as a rule smaller than the anterior divisions. They are also referred to as the dorsal rami. They are directed backward, and, with the exceptions of those of the first cervical, the fourth and fifth sacral, and the coccygeal, divide into medial and lateral branches for the supply of the muscles and skin of the posterior part of the trunk. Shortly after a spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen, it branches into the dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, and rami communicantes. Each of these latter three structures carries both sensory and motor information. Because each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information, spinal nerves are referred to as bmixed nerves. b Dorsal rami carry visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back. Dorsal rami remain distinct from each other, and each innervates a narrow strip of skin and muscle along the back, more or less at the level from which the ramus leaves the spinal nerve. The smaller, posteriorly-directed major terminal branch (with the ventral primary ramus) of all 31 pairs of mixed spinal nerves, formed at the intervertebral foramen and turning abruptly posteriorly to divide into lateral and medial branches, both of which will supply the deep (true) muscles of the back. The medial branch (rami medialis) of the dorsal primary ramus also supplies articular branches to the zygopophyseal joints and the periosteum of the vertebral arch. In the neck and upper back, the medial branch continues through the deep and superficial back muscles to supply overlying skin; in the lower back, the lateral branch does this. Nomina Anatomica lists dorsal primary rami as ‘rami dorsales’ for each group of spinal nerves: 1) cervical (nervorum cervicalium), 2) thoracic (nervorum thoracicorum), 3) lumbar (nervorum lumbalium), 4) sacral (nervorum sacralium), and 5) coccygeal (nervi coccygei). Synonyms: ramus dorsalis nervorum spinalium, ramus dorsalis, rami posteriores nervorum spinalium, dorsal branch, posterior primary division. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Posterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve }
    • - posterior ramus of spinal nerve has related synonym ramus posterior nervi spinalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Posterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + posterior ramus of spinal nerve database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve
    • + posterior ramus of spinal nerve definition The posterior (or dorsal) branches (or divisions) of the spinal nerves are as a rule smaller than the anterior divisions. They are also referred to as the dorsal rami. They are directed backward, and, with the exceptions of those of the first cervical, the fourth and fifth sacral, and the coccygeal, divide into medial and lateral branches for the supply of the muscles and skin of the posterior part of the trunk. Shortly after a spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen, it branches into the dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, and rami communicantes. Each of these latter three structures carries both sensory and motor information. Because each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information, spinal nerves are referred to as bmixed nerves. b Dorsal rami carry visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back. Dorsal rami remain distinct from each other, and each innervates a narrow strip of skin and muscle along the back, more or less at the level from which the ramus leaves the spinal nerve. The smaller, posteriorly-directed major terminal branch (with the ventral primary ramus) of all 31 pairs of mixed spinal nerves, formed at the intervertebral foramen and turning abruptly posteriorly to divide into lateral and medial branches, both of which will supply the deep (true) muscles of the back. The medial branch (rami medialis) of the dorsal primary ramus also supplies articular branches to the zygopophyseal joints and the periosteum of the vertebral arch. In the neck and upper back, the medial branch continues through the deep and superficial back muscles to supply overlying skin; in the lower back, the lateral branch does this. Nomina Anatomica lists dorsal primary rami as ‘rami dorsales’ for each group of spinal nerves: 1) cervical (nervorum cervicalium), 2) thoracic (nervorum thoracicorum), 3) lumbar (nervorum lumbalium), 4) sacral (nervorum sacralium), and 5) coccygeal (nervi coccygei). Synonyms: ramus dorsalis nervorum spinalium, ramus dorsalis, rami posteriores nervorum spinalium, dorsal branch, posterior primary division. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve }
    • + posterior ramus of spinal nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gray819.png
    • + posterior ramus of spinal nerve has related synonym ramus posterior nervi spinalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: anterior ramus of spinal nerve

  • Deleted
    • - anterior ramus of spinal nerve database cross reference Wikipedia:Anterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve
    • - anterior ramus of spinal nerve database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg
    • - anterior ramus of spinal nerve definition The ventral ramus (anterior ramus, anterior branch, anterior divisions of the spinal nerves) supply the antero-lateral parts of the trunk, and the limbs; they are for the most part larger than the posterior divisions. In the thoracic region they remain distinct from each other and each innervates a narrow strip of muscle and skin along the sides, chest, ribs, and abdominal wall. These rami are called the intercostal nerves. In regions other than the thoracic, ventral rami converge with each other to form networks of nerves called nerve plexuses. Within each plexus, fibers from the various ventral rami branch and become redistributed so that each nerve exiting the plexus has fibers from several different spinal nerves. One advantage to having plexuses is that damage to a single spinal nerve will not completely paralyze a limb. There are four main plexuses formed by the ventral rami: The cervical plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C1-C5. Branches of the cervical plexus, which include the phrenic nerve, innervate muscles of the neck, the diaphragm, and the skin of the neck and upper chest. The brachial plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C5-T1. This plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limb. The lumbar plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L1-L4. The sacral plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L4-S4. The lumbar and sacral plexuses innervate the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The Ventral rami, including the sinuvertebral nerve branches, supply structures anterior to the facet joint, including the vertebral bodies, the discs and their ligaments and joints other spinal nerves to form the lumbo-sacral plexus. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Anterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve }
    • - anterior ramus of spinal nerve has related synonym ramus anterior nervi spinalis { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Anterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + anterior ramus of spinal nerve database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve
    • + anterior ramus of spinal nerve definition The ventral ramus (anterior ramus, anterior branch, anterior divisions of the spinal nerves) supply the antero-lateral parts of the trunk, and the limbs; they are for the most part larger than the posterior divisions. In the thoracic region they remain distinct from each other and each innervates a narrow strip of muscle and skin along the sides, chest, ribs, and abdominal wall. These rami are called the intercostal nerves. In regions other than the thoracic, ventral rami converge with each other to form networks of nerves called nerve plexuses. Within each plexus, fibers from the various ventral rami branch and become redistributed so that each nerve exiting the plexus has fibers from several different spinal nerves. One advantage to having plexuses is that damage to a single spinal nerve will not completely paralyze a limb. There are four main plexuses formed by the ventral rami: The cervical plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C1-C5. Branches of the cervical plexus, which include the phrenic nerve, innervate muscles of the neck, the diaphragm, and the skin of the neck and upper chest. The brachial plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C5-T1. This plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limb. The lumbar plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L1-L4. The sacral plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L4-S4. The lumbar and sacral plexuses innervate the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The Ventral rami, including the sinuvertebral nerve branches, supply structures anterior to the facet joint, including the vertebral bodies, the discs and their ligaments and joints other spinal nerves to form the lumbo-sacral plexus. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve }
    • + anterior ramus of spinal nerve depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg
    • + anterior ramus of spinal nerve has related synonym ramus anterior nervi spinalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: lumen of trachea

Changes for: proximal epiphysis of ulna

Changes for: cutaneous muscle

Changes for: body of sternum

Changes for: remnant of left anterior vena cava

Changes for: nasal skeleton

Changes for: mental foramen

Changes for: occipital condyle

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + occipital condyle database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoccipital_condyle
    • + occipital condyle definition The occipital condyles are undersurface facets of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which function in articulation with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra. The condyles are oval or reniform (kidney-shaped) in shape, and their anterior extremities, directed forward and medialward, are closer together than their posterior, and encroach on the basilar portion of the bone; the posterior extremities extend back to the level of the middle of the foramen magnum. The articular surfaces of the condyles are convex from before backward and from side to side, and look downward and lateralward. To their margins are attached the capsules of the atlantoC6ccipital articulations, and on the medial side of each is a rough impression or tubercle for the alar ligament. At the base of either condyle the bone is tunnelled by a short canal, the hypoglossal canal. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoccipital_condyle , database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_condyle }
    • + occipital condyle depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Gray129.png
    • + occipital condyle has related synonym condylus occipitalis { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_condyle , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + occipital condyle has related synonym exoccipital condyle { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoccipital_condyle }

Changes for: olecranon

  • Deleted
    • - olecranon database cross reference SCTID:181949001
    • - olecranon database cross reference Wikipedia:Olecranon
    • - olecranon database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gray212.png
    • - olecranon definition The olecranon is a large, thick, curved bony eminence of the forearm that projects behind the elbow. It is situated at the upper (proximal) end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm. When the hand faces forward the olecranon faces towards the back (posteriorly). It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension of the forearm. Its base is contracted where it joins the body and the narrowest part of the upper end of the ulna. Its posterior surface, directed backward, is triangular, smooth, subcutaneous, and covered by a bursa. Its superior surface is of quadrilateral form, marked behind by a rough impression for the insertion of the Triceps brachii; and in front, near the margin, by a slight transverse groove for the attachment of part of the posterior ligament of the elbow-joint. Its anterior surface is smooth, concave, and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch. Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface; they serve for the attachment of ligaments, viz. , the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially, and the posterior ligament laterally. From the medial border a part of the Flexor carpi ulnaris arises; while to the lateral border the anconeus muscle is attached. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Olecranon }
    • - olecranon has exact synonym olecranon process of ulna { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Olecranon }
    • - olecranon has related synonym olecranon process { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Olecranon }
  • Added
    • + olecranon database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olecranon
    • + olecranon database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0223710
    • + olecranon database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181949001
    • + olecranon definition The olecranon is a large, thick, curved bony eminence of the forearm that projects behind the elbow. It is situated at the upper (proximal) end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm. When the hand faces forward the olecranon faces towards the back (posteriorly). It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension of the forearm. Its base is contracted where it joins the body and the narrowest part of the upper end of the ulna. Its posterior surface, directed backward, is triangular, smooth, subcutaneous, and covered by a bursa. Its superior surface is of quadrilateral form, marked behind by a rough impression for the insertion of the Triceps brachii; and in front, near the margin, by a slight transverse groove for the attachment of part of the posterior ligament of the elbow-joint. Its anterior surface is smooth, concave, and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch. Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface; they serve for the attachment of ligaments, viz. , the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially, and the posterior ligament laterally. From the medial border a part of the Flexor carpi ulnaris arises; while to the lateral border the anconeus muscle is attached. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olecranon }
    • + olecranon depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gray212.png
    • + olecranon has exact synonym olecranon process of ulna { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olecranon }
    • + olecranon has related synonym olecranon process { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olecranon }

Changes for: areolar connective tissue

Changes for: anatomical line

Changes for: acetabular rim

Changes for: proximal head of humerus

Changes for: obturator foramen

Changes for: reticular tissue

Changes for: sternal end of clavicle

Changes for: entepicondyle of humerus

Changes for: ectepicondyle of humerus

Changes for: outflow tract of ventricle

Changes for: capillary layer of choroid

Changes for: chorioallantoic membrane

  • Deleted
    • - chorioallantoic membrane database cross reference Wikipedia:Chorioallantoic_membrane
    • - chorioallantoic membrane database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Smallpox_CAM.png
    • - chorioallantoic membrane database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Smallpox_CAM.png/200px-Smallpox_CAM.png
    • - chorioallantoic membrane definition The chorioallantoic membrane is a vascular membrane found in eggs of some amniotes, such as birds and reptiles. It is formed by the fusion of the mesodermal layers of two developmental structures: the allantois and the chorion. Three different layers compose the chorioallantoic membrane; these are called the chorionic epithelium, the mesenchyme and the allantoic epithelium. Blood capillaries and sinuses are found between epithelial cells of the chorionic layer, allowing close contact (within 0.2 N<m) with air found in pores of the shell membrane of the egg. As a result, the chorioallantoic membrane allows exchange of gases, such as oxygen, to developing embryos. During embryonic development of birds, the chorioallantoic membrane also plays an essential role in bone formation by transporting calcium into the embryo from the eggshell. Chorioalloantoic membranes from developing chicken eggs are routinely used in biological and biomedical research to investigate development, angiogenesis, tumors, and to propagate and investigate viruses or helminths. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Chorioallantoic_membrane }
  • Added
    • + chorioallantoic membrane database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorioallantoic_membrane
    • + chorioallantoic membrane database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0178551
    • + chorioallantoic membrane definition The chorioallantoic membrane is a vascular membrane found in eggs of some amniotes, such as birds and reptiles. It is formed by the fusion of the mesodermal layers of two developmental structures: the allantois and the chorion. Three different layers compose the chorioallantoic membrane; these are called the chorionic epithelium, the mesenchyme and the allantoic epithelium. Blood capillaries and sinuses are found between epithelial cells of the chorionic layer, allowing close contact (within 0.2 N<m) with air found in pores of the shell membrane of the egg. As a result, the chorioallantoic membrane allows exchange of gases, such as oxygen, to developing embryos. During embryonic development of birds, the chorioallantoic membrane also plays an essential role in bone formation by transporting calcium into the embryo from the eggshell. Chorioalloantoic membranes from developing chicken eggs are routinely used in biological and biomedical research to investigate development, angiogenesis, tumors, and to propagate and investigate viruses or helminths. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorioallantoic_membrane }
    • + chorioallantoic membrane depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Smallpox_CAM.png
    • + chorioallantoic membrane depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Smallpox_CAM.png/200px-Smallpox_CAM.png

Changes for: mammary bud

  • Deleted
    • - mammary bud definition Mammary gland buds form by an outpocketing of the mammary placodes and grow to invade the mammary fat, when they form the mammary cord[GO]. produced along the length of the embryonic mammary ridge these buds represent the future locations of the mammary glands. Invagination of ectoderm at each bud leads to the development of epithelial diverticula, later maturing as lactiferous ducts[TFD]. { database cross reference=GO:0060648 , database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mammary+bud }
  • Added
    • + mammary bud definition Mammary gland buds form by an outpocketing of the mammary placodes and grow to invade the mammary fat, when they form the mammary cord[GO]. produced along the length of the embryonic mammary ridge these buds represent the future locations of the mammary glands. Invagination of ectoderm at each bud leads to the development of epithelial diverticula, later maturing as lactiferous ducts[TFD]. { database cross reference=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mammary+bud , database cross reference=GO:0060648 }

Changes for: mesonephric renal vesicle

Changes for: mesonephric glomerulus

Changes for: mesonephric nephron

Changes for: mesonephric nephron tubule

Changes for: female preputial gland

  • Deleted
    • - female preputial gland definition The paired, lobulated, modified sebaceous glands located on the side of the clitoris in female rodents; in contrast to the preputial glands in male rodents, clitoral glands are a minor source of olfactory stimuli contributing to sexual attractivity; unlike other sebaceous glands, they undergo progressive atrophy of the glandular portion with marked ductal ectasia as rodents age; there is no true anatomical equivalent in humans[MP]. { database cross reference=MP:0011834 , database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3588536&group_id=76834&atid=1109502 }
  • Added
    • + female preputial gland database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C2699356
    • + female preputial gland definition The paired, lobulated, modified sebaceous glands located on the side of the clitoris in female rodents; in contrast to the preputial glands in male rodents, clitoral glands are a minor source of olfactory stimuli contributing to sexual attractivity; unlike other sebaceous glands, they undergo progressive atrophy of the glandular portion with marked ductal ectasia as rodents age; there is no true anatomical equivalent in humans[MP]. { database cross reference=https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3588536&group_id=76834&atid=1109502 , database cross reference=MP:0011834 }

Changes for: male preputial gland

Changes for: submucous nerve plexus

  • Deleted
    • - submucous nerve plexus database cross reference SCTID:322349001
    • - submucous nerve plexus database cross reference Wikipedia:Meissner’s_plexus
    • - submucous nerve plexus definition The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. From this source they run to the myenteric plexus of nerves and ganglia situated between the circular muscular fibers and the mucosal cells. From this a secondary plexus, the plexus of the submucosa (Meissner’s plexus, Submucous plexus, submucosal plexus) is derived, and it is formed by branches that have perforated the circular muscular fibers. This plexus lies in the submucous coat of the intestine; it also contains ganglia from which nerve fibers pass to the muscularis mucosae and to the mucous membrane. The nerve bundles of the submucous plexus are finer than those of the myenteric plexus. Its function is to innervate cells in the epithelial layer and the smooth muscle of the[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Meissner’s_plexus }
    • - submucous nerve plexus has exact synonym submucosal nerve plexus { database cross reference=FMA:21542 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Meissner’s_plexus }
  • Added
    • + submucous nerve plexus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner’s_plexus
    • + submucous nerve plexus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0038564
    • + submucous nerve plexus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/322349001
    • + submucous nerve plexus definition The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. From this source they run to the myenteric plexus of nerves and ganglia situated between the circular muscular fibers and the mucosal cells. From this a secondary plexus, the plexus of the submucosa (Meissner’s plexus, Submucous plexus, submucosal plexus) is derived, and it is formed by branches that have perforated the circular muscular fibers. This plexus lies in the submucous coat of the intestine; it also contains ganglia from which nerve fibers pass to the muscularis mucosae and to the mucous membrane. The nerve bundles of the submucous plexus are finer than those of the myenteric plexus. Its function is to innervate cells in the epithelial layer and the smooth muscle of the[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner’s_plexus }
    • + submucous nerve plexus has exact synonym submucosal nerve plexus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner’s_plexus , database cross reference=FMA:21542 }

Changes for: hypogastric nerve

Changes for: blastema

  • Deleted
    • - blastema database cross reference Wikipedia:Blastema
    • - blastema definition A blastema is a mass of cells capable of growth and regeneration into organs or body parts. Historically blastema have been thought to be composed of undifferentiated pluripotent cells, but recent research indicates that in some organisms blastema may retain memory of tissue origin.[1] Blastemata are typically found in the early stages of an organism’s development such as in embryos, and in the regeneration of tissues, organs and bone[WP]. A regenerating tissue composed of a proliferative mass of undifferentiated progenitor cells from which new differentiated structures arise[ZFA]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Blastema , database cross reference=ZFA:0001270 , database cross reference=ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061108-12 }
  • Added
    • + blastema database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastema
    • + blastema definition A blastema is a mass of cells capable of growth and regeneration into organs or body parts. Historically blastema have been thought to be composed of undifferentiated pluripotent cells, but recent research indicates that in some organisms blastema may retain memory of tissue origin.[1] Blastemata are typically found in the early stages of an organism’s development such as in embryos, and in the regeneration of tissues, organs and bone[WP]. A regenerating tissue composed of a proliferative mass of undifferentiated progenitor cells from which new differentiated structures arise[ZFA]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastema , database cross reference=ZFA:0001270 , database cross reference=ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061108-12 }

Changes for: thyroid follicle

Changes for: perimysium

Changes for: basal plate metencephalon

Changes for: osseus labyrinth vestibule

Changes for: gastrocnemius lateralis

Changes for: gastrolith

Changes for: plantaris

  • Deleted
    • - plantaris database cross reference Wikipedia:Plantaris_muscle
    • - plantaris definition Plantaris is a vestigial structure and one of the superficial muscles of the posterior crural compartment of the leg. It is innervated by the tibial nerve (S1, S2) . It is composed of a thin muscle belly and a long thin tendon. It is approximately 2-4 inches long, and is absent in 7 - 10% of the human population. It is one of the plantar flexors in the superior compartment of the leg along with the gastrocnemius, and soleus. The plantaris is considered an unimportant muscle, it mainly acts with gastrocnemius[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Plantaris_muscle }
  • Added
    • + plantaris database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaris_muscle
    • + plantaris definition Plantaris is a vestigial structure and one of the superficial muscles of the posterior crural compartment of the leg. It is innervated by the tibial nerve (S1, S2) . It is composed of a thin muscle belly and a long thin tendon. It is approximately 2-4 inches long, and is absent in 7 - 10% of the human population. It is one of the plantar flexors in the superior compartment of the leg along with the gastrocnemius, and soleus. The plantaris is considered an unimportant muscle, it mainly acts with gastrocnemius[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaris_muscle }

Changes for: gastrocnemius medialis

Changes for: nasal hair

Changes for: pilosebaceous unit

Changes for: lobar bronchus of right lung cranial lobe

Changes for: metanephric renal pelvis

  • Deleted
    • - metanephric renal pelvis homology notes The ureteric bud itself forms the collecting tubules and the ureter that drain the adult kidney. This type of kidney, called the metanephros, occurs in all adult amniotes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000945 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + metanephric renal pelvis homology notes The ureteric bud itself forms the collecting tubules and the ureter that drain the adult kidney. This type of kidney, called the metanephros, occurs in all adult amniotes.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000945 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639 }

Changes for: basal plate medulla oblongata

Changes for: pedal digit mesenchyme

Changes for: manual digit mesenchyme

Changes for: connecting stalk blood islands

Changes for: postganglionic autonomic fiber

Changes for: preganglionic autonomic fiber

  • Deleted
    • - preganglionic autonomic fiber database cross reference Wikipedia:Preganglionic_nerve_fibers
    • - preganglionic autonomic fiber definition Nerve fibers which project from the central nervous system to autonomic ganglia. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in synapses or continue through the splanchnic nerves to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the brain stem and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is acetylcholine but peptide cotransmitters may also be released. { database cross reference=MESH:A08.663.542.122 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Preganglionic_nerve_fibers }
  • Added
    • + preganglionic autonomic fiber database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preganglionic_nerve_fibers
    • + preganglionic autonomic fiber definition Nerve fibers which project from the central nervous system to autonomic ganglia. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in synapses or continue through the splanchnic nerves to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the brain stem and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is acetylcholine but peptide cotransmitters may also be released. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preganglionic_nerve_fibers , database cross reference=MESH:A08.663.542.122 }

Changes for: postganglionic sympathetic fiber

Changes for: preganglionic sympathetic fiber

Changes for: postganglionic parasympathetic fiber

Changes for: outflow tract cardiac jelly

Changes for: ventricle cardiac jelly

Changes for: atrium cardiac jelly

Changes for: glenoid labrum of scapula

Changes for: acetabular labrum

Changes for: middle hepatic vein

Changes for: right hepatic vein

Changes for: left hepatic vein

Changes for: stomach glandular region

Changes for: keratinous tooth

Changes for: median external naris

Changes for: mesethmoid element

Changes for: pectoral complex muscle

Changes for: pelvic complex muscle

Changes for: nail bed

Changes for: peritubular capillary

  • Deleted
    • - peritubular capillary database cross reference Wikipedia:Peritubular_capillaries
    • - peritubular capillary definition In the renal system, peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. Ions and minerals that need to be saved in the body are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries through active transport, secondary active transport, or transcytosis. The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder and out of the body. The majority of exchange through the peritubular capillaries occurs because of chemical gradients, osmosis and Na+ pumps[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Peritubular_capillaries }
  • Added
    • + peritubular capillary database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritubular_capillaries
    • + peritubular capillary definition In the renal system, peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. Ions and minerals that need to be saved in the body are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries through active transport, secondary active transport, or transcytosis. The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder and out of the body. The majority of exchange through the peritubular capillaries occurs because of chemical gradients, osmosis and Na+ pumps[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritubular_capillaries }

Changes for: juxtamedullary cortex

Changes for: synchronous hermaphroditic organism

Changes for: nail bed of finger

Changes for: lateral angle of scapula

Changes for: gastralium

Changes for: nail bed of toe

Changes for: calcaneofibular ligament

Changes for: medial ligament of ankle joint

Changes for: talofibular ligament

Changes for: myelencephalon

  • Deleted
    • - myelencephalon database cross reference Wikipedia:Myelencephalon
    • - myelencephalon database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg
    • - myelencephalon database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png
    • - myelencephalon definition The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. { database cross reference=BTO:0000758 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Myelencephalon }
    • - myelencephalon external definition The posterior of the two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo, it comprises the medulla oblongata. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000456 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myelencephalon }
    • - myelencephalon homology notes The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (…). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000456 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + myelencephalon database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelencephalon
    • + myelencephalon definition The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelencephalon , database cross reference=BTO:0000758 }
    • + myelencephalon depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg
    • + myelencephalon depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png
    • + myelencephalon external definition The posterior of the two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo, it comprises the medulla oblongata. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000456 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myelencephalon }
    • + myelencephalon homology notes The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (…). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000456 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 }

Changes for: tela choroidea

Changes for: ventricular system of brain

  • Deleted
    • - ventricular system of brain homology notes The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (…). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000005 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + ventricular system of brain homology notes The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (…). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000005 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 }

Changes for: ventricular system of central nervous system

Changes for: tela choroidea of fourth ventricle

Changes for: tela choroidea of midbrain cerebral aqueduct

Changes for: epiphysis of distal phalanx of pes

Changes for: epiphysis of middle phalanx of pes

Changes for: tela choroidea of telencephalic ventricle

Changes for: epiphysis of proximal phalanx of pes

Changes for: tela choroidea of third ventricle

Changes for: epiphysis of phalanx of pes

Changes for: epiphysis of distal phalanx of manus

Changes for: epiphysis of middle phalanx of manus

Changes for: epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manus

Changes for: articular capsule of glenohumeral joint

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + articular capsule of glenohumeral joint database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articular_capsule_of_the_humerus
    • + articular capsule of glenohumeral joint database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/361836001
    • + articular capsule of glenohumeral joint definition The articular capsule of the humerus is the articular capsule of the shoulder joint. It completely encircles the joint, being attached, above, to the circumference of the glenoid cavity beyond the glenoidal labrum; below, to the anatomical neck of the humerus, approaching nearer to the articular cartilage above than in the rest of its extent. It is thicker above and below than elsewhere, and is so remarkably loose and lax, that it has no action in keeping the bones in contact, but allows them to be separated from each other more than 2.5 cm. , an evident provision for that extreme freedom of movement which is peculiar to this articulation. It is strengthened, above, by the Supraspinatus; below, by the long head of the Triceps brachii; behind, by the tendons of the Infraspinatus and Teres minor; and in front, by the tendon of the Subscapularis.[WP,unvetted] { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articular_capsule_of_the_humerus }
    • + articular capsule of glenohumeral joint has exact synonym articular capsule of humerus { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articular_capsule_of_the_humerus }

Changes for: articular capsule of hip joint

  • Deleted
    • - articular capsule of hip joint database cross reference SCTID:263382006
    • - articular capsule of hip joint database cross reference Wikipedia:Capsule_of_hip_joint
    • - articular capsule of hip joint definition The articular capsule (capsular ligament) is strong and dense. Above, it is attached to the margin of the acetabulum 5 to 6 mm. beyond the glenoidal labrum behind; but in front, it is attached to the outer margin of the labrum, and, opposite to the notch where the margin of the cavity is deficient, it is connected to the transverse ligament, and by a few fibers to the edge of the obturator foramen. It surrounds the neck of the femur, and is attached, in front, to the intertrochanteric line; above, to the base of the neck; behind, to the neck, about 1.25 cm. above the intertrochanteric crest; below, to the lower part of the neck, close to the lesser trochanter. From its femoral attachment some of the fibers are reflected upward along the neck as longitudinal bands, termed retinacula. The capsule is much thicker at the upper and forepart of the joint, where the greatest amount of resistance is required; behind and below, it is thin and loose. It consists of two sets of fibers, circular and longitudinal. The circular fibers, zona orbicularis, are most abundant at the lower and back part of the capsule, and form a sling or collar around the neck of the femur. Anteriorly they blend with the deep surface of the iliofemoral ligament, and gain an attachment to the anterior inferior iliac spine. The longitudinal fibers are greatest in amount at the upper and front part of the capsule, where they are reinforced by distinct bands, or accessory ligaments, of which the most important is the iliofemoral ligament. The other accessory bands are known as the pubocapsular and the ischiocapsular ligaments. The external surface of the capsule is rough, covered by numerous muscles, and separated in front from the Psoas major and Iliacus by a bursa, which not infrequently communicates by a circular aperture with the cavity of the joint. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Capsule_of_hip_joint }
    • - articular capsule of hip joint has exact synonym capsula articularis coxae { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Capsule_of_hip_joint , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - articular capsule of hip joint has exact synonym capsule of hip joint { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Capsule_of_hip_joint }
  • Added
    • + articular capsule of hip joint database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_of_hip_joint
    • + articular capsule of hip joint database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/263382006
    • + articular capsule of hip joint definition The articular capsule (capsular ligament) is strong and dense. Above, it is attached to the margin of the acetabulum 5 to 6 mm. beyond the glenoidal labrum behind; but in front, it is attached to the outer margin of the labrum, and, opposite to the notch where the margin of the cavity is deficient, it is connected to the transverse ligament, and by a few fibers to the edge of the obturator foramen. It surrounds the neck of the femur, and is attached, in front, to the intertrochanteric line; above, to the base of the neck; behind, to the neck, about 1.25 cm. above the intertrochanteric crest; below, to the lower part of the neck, close to the lesser trochanter. From its femoral attachment some of the fibers are reflected upward along the neck as longitudinal bands, termed retinacula. The capsule is much thicker at the upper and forepart of the joint, where the greatest amount of resistance is required; behind and below, it is thin and loose. It consists of two sets of fibers, circular and longitudinal. The circular fibers, zona orbicularis, are most abundant at the lower and back part of the capsule, and form a sling or collar around the neck of the femur. Anteriorly they blend with the deep surface of the iliofemoral ligament, and gain an attachment to the anterior inferior iliac spine. The longitudinal fibers are greatest in amount at the upper and front part of the capsule, where they are reinforced by distinct bands, or accessory ligaments, of which the most important is the iliofemoral ligament. The other accessory bands are known as the pubocapsular and the ischiocapsular ligaments. The external surface of the capsule is rough, covered by numerous muscles, and separated in front from the Psoas major and Iliacus by a bursa, which not infrequently communicates by a circular aperture with the cavity of the joint. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_of_hip_joint }
    • + articular capsule of hip joint has exact synonym capsula articularis coxae { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_of_hip_joint , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + articular capsule of hip joint has exact synonym capsule of hip joint { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_of_hip_joint }

Changes for: extraembryonic tissue

Changes for: genital ridge

Changes for: cerebellum lobe

Changes for: ovary sex cord

Changes for: sex cord

Changes for: skin of clitoris

Changes for: testis sex cord

Changes for: talocalcaneonavicular joint

Changes for: prepuce of clitoris

Changes for: transverse tarsal joint

Changes for: saddle joint

Changes for: calcaneocuboid joint

Changes for: costotransverse joint

  • Deleted
    • - costotransverse joint database cross reference SCTID:263328007
    • - costotransverse joint database cross reference Wikipedia:Costotransverse_joint
    • - costotransverse joint definition The facet of the tubercle of the rib forms an articulation with the adjacent transverse process of a thoracic vertebra. This is a plane type synovial joint called the costotransverse joint. This articulation is present in all but the eleventh and twelfth ribs. Ribs 1 to 10 have two joints in close proximity posteriorly; the costovertebral joints and the costotranseverse joints. This arrangement restrains the motion of the ribs allowing them to work in a parallel fashion during breathing. If a typical rib had only one joint posteriorly the resultant swivel action would allow a rib to be non-parallel with respect to the neighboring ribs making for a very inefficient respiratory mechanism. The ventral rami innervate the costotransverse joints. Therefore, therapeutic medial branch blocks are ineffectual. The ligaments of the joint are: Articular capsule Posterior costotransverse Anterior costotransverse Ligament of the neck of the rib Ligament of the tubercle of the rib { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Costotransverse_joint }
    • - costotransverse joint has related synonym costotransverse articulation { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Costotransverse_joint }
  • Added
    • + costotransverse joint database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costotransverse_joint
    • + costotransverse joint database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/263328007
    • + costotransverse joint definition The facet of the tubercle of the rib forms an articulation with the adjacent transverse process of a thoracic vertebra. This is a plane type synovial joint called the costotransverse joint. This articulation is present in all but the eleventh and twelfth ribs. Ribs 1 to 10 have two joints in close proximity posteriorly; the costovertebral joints and the costotranseverse joints. This arrangement restrains the motion of the ribs allowing them to work in a parallel fashion during breathing. If a typical rib had only one joint posteriorly the resultant swivel action would allow a rib to be non-parallel with respect to the neighboring ribs making for a very inefficient respiratory mechanism. The ventral rami innervate the costotransverse joints. Therefore, therapeutic medial branch blocks are ineffectual. The ligaments of the joint are: Articular capsule Posterior costotransverse Anterior costotransverse Ligament of the neck of the rib Ligament of the tubercle of the rib { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costotransverse_joint }
    • + costotransverse joint has related synonym costotransverse articulation { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costotransverse_joint }

Changes for: manubriosternal joint

Changes for: mesotarsal joint

Changes for: radio-carpal joint

Changes for: calcar

Changes for: uropropatagium

Changes for: plagiopatagium

Changes for: coelom

Changes for: propatagium

  • Deleted
    • - propatagium definition In bats and pterosaurs, thin web of skin that extends from the shoulder to the wrist anterior to the upper arm and forearm, and is fixed on the neck or skull. { database cross reference=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPo.html }
  • Added
    • + propatagium definition In bats and pterosaurs, thin web of skin that extends from the shoulder to the wrist anterior to the upper arm and forearm, and is fixed on the neck or skull. { database cross reference=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPo.html }

Changes for: patagium

Changes for: skin of front of neck

Changes for: capitulum of humerus

Changes for: infraorbital sinus

Changes for: intratarsal joint

Changes for: tragus

Changes for: ectethmoid

Changes for: gular fold

Changes for: tusk

  • Deleted
    • - tusk database cross reference SCTID:54040005
    • - tusk database cross reference Wikipedia:Tusk
    • - tusk definition A calcareous tooth that is elongated and protrudes from the mouth. { database cross reference=UBERON:cjm }
    • - tusk external definition Elongated, continuously growing front teeth, usually but not always in pairs, that protrude well beyond the mouth of certain mammal species. They are most commonly canines, as with warthogs, pig, and walruses, or, in the case of elephants and narwhals, elongated incisors. In most tusked species both the males and the females have tusks although the males are larger. Tusks are generally curved, though the narwhal’s sole tusk is straight and has a helical structure. In the elephant, the tusks were originally second incisors. Continuous growth is enabled by formative tissues in the apical oproperty_value external_definitionof the roots of the teeth { source=Wikipedia:Tusk }
  • Added
    • + tusk database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusk
    • + tusk database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/54040005
    • + tusk definition A calcareous tooth that is elongated and protrudes from the mouth. { database cross reference=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + tusk external definition Elongated, continuously growing front teeth, usually but not always in pairs, that protrude well beyond the mouth of certain mammal species. They are most commonly canines, as with warthogs, pig, and walruses, or, in the case of elephants and narwhals, elongated incisors. In most tusked species both the males and the females have tusks although the males are larger. Tusks are generally curved, though the narwhal’s sole tusk is straight and has a helical structure. In the elephant, the tusks were originally second incisors. Continuous growth is enabled by formative tissues in the apical oproperty_value external_definitionof the roots of the teeth { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusk }

Changes for: deep white layer of superior colliculus

Changes for: glandular epithelium

Changes for: cephalopod optic lobe

  • Deleted
    • - cephalopod optic lobe definition Large lobes of the brain associated with the eyes. In octopods and some squids the optic lobes may be separated from the rest of the brain by an optic stalk of varying length. In Octopus the optic lobes contain 92 million cells compared with only 42 million in the main central mass of the brain (J. Young, 1963) . { database cross reference=http://tolweb.org/accessory/Cephalopoda_Glossary?acc_id=587 }
  • Added
    • + cephalopod optic lobe definition Large lobes of the brain associated with the eyes. In octopods and some squids the optic lobes may be separated from the rest of the brain by an optic stalk of varying length. In Octopus the optic lobes contain 92 million cells compared with only 42 million in the main central mass of the brain (J. Young, 1963) . { database cross reference=http://tolweb.org/accessory/Cephalopoda_Glossary?acc_id=587 }

Changes for: anterior communicating artery

Changes for: stomach

Changes for: epithelium of conjunctiva

Changes for: cardial valve

Changes for: suspensory ligament of lens

Changes for: aorta

Changes for: epiphyseal line

Changes for: cranial nerve II

  • Deleted
    • - cranial nerve II database cross reference SCTID:180938001
    • - cranial nerve II database cross reference Wikipedia:Optic_nerve
    • - cranial nerve II definition Cranial nerve which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA]. { database cross reference=ISBN:0471209627 , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Optic_nerve , database cross reference=ZFA:0000435 }
    • - cranial nerve II homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup (reference 1); The (optic) stalk persists as the optic nerve (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000543 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429, http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+stalk , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + cranial nerve II database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve
    • + cranial nerve II database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0029130
    • + cranial nerve II database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/180938001
    • + cranial nerve II definition Cranial nerve which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve , database cross reference=ISBN:0471209627 , database cross reference=ZFA:0000435 }
    • + cranial nerve II homology notes (…) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup (reference 1); The (optic) stalk persists as the optic nerve (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000543 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429, http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+stalk }

Changes for: head of femur

Changes for: frontal nerve (branch of ophthalmic)

Changes for: corneo-scleral junction

Changes for: heart

  • Deleted
    • - heart database cross reference SCTID:302509004
    • - heart database cross reference Wikipedia:Heart
    • - heart definition a myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The vertebrate heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. Primitive fish have a four-chambered heart; however, the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. The first chamber is the sinus venosus, which collects de-oxygenated blood, from the body, through the hepatic and cardinal veins. From here, blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action takes place. The fourth and final chamber is the conus arteriosus which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta, into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta has divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta, while the other forms the pulmonary artery. In the adult fish, the four chambers are not arranged in a straight row but, instead, form an S-shape with the latter two chambers lying above the former two. This relatively simpler pattern is found in cartilaginous fish and in the more primitive ray-finned fish. In teleosts, the conus arteriosus is very small and can more accurately be described as part of the aorta rather than of the heart proper. The conus arteriosus is not present in any amniotes which presumably having been absorbed into the ventricles over the course of evolution. Similarly, while the sinus venosus is present as a vestigial structure in some reptiles and birds, it is otherwise absorbed into the right atrium and is no longer distinguishable[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Heart }
    • - heart has exact synonym chambered heart { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • - heart homology notes As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000276 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + heart database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart
    • + heart database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0018787
    • + heart database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/302509004
    • + heart definition a myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The vertebrate heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. Primitive fish have a four-chambered heart; however, the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. The first chamber is the sinus venosus, which collects de-oxygenated blood, from the body, through the hepatic and cardinal veins. From here, blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action takes place. The fourth and final chamber is the conus arteriosus which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta, into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta has divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta, while the other forms the pulmonary artery. In the adult fish, the four chambers are not arranged in a straight row but, instead, form an S-shape with the latter two chambers lying above the former two. This relatively simpler pattern is found in cartilaginous fish and in the more primitive ray-finned fish. In teleosts, the conus arteriosus is very small and can more accurately be described as part of the aorta rather than of the heart proper. The conus arteriosus is not present in any amniotes which presumably having been absorbed into the ventricles over the course of evolution. Similarly, while the sinus venosus is present as a vestigial structure in some reptiles and birds, it is otherwise absorbed into the right atrium and is no longer distinguishable[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart }
    • + heart has exact synonym chambered heart { database cross reference=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 }
    • + heart homology notes As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000276 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 }

Changes for: endocrine system

  • Deleted
    • - endocrine system database cross reference SCTID:278876000
    • - endocrine system database cross reference Wikipedia:Endocrine_system
    • - endocrine system definition Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. { database cross reference=NLM:endocrine+system , database cross reference=Wikipedia:Endocrine_system }
    • - endocrine system homology notes Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (…) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000098 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1073/pnas.0812138106 Markov GV, Tavares R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Demeneix BA, Baker ME, Laudet V, Independent elaboration of steroid hormone signaling pathways in metazoans. PNAS (2009) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + endocrine system database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system
    • + endocrine system database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0014136
    • + endocrine system database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/278876000
    • + endocrine system definition Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system , database cross reference=NLM:endocrine+system }
    • + endocrine system homology notes Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (…) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000098 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1073/pnas.0812138106 Markov GV, Tavares R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Demeneix BA, Baker ME, Laudet V, Independent elaboration of steroid hormone signaling pathways in metazoans. PNAS (2009) }

Changes for: anterior commissure

Changes for: posterior commissure

  • Deleted
    • - posterior commissure database cross reference Wikipedia:Posterior_commissure
    • - posterior commissure database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray715.png
    • - posterior commissure database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/200px-Gray715.png
    • - posterior commissure definition Rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex. Its fibers acquire their medullary sheaths early, but their connections have not been definitely determined. Most of them have their origin in a nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure (nucleus of Darkschewitsch), which lies in the central gray substance of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct, in front of the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. Some are probably derived from the posterior part of the thalamus and from the superior colliculus, whereas others are believed to be continued downward into the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The posterior commissure interconnects the pretectal nuclei, mediating the consensual pupillary light reflex[WP]. Diencephalic tract which is located in the vicinity of the dorsal diencephalon and mesencephalon and connects the pretectal nuclei. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain[ZFA]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Posterior_commissure , database cross reference=ZFA:0000320 }
    • - posterior commissure has related synonym commissura posterior { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Posterior_commissure , has synonym type=latin term }
  • Added
    • + posterior commissure database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_commissure
    • + posterior commissure database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0152327
    • + posterior commissure definition Rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex. Its fibers acquire their medullary sheaths early, but their connections have not been definitely determined. Most of them have their origin in a nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure (nucleus of Darkschewitsch), which lies in the central gray substance of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct, in front of the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. Some are probably derived from the posterior part of the thalamus and from the superior colliculus, whereas others are believed to be continued downward into the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The posterior commissure interconnects the pretectal nuclei, mediating the consensual pupillary light reflex[WP]. Diencephalic tract which is located in the vicinity of the dorsal diencephalon and mesencephalon and connects the pretectal nuclei. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain[ZFA]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_commissure , database cross reference=ZFA:0000320 }
    • + posterior commissure depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray715.png
    • + posterior commissure depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/200px-Gray715.png
    • + posterior commissure has related synonym commissura posterior { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_commissure , has synonym type=latin term }

Changes for: pharyngeal muscle

Changes for: ventral nerve cord

Changes for: median lingual swelling

Changes for: proctodeum

Changes for: inferior parathyroid gland

Changes for: lateral lingual swelling

Changes for: stomodeum

Changes for: imaginal disc

Changes for: thoracic ganglion

  • Deleted
    • - thoracic ganglion database cross reference SCTID:181102004
    • - thoracic ganglion database cross reference Wikipedia:Thoracic_ganglion
    • - thoracic ganglion database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray849.png/200px-Gray849.png
    • - thoracic ganglion definition The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Thoracic_ganglion }
  • Added
    • + thoracic ganglion database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_ganglion
    • + thoracic ganglion database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0229010
    • + thoracic ganglion database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181102004
    • + thoracic ganglion definition The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_ganglion }
    • + thoracic ganglion depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray849.png/200px-Gray849.png

Changes for: obsolete pharyngeal nerve

Changes for: nerve of cervical vertebra

Changes for: deep gray layer of superior colliculus

Changes for: cornea

Changes for: middle gray layer of superior colliculus

Changes for: lens of camera-type eye

  • Deleted
    • - lens of camera-type eye database cross reference SCTID:181169005
    • - lens of camera-type eye database cross reference Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy)
    • - lens of camera-type eye definition Transparent part of camera-type eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy) }
    • - lens of camera-type eye has exact synonym lens crystallina { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Lens_%28anatomy%29 }
    • - lens of camera-type eye homology notes The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey’s camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000169 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + lens of camera-type eye database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)
    • + lens of camera-type eye database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0023317
    • + lens of camera-type eye database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181169005
    • + lens of camera-type eye definition Transparent part of camera-type eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(anatomy) }
    • + lens of camera-type eye has exact synonym lens crystallina { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28anatomy%29 }
    • + lens of camera-type eye homology notes The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey’s camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000169 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) }

Changes for: middle white layer of superior colliculus

Changes for: retina

  • Deleted
    • - retina database cross reference SCTID:181171005
    • - retina database cross reference Wikipedia:Retina
    • - retina database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png
    • - retina database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png/200px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png
    • - retina definition The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Retina , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • - retina homology notes The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey’s camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000229 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + retina database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina
    • + retina database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0035298
    • + retina database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1278894
    • + retina database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181171005
    • + retina definition The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina , database cross reference=ZFIN:curator }
    • + retina depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png
    • + retina depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png/200px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png
    • + retina homology notes The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey’s camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000229 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) }

Changes for: layer of superior colliculus

  • Deleted
    • - layer of superior colliculus database cross reference Neural circuit
    • - layer of superior colliculus definition The microstructure of the optic tectum / superior colliculus varies across species. As a general rule, there is always a clear distinction between superficial layers, which receive input primarily from the visual system and show primarily visual responses, and deeper layers, which receive many types of input and project to numerous motor-related brain areas. The distinction between these two zones is so clear and consistent that some anatomists have suggested that they should be considered separate brain structures. In mammals, neuroanatomists conventionally identify seven layers[WP]. { database cross reference=Neural circuit }
  • Added
    • + layer of superior colliculus database cross reference Neural circuit
    • + layer of superior colliculus definition The microstructure of the optic tectum / superior colliculus varies across species. As a general rule, there is always a clear distinction between superficial layers, which receive input primarily from the visual system and show primarily visual responses, and deeper layers, which receive many types of input and project to numerous motor-related brain areas. The distinction between these two zones is so clear and consistent that some anatomists have suggested that they should be considered separate brain structures. In mammals, neuroanatomists conventionally identify seven layers[WP]. { database cross reference=Neural circuit }

Changes for: zonal layer of superior colliculus

Changes for: gracilis

Changes for: obsolete visceral muscle

Changes for: tectal plate

  • Deleted
    • - tectal plate definition embryologic structure that is formed by two longitudinal eminences, one on each alar plate of the midbrain. These eminences become the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus ( Carpenter-1983 )] { database cross reference=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?type=a&ID=453 }
  • Added
    • + tectal plate definition embryologic structure that is formed by two longitudinal eminences, one on each alar plate of the midbrain. These eminences become the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus ( Carpenter-1983 )] { database cross reference=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?type=a&ID=453 }

Changes for: rotator muscle of the vertebral column

Changes for: superficial white layer of superior colliculus

Changes for: lamina

Changes for: annular epiphysis

Changes for: brain

  • Deleted
    • - brain database cross reference SCTID:258335003
    • - brain database cross reference Wikipedia:Brain
    • - brain definition The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Brain , database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/300 }
    • - brain external definition The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and metencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube (or the encephalon). Does not include retina. (CUMBO) { source=http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms }
    • - brain homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (…) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000157 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + brain database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain
    • + brain database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0006104
    • + brain database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1269537
    • + brain database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/258335003
    • + brain definition The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain , database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/300 }
    • + brain external definition The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and metencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube (or the encephalon). Does not include retina. (CUMBO) { source=http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms }
    • + brain homology notes (…) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (…) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (…) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000157 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 }

Changes for: cerebral cortex

  • Deleted
    • - cerebral cortex database cross reference SCTID:362880003
    • - cerebral cortex database cross reference Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex
    • - cerebral cortex database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg
    • - cerebral cortex database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cerebral_Cortex_location.jpg/200px-Cerebral_Cortex_location.jpg
    • - cerebral cortex external definition The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name ‘grey matter’. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called ‘sulci. ‘ The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex]. { source=Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex }
    • - cerebral cortex has related synonym cortex cerebri { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex , has synonym type=latin term }
    • - cerebral cortex homology notes Migration of neurons from the basal or striatal portions of the anterior part of the neural tube occurs to varying degrees in different vertebrate classes, but a true cerebral cortex is generally acknowledged to have made its first appearance in reptiles. The definition can be unambiguous, since ‘cortex’ simply implies the existence of a surface neuronal layer with an overlying ‘zonal lamina’ or ‘molecular’ layer containing dendrites and axons, which is separated from the underlying basal ‘matrix’ by white matter. Although reptilian cerebral cortex does indeed fulfill these conditions in certain locations, the separation from striatal structures is often indistinct, so that it may even be argued that some primitive dipnoans possess a pallium or cortex. Nevertheless, an extensive laminated layer separated by underlying white matter is well represented only in reptiles and mammals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000722 , ontology=VHOG , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20437.x Kruger L, Experimental analyses of the reptilian nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1969) , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + cerebral cortex database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex
    • + cerebral cortex database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0007776
    • + cerebral cortex database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362880003
    • + cerebral cortex depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg
    • + cerebral cortex depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cerebral_Cortex_location.jpg/200px-Cerebral_Cortex_location.jpg
    • + cerebral cortex external definition The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name ‘grey matter’. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called ‘sulci. ‘ The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex]. { source=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex }
    • + cerebral cortex has related synonym cortex cerebri { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + cerebral cortex homology notes Migration of neurons from the basal or striatal portions of the anterior part of the neural tube occurs to varying degrees in different vertebrate classes, but a true cerebral cortex is generally acknowledged to have made its first appearance in reptiles. The definition can be unambiguous, since ‘cortex’ simply implies the existence of a surface neuronal layer with an overlying ‘zonal lamina’ or ‘molecular’ layer containing dendrites and axons, which is separated from the underlying basal ‘matrix’ by white matter. Although reptilian cerebral cortex does indeed fulfill these conditions in certain locations, the separation from striatal structures is often indistinct, so that it may even be argued that some primitive dipnoans possess a pallium or cortex. Nevertheless, an extensive laminated layer separated by underlying white matter is well represented only in reptiles and mammals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000722 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20437.x Kruger L, Experimental analyses of the reptilian nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1969) }

Changes for: apophysis

Changes for: long bone epiphyseal plate hypertrophic zone

Changes for: optic chiasma

Changes for: liver perisinusoidal space

Changes for: liver left medial lobe

Changes for: liver left lateral lobe

Changes for: outer canthus

Changes for: hippocampal commissure

Changes for: pterygoid muscle

Changes for: alisphenoid bone

Changes for: osseus spiral lamina

  • Deleted
    • - osseus spiral lamina database cross reference Wikipedia:Osseous_spiral_lamina
    • - osseus spiral lamina definition The osseous spiral lamina is a bony shelf or ledge which projects from the modiolus into the interior of the canal, and, like the canal, takes two-and-three-quarter turns around the modiolus. It reaches about half-way toward the outer wall of the tube, and partially divides its cavity into two passages or scalae, of which the upper is named the scala vestibuli, while the lower is termed the scala tympani. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Osseous_spiral_lamina }
  • Added
    • + osseus spiral lamina database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osseous_spiral_lamina
    • + osseus spiral lamina definition The osseous spiral lamina is a bony shelf or ledge which projects from the modiolus into the interior of the canal, and, like the canal, takes two-and-three-quarter turns around the modiolus. It reaches about half-way toward the outer wall of the tube, and partially divides its cavity into two passages or scalae, of which the upper is named the scala vestibuli, while the lower is termed the scala tympani. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osseous_spiral_lamina }

Changes for: spiral ligament

Changes for: manubrium of malleus

Changes for: cochlear modiolus

Changes for: mesopodium region

Changes for: medial pterygoid muscle

Changes for: autopodial skeleton

Changes for: lateral pterygoid muscle

Changes for: foramen cecum of frontal bone

Changes for: superior parathyroid gland

Changes for: mesoderm

Changes for: pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve

Changes for: obsolete pronucleus

Changes for: egg chorion

Changes for: canthus

Changes for: germ layer

Changes for: paleodentate of dentate nucleus

Changes for: embryo

Changes for: endoderm

Changes for: ectoderm

Changes for: abdomen

Changes for: thoracic segment of trunk

Changes for: chyme

  • Deleted
    • - chyme database cross reference Wikipedia:Chyme
    • - chyme definition Chyme is a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Chyme }
  • Added
    • + chyme database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyme
    • + chyme definition Chyme is a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyme }

Changes for: organismal segment

Changes for: interstitial fluid

Changes for: mucus

  • Deleted
    • - mucus database cross reference Wikipedia:Mucus
    • - mucus definition Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Mucus }
  • Added
    • + mucus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus
    • + mucus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0026727
    • + mucus definition Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus }

Changes for: chyle

Changes for: penis

  • Deleted
    • - penis database cross reference SCTID:265793009
    • - penis database cross reference Wikipedia:Penis
    • - penis database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Labelled_flaccid_penis.jpg/200px-Labelled_flaccid_penis.jpg
    • - penis definition The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external sexual organ of certain biologically male organisms, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The penis is a reproductive organ, technically an intromittent organ, and for placental mammals, additionally serves as the external organ of urination. The penis is generally found on mammals and reptiles. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Penis }
  • Added
    • + penis database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis
    • + penis database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0030851
    • + penis database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/265793009
    • + penis definition The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external sexual organ of certain biologically male organisms, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The penis is a reproductive organ, technically an intromittent organ, and for placental mammals, additionally serves as the external organ of urination. The penis is generally found on mammals and reptiles. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis }
    • + penis depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Labelled_flaccid_penis.jpg/200px-Labelled_flaccid_penis.jpg

Changes for: pons

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + pons database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons
    • + pons database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0032639
    • + pons database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C1280999
    • + pons database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/279103004
    • + pons definition Brainstrem structure that has as its parts the pontine tegmentum and basal part of pons[FMA]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons , database cross reference=FMA:67943 }
    • + pons depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Gray768.png
    • + pons depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gray768.png/200px-Gray768.png
    • + pons external definition The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001176 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pons }
    • + pons homology notes During the embryonic development of birds and mammals, neuroblasts migrate from the cerebellum into the ventral part of the rhombencephalon and differentiate into pontine and other nuclei, which relay information from between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and a conspicuous band of transverse fibers. This region is known as the pons. A pons does not differentiate in reptiles and anamniotes (…).[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001176 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.474 }

Changes for: haltere

Changes for: axillary vein

Changes for: skeletal joint

Changes for: metatarsus region

Changes for: trochanter

Changes for: femur

Changes for: leg

Changes for: pleura

Changes for: tibia

Changes for: neck

Changes for: humerus

Changes for: sternum

  • Deleted
    • - sternum database cross reference SCTID:302522007
    • - sternum database cross reference Wikipedia:Sternum
    • - sternum database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg/200px-Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg
    • - sternum homology notes Fishes lack a sternum. (…) A sternum is absent in the first fossil tetrapods, but it is present in modern amphibians. (…) Thus, a sternum occurs in some modern amphibians, birds, mammals and archosaurs. However, its absence in the common ancestors to these groups means that it has arisen independently several times within the field of the midventral connective tissue.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000856 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.294 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + sternum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternum
    • + sternum database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0038293
    • + sternum database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/302522007
    • + sternum depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg/200px-Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg
    • + sternum homology notes Fishes lack a sternum. (…) A sternum is absent in the first fossil tetrapods, but it is present in modern amphibians. (…) Thus, a sternum occurs in some modern amphibians, birds, mammals and archosaurs. However, its absence in the common ancestors to these groups means that it has arisen independently several times within the field of the midventral connective tissue.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000856 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.294 }

Changes for: eye

Changes for: ommatidium

  • Deleted
    • - ommatidium database cross reference Wikipedia:Ommatidium
    • - ommatidium definition The smallest morphological and functional unit of the ➞compound eye that consists of a usually limited and often constant number of rhabdomeric ➞photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, and interommatidial pigment cells, and may additionally contain crystalline cone cells. { database cross reference=PMID:21062451 }
  • Added
    • + ommatidium database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommatidium
    • + ommatidium definition The smallest morphological and functional unit of the ➞compound eye that consists of a usually limited and often constant number of rhabdomeric ➞photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, and interommatidial pigment cells, and may additionally contain crystalline cone cells. { database cross reference=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21062451 }

Changes for: antenna

Changes for: diencephalon subarachnoid space

Changes for: midbrain subarachnoid space

Changes for: kidney interstitium

  • Deleted
    • - kidney interstitium definition The interstitium of the kidney comprises the extravascular intertubular spaces of the renal parenchyma, with their attendant cellular elements and extracellular substances. As we define it here, the interstitium is bounded on all sides by tubular and vascular basement membranes. { database cross reference=doi:10.1038/ki.1991.49 }
  • Added
    • + kidney interstitium definition The interstitium of the kidney comprises the extravascular intertubular spaces of the renal parenchyma, with their attendant cellular elements and extracellular substances. As we define it here, the interstitium is bounded on all sides by tubular and vascular basement membranes. { database cross reference=http://dx.doi.org//10.1038/ki.1991.49 }

Changes for: Leydig cell region of testis

Changes for: renal medulla interstitium

Changes for: hindbrain subarachnoid space

Changes for: vagina

Changes for: uterus

  • Deleted
    • - uterus database cross reference SCTID:181452004
    • - uterus database cross reference Wikipedia:Uterus
    • - uterus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Female_reproductive_system_lateral_nolabel.png
    • - uterus database cross reference http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png
    • - uterus definition a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation, usually developing completely in placental mammals such as humans and partially in marsupials such as kangaroos and opossums. Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused[WP]. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Uterus }
    • - uterus external definition The hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which the blastocyst normally becomes embedded and in which the developing embryo and fetus is nourished. Its cavity opens into the vagina below and into a uterine tube on either side. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001137 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/uterus }
    • - uterus homology notes An infundibulum, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina also differentiate along the oviducts of eutherian mammals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001137 , ontology=VHOG , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.678 , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ }
  • Added
    • + uterus database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus
    • + uterus database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0042149
    • + uterus database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181452004
    • + uterus definition a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation, usually developing completely in placental mammals such as humans and partially in marsupials such as kangaroos and opossums. Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus }
    • + uterus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Female_reproductive_system_lateral_nolabel.png
    • + uterus depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png
    • + uterus external definition The hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which the blastocyst normally becomes embedded and in which the developing embryo and fetus is nourished. Its cavity opens into the vagina below and into a uterine tube on either side. [TFD][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001137 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/uterus }
    • + uterus homology notes An infundibulum, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina also differentiate along the oviducts of eutherian mammals.[well established][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0001137 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.678 }

Changes for: seminal vesicle

Changes for: mammalian vulva

Changes for: obsolete cervical trunk

Changes for: thoracic mammary gland

Changes for: ejaculatory duct

Changes for: trachea gland

Changes for: reproductive system

Changes for: gonad

Changes for: female gonad

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + female gonad database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary
    • + female gonad database cross reference http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/umls/id/C0029939
    • + female gonad database cross reference http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181464007
    • + female gonad definition Ovum-producing female reproductive organ. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary }
    • + female gonad depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gray589.png
    • + female gonad depicted by http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png
    • + female gonad has related synonym ovarium { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary , has synonym type=latin term }
    • + female gonad homology notes (…) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] { date retrieved=2012-09-17 , external class=VHOG:0000251 , ontology=VHOG , source=http://bgee.unil.ch/ , source=DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007), DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) }

Changes for: oviduct

Changes for: spermathecum

  • Deleted
    • - spermathecum database cross reference Wikipedia:Spermatheca
    • - spermathecum definition an organ of the female reproductive tract in insects, some molluscs, oligochaeta worms and certain other invertebrates and vertebrates.[1] Its purpose is to receive and store sperm from the male, and can sometimes be the site of fertilization when the oocytes are ready.[2] Some species have multiple spermathecae, as seen in earthworms, where four pairs of spermathecae are present. One pair in 6,7,8 and 9 segments. They receive and store the spermatozoa of another earthworm during copulation.[3] They are lined with epithelium and are variable in shape; some are thin, heavily coiled tubes, others are vague outpocketings from the main reproductive tract. It is one of the many variations in sexual reproduction[WP]. an accordion-like tube that contains sperm and is the site of oocyte fertilization. { database cross reference=Wikipedia:Spermatheca }
  • Added
    • + spermathecum database cross reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatheca
    • + spermathecum definition an organ of the female reproductive tract in insects, some molluscs, oligochaeta worms and certain other invertebrates and vertebrates.[1] Its purpose is to receive and store sperm from the male, and can sometimes be the site of fertilization when the oocytes are ready.[2] Some species have multiple spermathecae, as seen in earthworms, where four pairs of spermathecae are present. One pair in 6,7,8 and 9 segments. They receive and store the spermatozoa of another earthworm during copulation.[3] They are lined with epithelium and are variable in shape; some are thin, heavily coiled tubes, others are vague outpocketings from the main reproductive tract. It is one of the many variations in sexual reproduction[WP]. an accordion-like tube that contains sperm and is the site of oocyte fertilization. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatheca }

Report for properties

ObjectProperty objects lost from source: 0

ObjectProperty objects new in target: 0

Changed ObjectProperty objects: 35

Changes for: anteriorly connected to

Changes for: proximalmost_part_of

Changes for: distalmost_part_of

Changes for: existence_ends_at

Changes for: simultaneous_with

Changes for: immediately_preceded_by

Changes for: transitively proximally connected to

Changes for: existence_starts_after

Changes for: distally connected to

Changes for: existence_ends_with

Changes for: transitively anteriorly connected to

Changes for: proximally connected to

Changes for: has_muscle_antagonist

Changes for: postaxial_to

Changes for: starts

Changes for: ends

Changes for: encloses

Changes for: existence_starts_at

Changes for: surrounds

Changes for: transitively distally connected to

Changes for: surrounded_by

Changes for: existence_starts_during

Changes for: connected to

  • Deleted
    • - connected to definition Binary relationship: x connected_to y if and only if there exists some z such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. { database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern }
  • Added
    • + connected to definition Binary relationship: x connected_to y if and only if there exists some z such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. { database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern }

Changes for: existence_ends_before

Changes for: existence_ends_during

Changes for: immediate_transformation_of

Changes for: connects

  • Deleted
    • - connects definition Binary relationship: z connects x if and only if there exists some y such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. { database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern }
  • Added
    • + connects definition Binary relationship: z connects x if and only if there exists some y such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. { database cross reference=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern }

Changes for: transformation_of

Changes for: posteriorly connected to

Changes for: in_lateral_side_of

Changes for: preaxial_to

Changes for: existence_starts_with

Changes for: has_muscle_origin

Changes for: only_in_taxon

Changes for: has_muscle_insertion

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + has muscle insertion definition m has_muscle_insertion s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s moves. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertion_(anatomy) }

March 28, 2014 |

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