2015-01-01 release

This release encompasses multiple improvements in the representation of the nervous system, as well as improvements in textual definitions previously sourced from Wikipedia
2015-01-01 release image

Summary

This release encompasses multiple imrpovements in the representation of the nervous system. Many wikipedia-sourced definitions have been replaced with definitions from neurolex (632). We have defined and implemented a design pattern for cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia and nuclei (634). We made improvements to the mapping to Allen ontologies. Additionally, we now use the numeric identifiers for all Allen classes, rather than acronyms. Please note that the “ABA” prefix has been superseded by “MBA” (mouse brain atlas), to be consistent with the others (HBA, PBA, DMBA, DHBA). New terms were added from the HarvardOxford Cortical atlas based on work by Russ Poldrack and Trish Whetzel (630).

This release also ensures that every class from NIF_GrossAnatomy (but not its successor, neurolex) is represented in Uberon. Note that not all classes will be in the bridge file. Many of the region-part-of-X classes are present in Uberon as obsolete classes.

Changes

  • neuro
    • cranial nerve & ganglia improvements. Fixes issue 634
    • spinal nerves: nerve roots now neutral w.r.t. CNS/PNS
    • NTs for taste buds
    • Fixes to developing neural tube / CNS
    • NTs: forceps major & minor. Issue issue 630
    • Syn for basolateral amygdala. Issue issue 630
    • Replaced multiple wikipedia definitions with ones from neurolex
    • Realigned with nlx and allen atlases
    • added remaining nifstd classes. Note many may be obsoleted in future. See issue 632
    • Obsoleted multiple regional-part-of-X terms. issue 632
    • replaced all NIF_GrossAnatomy prefixes with NIFSTD. See issue issue 632
    • NT: palatal taste bud. Refined taste bud axioms. Merged some new nifstd predominant part terms
    • merging Vestibulocochlear nerve, root + nerve fiber bundle. Issue issue 300
    • NTs for rostral ACC and olfactory EC and primary OC
    • merging nifstd superior olive & SOC. Issue issue 300
    • Refactored SOC, fixes issue 631
    • entorhinal complex layers, ref doi:10.1155/2008/381243
    • NTs, cingula. Issue issue 630
    • NTs, corona radiata parts. Issue issue 630
    • new MBA alignment (was ABA). Issue issue 609.
    • NTs from HarvardOxford-Cortial atlas, via Russ Poldrack, Trish Whetzel. Rows 11-18. Issue issue 630
    • Mapped Allen Brain xrefs from acronyms to IDs. Issue issue 609
    • Fixed multiple incorrect BAMS xrefs
  • skeletal
    • added meckelian bone and meckelian foramen [adececchi]
    • added hypophysial region [adececchi]
  • embryonic/reproductive
    • removing taxon constraint on extra-embryonic membrane, as yolk sacs are found in anamniotes. Fixes issue 635
    • oviduct fixes
    • vitelline vasculature improvement
  • other
    • Using nlx and mp for definition sources replacing select WP defs issue 633
    • mandibular gland - improved defs sourced from MP, tax constr sourced from Bgee, more precise developmental lineage
    • Improvements to:
      • ligaments
      • vertebral arches
      • reproductive system development. NTs: gubernacular bulb parts
      • heart and veins. NTs: inflow tracts

Ontology Diff Report

Original Ontology

  • IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon.owl
  • VersionIRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/releases/2014-12-09/uberon.owl

New Ontology

  • IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon.owl
  • VersionIRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/releases/2015-01-01/uberon.owl

Report for classes

Class objects lost from source: 3

Class objects new in target: 546

New Class : obsolete regional part of trapezoid nuclear complex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of pretectal region

New Class : obsolete superficial feature part of hypophysis

New Class : obsolete regional part of cingulate gyrus

New Class : obsolete regional part of outer ear

New Class : obsolete regional part of basilar membrane

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of temporal lobe

New Class : regional part of lumbar spinal cord white matter

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of pontine reticular formation

New Class : paravermic Lobule III

New Class : paravermic Lobule II

New Class : paravermic Lobule VII

New Class : paravermic Lobule VIII

New Class : paravermic Lobule IX

New Class : paravermic Lobule IV

New Class : paravermic Lobule VI

New Class : paravermic Lobule V

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of dentate nucleus

New Class : medial precentral sulcus

New Class : obsolete regional part of posterior superior frontal sulcus

New Class : inferior Parietal Sulcus

New Class : transverse parietal sulcus

New Class : superior parietal sulcus

New Class : angular sulcus

New Class : thalamic Fiber Tracts

New Class : obsolete regional part of hippocampal formation

New Class : intermediate frontal sulcus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of hypothalamus

New Class : obsolete regional part of substantia nigra

New Class : Hadjikhani et al. (1998) visuotopic partition scheme region

New Class : regional part of cervical spinal cord white matter

New Class : inferior Sagittal Sulcus

New Class : superior Sagittal Sulcus

New Class : obsolete regional part of calcarine sulcus

New Class : obsolete regional part of anterior commissure

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of fornix

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) prefrontal cortical partition scheme region

New Class : Tootell and Hadjikhani (2001) LOC/LOP complex

New Class : Press, Brewer, Dougherty, Wade and Wandell (2001) Visuotopic area V7

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of intermediate hypothalamic region

New Class : obsolete regional part of organ cavity

New Class : obsolete superficial feature part of temporal lobe

New Class : obsolete regional part of solitary nucleus

New Class : sacral spinal cord ventral horn

New Class : pericalcarine cortex

New Class : regional part of a lobe of the cerebellum

New Class : obsolete regional part of septum

New Class : obsolete regional part of body system

New Class : posterior superior frontal sulcus

New Class : anterior parahippocampal gyrus

New Class : occipital fusiform gyrus

New Class : inferior lateral occipital cortex

New Class : superior lateral occipital cortex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray part of basal amygdaloid nucleus

New Class : posterior temporal fusiform gyrus

New Class : paracingulate gyrus

New Class : temporal fusiform gyrus

New Class : anterior temporal fusiform gyrus

New Class : posterior parahippocampal white matter

New Class : regional part of sacral spinal cord white matter

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of basal nuclear complex

New Class : obsolete regional part of lateral amygdaloid nucleus

New Class : obsolete regional part of caudate nucleus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of dentate gyrus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of substantia nigra

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of septum pellucidum

New Class : obsolete superficial feature part of posterior hypothalamic region

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of Preoptic area

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of posterior hypothalamic region

New Class : temporal cortex cingulum

New Class : posterior corona radiata

New Class : cingulate cortex cingulum

New Class : anterior corona radiata

New Class : superior corona radiata

New Class : sagulum nucleus

New Class : supragenual nucleus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of septal nuclear complex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of limbic lobe

New Class : pontocerebellar tract

New Class : temporal part of superior longitudinal fasciculus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of habenula

New Class : obsolete regional part of inferior frontal gyrus

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of red nucleus

New Class : posterodorsal nucleus of medial geniculate body

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of epithalamus

New Class : obsolete regional part of temporal lobe

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of red nucleus

New Class : primary olfactory cortex

New Class : regional part of lumbar spinal cord

New Class : olfactory entorhinal cortex

New Class : primary superior olive

New Class : dorsal periolivary nucleus

New Class : rostral anterior cingulate cortex

New Class : obsolete regional part of hypophysis

New Class : hippocampus cortex cingulum

New Class : obsolete simian fossa (macaque)

New Class : obsolete regional part of cerebral white matter

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of occipital lobe

New Class : obsolete regional part of neuraxis cavity

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of medial geniculate body

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of oculomotor nuclear complex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of midbrain reticular formation

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of ventral nuclear group

New Class : cervical spinal cord gray commissure

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of globus pallidus

New Class : obsolete regional part of globus pallidus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of neostriatum

New Class : lumbar spinal cord gray matter

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of lateral nuclear group

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of medial dorsal nucleus

New Class : obsolete regional part of lateral ventricle

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of median eminence

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of metathalamus

New Class : caudal anterior cingulate cortex

New Class : obsolete regional part of substantia nigra pars reticulata

New Class : regional part of spinal cord gray commissure

New Class : obsolete predominantly white dorsal regional part of metathalamus

New Class : regional part of amygdala

New Class : lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part

New Class : lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part

New Class : lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part

New Class : regional part of thoracic spinal cord gray matter

New Class : dorsomedial subnucleus of solitary tract

New Class : principal neuronal circuit

New Class : intrinsic neuronal circuit

New Class : obsolete regional part of cochlea

New Class : medullary anterior horn

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray part of medulla oblongata

New Class : regional part of spinal cord dorsal horn

New Class : medial subnucleus of solitary tract

New Class : obsolete regional part of cingulate cortex

New Class : obsolete regional part of inferior parietal cortex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of ventral posterior nucleus

New Class : obsolete regional part of neurohypophysis

New Class : regional part of macula

New Class : vestibular canal

New Class : tympanic canal

New Class : obsolete regional part of cochlear duct

New Class : hemispheric parts of the cerebellar cortex

New Class : regional part of cerebellar white matter

New Class : obsolete superficial feature part of frontal lobe

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of medial mammillary nucleus

New Class : anterior superior frontal sulcus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of superior olivary complex

New Class : part of neuraxis

New Class : obsolete regional part of paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus magnocellular division

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of superior olivary complex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of anterior nuclear group

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray part of corticomedial nuclear complex

New Class : regional part of thoracic spinal cord dorsal horn

New Class : obsolete regional part of superior olive

New Class : suprachiasmatic nucleus dorsomedial part

New Class : suprachiasmatic nucleus ventrolateral part

New Class : obsolete regional part of ventral cochlear nucleus

New Class : dorsolateral subnucleus of solitary tract

New Class : parvicellular subnucleus of solitary tract

New Class : serotonergic system

New Class : glutamatergic system

New Class : gABAergic system

New Class : cholinergic system

New Class : sacral spinal cord dorsal horn

New Class : perirhinal cortex of primate of Burwell et al 1995

New Class : histaminergic system

New Class : catecholamine system

New Class : perirhinal cortex of rodent of Burwell et al 1995

New Class : obsolete regional part of Parahippocampal gyrus

New Class : obsolete regional part of tuberomammillary nucleus

New Class : ventral nerve root of lumbar spinal cord

New Class : obsolete regional part of transverse frontopolar gyri complex

New Class : spinal ganglion part of peripheral nervous system

New Class : sub-lobar region

New Class : proprioceptive system

New Class : sensorimotor

New Class : motor system

New Class : obsolete regional part of orbital gyri complex

New Class : obsolete cytoarchitectural part of cerebral cortex

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of anterior hypothalamic region

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of anterior hypothalamic region

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of cerebral peduncle

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of parietal lobe

New Class : obsolete regional part of basolateral nuclear complex

New Class : obsolete regional part of granular layer of cerebellar cortex

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of hypothalamus

New Class : pyramidal layer of entorhinal cortex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of tectum

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of tectum

New Class : obsolete regional part of pons

New Class : obsolete regional part of anterior hypothalamic region

New Class : ventral nerve root of sacral spinal cord

New Class : internal spermatic fascia

New Class : gubernacular bulb, intra-abdominal part

New Class : cremasteric artery

New Class : fold of peritoneum

New Class : gubernacular bulb, extra-abdominal part

New Class : inflow tract of ventricle

New Class : inflow tract

New Class : external spermatic fascia

New Class : inflow tract of atrium

New Class : medial orbital sulcus

New Class : regional part of sacral spinal cord gray matter

New Class : obsolete regional part of paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus magnocellular division - posterior magnocellular part

New Class : obsolete regional part of paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus descending division

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of ventral anterior nucleus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of hippocampal formation

New Class : medial olfactory stria

New Class : oviduct albumen gland

New Class : olfactory tract linking bulb to ipsilateral dorsal telencephalon

New Class : obsolete regional part of transverse temporal cortex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of globus pallidus

New Class : lumbar spinal cord white matter

New Class : lateral orbital sulcus

New Class : inferior ramus of arcuate sulcus

New Class : cytoarchitectural part of dentate gyrus

New Class : obsolete regional part of stratum lacunosum moleculare

New Class : proliferating neuroepithelium

New Class : developing neuroepithelium

New Class : inflow tract of left ventricle

New Class : inflow tract of right ventricle

New Class : hindbrain marginal layer

New Class : cerebellum marginal layer

New Class : differentiating neuroepithelium

New Class : obsolete regional part of basal nuclear complex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of inferior colliculus

New Class : head taste bud

New Class : esophageal taste bud

New Class : fin taste bud

New Class : mouth roof taste bud

New Class : pharyngeal taste bud

New Class : autonomic nerve

New Class : vestibular bulb artery

New Class : trunk taste bud

New Class : pterygopalatine nerve

New Class : sympathetic nerve

New Class : cortical preplate

New Class : spinal cord ventricular layer

New Class : cranial neuron projection bundle

New Class : yellow fibrocartilage

New Class : pineal tract

New Class : epiphyseal tract

New Class : integumental taste bud

New Class : rostral epiphyseal tract

New Class : lip taste bud

New Class : barbel taste bud

New Class : obsolete regional part of stratum radiatum

New Class : obsolete regional part of stratum oriens

New Class : obsolete regional part of stratum pyramidale hippocampi

New Class : conical papilla

New Class : regional part of tongue

New Class : sacral spinal cord lateral horn

New Class : sacral spinal cord gray matter

New Class : sacral spinal cord gray commissure

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray posterior regional part of thalamus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of lateral geniculate body

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray ventral regional part of thalamus

New Class : spermatic fascia

New Class : laryngeal prominence

New Class : vocal organ

New Class : forceps minor of corpus callosum

New Class : arcuate sulcus

New Class : lateral eminence of fourth ventricle

New Class : palatal taste bud

New Class : forceps major of corpus callosum

New Class : amygdalohippocampal area

New Class : sulcus of limbic lobe

New Class : regional part of lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn

New Class : superficial feature part of occipital lobe

New Class : superficial feature part of forebrain

New Class : obsolete regional part of olfactory cortex

New Class : temporoparietal junction

New Class : commissural nucleus of the solitary tract

New Class : left sub-lobar region

New Class : right sub-lobar region

New Class : primary somatosensory cortex lamina VI

New Class : regional part of retina

New Class : hemisphere parts of cerebral cortex

New Class : obsolete regional part of corticomedial nuclear complex

New Class : superior calcarine sulcus

New Class : neural system

New Class : planum polare

New Class : hippocampal formation of GP94

New Class : body membrane

New Class : isla magna of Calleja

New Class : circuit part of central nervous system

New Class : medial ventral tegmental area

New Class : islands of Calleja of olfactory tubercle

New Class : regional part of thoracic spinal cord

New Class : regional part of cochlear canal

New Class : ganglion part of peripheral nervous system

New Class : obsolete regional part of paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

New Class : gross anatomical parts of the cerebellum

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray part of ventral cochlear nucleus

New Class : obsolete cytoarchitectural part of the cerebellum

New Class : obsolete regional part of frontal lobe

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of inferior colliculus

New Class : duct part of cochlear canal

New Class : obsolete predominantly Gray regional part of inferior parietal cortex

New Class : obsolete regional part of neostriatum

New Class : annectant gyrus

New Class : obsolete predominantly white dorsal regional part of medial geniculate body

New Class : obsolete superficial feature part of cerebral peduncle

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray part of solitary nucleus

New Class : intermediate part of hypophysis

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of thalamus

New Class : habenulo-interpeduncular tract of midbrain

New Class : regional part of gustatory epithelium

New Class : obsolete regional part of hindbrain

New Class : obsolete gross anatomical part of cerebral cortex

New Class : subicular complex

New Class : obsolete regional part of limbic lobe

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of ventral posterolateral nucleus

New Class : lumbar spinal cord gray commissure

New Class : obsolete regional part of fornix

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of cingulate gyrus

New Class : thoracic spinal cord gray commissure

New Class : obsolete regional part of Preoptic area

New Class : obsolete regional part of middle ear

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray anterior regional part of thalamus

New Class : regional part of cervical spinal cord gray matter

New Class : sacral spinal cord white matter

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of thalamus

New Class : obsolete regional part of longitudinal fissure

New Class : obsolete regional part of septal nuclear complex

New Class : inferior calcarine sulcus

New Class : ectocalcarine sulcus

New Class : inferior occipital sulcus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of superior olive

New Class : obsolete superficial feature part of telencephalon

New Class : superficial feature part of parietal cortex

New Class : obsolete cytoarchitectural part of frontal lobe

New Class : obsolete cytoarchitectural part of occipital lobe

New Class : matrix compartment of caudate nucleus

New Class : matrix compartment of putamen

New Class : granular cell layer of dorsal cochlear nucleus

New Class : striosomal part of caudate nucleus

New Class : striosomal part of putamen

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of ventral lateral nucleus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray part of rostral intralaminar nuclei

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of pulvinar

New Class : lumbar spinal cord ventral horn

New Class : superior transverse frontopolar gyrus

New Class : paravermis parts of the cerebellar cortex

New Class : obsolete regional part of deep cerebellar nuclear complex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of frontal lobe

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of cerebellar cortex

New Class : obsolete regional part of basal part of pons

New Class : obsolete regional part of autonomic nervous system

New Class : chemoarchitectural part of neostriatum

New Class : obsolete regional part of dorsal cochlear nucleus

New Class : posterior middle temporal sulcus

New Class : basis pontis

New Class : rostral sulcus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of adenohypophysis

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of basal part of pons

New Class : obsolete regional part of adenohypophysis

New Class : spur of arcuate sulcus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of ventral posteromedial nucleus

New Class : tegmentum

New Class : obsolete regional part of pontine tegmentum

New Class : regional part orbital frontal cortex

New Class : obsolete regional part of inner ear

New Class : meckelian bone

New Class : meckelian foramen

New Class : inferior transverse frontopolar gyrus

New Class : obsolete superficial feature part of cerebral cortex

New Class : lumbar spinal cord lateral horn

New Class : medial transverse frontopolar gyrus

New Class : hypophysial region

New Class : obsolete regional part of superior olivary complex

New Class : anterior parieto-occipital sulcus

New Class : obsolete regional part of pontine reticular formation

New Class : obsolete regional part of anterior nucleus of hypothalamus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of pontine tegmentum

New Class : superior ramus of arcuate sulcus

New Class : obsolete regional part of dentate gyrus

New Class : hemispheric Lobule V

New Class : hemispheric Lobule IV

New Class : hemispheric Lobule VII

New Class : hemispheric Lobule X

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of hippocampal formation

New Class : obsolete regional part of nucleus accumbens

New Class : tuberal supraoptic nucleus

New Class : principal anterior division of supraoptic nucleus

New Class : obsolete regional part of stratum lucidum

New Class : obsolete cytoarchitectural part of dorsal tegmental nucleus

New Class : obsolete regional part of spinal nerve

New Class : vermis of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of anterior commissure

New Class : rostral portion of the medial accessory olive

New Class : white matter of the cerebellar cortex

New Class : superficial feature part of the cerebellum

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray midline regional part of thalamus

New Class : obsolete regional part of superior temporal sulcus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of inferior frontal gyrus

New Class : chemoarchitectural part

New Class : obsolete regional part of hippocampus proper

New Class : obsolete regional part of dentate nucleus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of basal part of pons

New Class : obsolete regional part of enteric nervous system

New Class : principal sulcus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of orbital gyri complex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray medial regional part of thalamus

New Class : cytoarchitecture of entorhinal cortex

New Class : obsolete regional part of peripheral nervous system

New Class : obsolete regional part of cerebral ventricular cavity

New Class : obsolete regional part of median eminence

New Class : dorsal nerve root of lumbar spinal cord

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of transverse frontopolar gyri complex

New Class : obsolete regional part of suprachiasmatic nucleus

New Class : regional part of fovea

New Class : regional part of vestibular ganglion

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of Parahippocampal gyrus

New Class : obsolete predominantly white dorsal regional part of thalamus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray dorsal regional part of thalamus

New Class : obsolete regional part of eye

New Class : obsolete regional part of middle frontal gyrus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of epithalamus

New Class : habenulo-interpeduncular tract of diencephalon

New Class : regional part of ear

New Class : obsolete regional part of parietal lobe

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of lateral hypothalamic region

New Class : obsolete regional part of occipital lobe

New Class : obsolete regional part of cerebral peduncle

New Class : orbital gyri complex

New Class : spiral prominence of cochlea

New Class : spiral ligament of cochlea

New Class : obsolete regional part of spiral organ of Corti

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of posterior hypothalamic region

New Class : transverse frontopolar gyri complex

New Class : obsolete superficial feature part of midbrain tectum

New Class : superficial feature part of pons

New Class : obsolete regional part of central nervous system

New Class : lateral orbital frontal cortex

New Class : obsolete regional part of medial mammillary nucleus

New Class : composite part spanning multiple base regional parts of brain

New Class : paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus magnocellular division - posterior magnocellular part medial zone

New Class : regional part of sacral spinal cord

New Class : obsolete superficial feature part of intermediate hypothalamic region

New Class : paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus magnocellular division - posterior magnocellular part lateral zone

New Class : regional part of cervical spinal cord dorsal horn

New Class : regional part of lumbar spinal cord gray matter

New Class : rostral spinocerebellar tract

New Class : central cervical spinocerebellar tract

New Class : hemispheric Lobule II

New Class : hemispheric Lobule III

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of medullary raphe nuclear complex

New Class : obsolete superficial feature part of diencephalon

New Class : piriform cortex layer 1a

New Class : piriform cortex layer 1b

New Class : obsolete regional part of nose

New Class : postrhinal cortex of rodent of Burwell et al 1995

New Class : subbrachial nucleus of mouse of Franklin and Paxinos 2008

New Class : basal ganglia of rodent

New Class : obsolete regional part of oculomotor nuclear complex

New Class : brain of rodent

New Class : telencephalon of rodent

New Class : perirhinal cortex of Burwell et al 1995

New Class : telencephalon of primate

New Class : olfactory bulb main glomerular layer

New Class : sommer’s sector

New Class : obsolete regional part of red nucleus

New Class : obsolete regional part of habenula

New Class : olfactory bulb main of rodent

New Class : molecular system

New Class : bed nuclei of the stria terminalis oval nucleus

New Class : regional part of cervical spinal cord

New Class : obsolete regional part of thalamus

New Class : obsolete regional part of midbrain reticular formation

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of midbrain tegmentum

New Class : reticulospinal tract

New Class : dorsal nerve root of sacral spinal cord

New Class : obsolete predominantly white regional part of midbrain tegmentum

New Class : obsolete superficial feature part of medulla oblongata

New Class : anterior middle temporal sulcus

New Class : lateral eminence of hypophysis

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray lateral regional part of thalamus

New Class : banks of superior temporal sulcus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray part of Intralaminar nuclear group

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of midline nuclear group

New Class : obsolete regional part of cerebellar peduncular complex

New Class : regional part of thoracic spinal cord white matter

New Class : isthmus of cingulate cortex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray intralaminal regional part of thalamus

New Class : obsolete regional part of Anterior cingulate cortex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of neurohypophysis

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray part of posterior nuclear complex

New Class : matrix compartment

New Class : striosome

New Class : obsolete cytoarchitectural part of dorsal cochlear nucleus

New Class : arbor Vitae

New Class : hemispheric part of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

New Class : obsolete regional part of supraoptic nucleus

New Class : regional Parts of the Interpositus Nucleus

New Class : paravermis of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum

New Class : paravermis of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum

New Class : hadjikhani et al. (1998) Visuotopic area V3A

New Class : hadjikhani et al. (1998) Visuotopic area VP

New Class : hadjikhani et al. (1998) Visuotopic area V4v

New Class : hadjikhani et al. (1998) Visuotopic area V8

New Class : hadjikhani et al. (1998) Visuotopic area V2v

New Class : hadjikhani et al. (1998) Visuotopic area V3

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 13l

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 14r

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 24

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 14c

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 32

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 25

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area PrCO

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area G

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 13m

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 11l

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 13b

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 13a

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 10r

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 10p

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 47s

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 11m

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 10m

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 10o

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area AON

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 47m

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 47l

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area Iapm

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 10l

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 9

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area Iai

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area Ial

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area Iam

New Class : Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) area 47r

New Class : obsolete regional part of entorhinal cortex

New Class : hadjikhani et al. (1998) Visuotopic area V1v

New Class : calcarine Sulcus (ventral)

New Class : calcarine Sulcus (dorsal)

New Class : hadjikhani et al. (1998) Visuotopic area V1d

New Class : regional Parts of the Paravermal Lobules

New Class : striosomal part of body of caudate nucleus

New Class : matrix part of head of caudate nucleus

New Class : matrix part of tail of caudate nucleus

New Class : obsolete striosomal part of tail of caudate nucleus

New Class : obsolete matrix part of body of caudate nucleus

New Class : dopaminergic system

New Class : adrenergic system

New Class : obsolete cytoarchitectural part of retina

New Class : noradrenergic system

New Class : obsolete regional part of basal amygdaloid nucleus

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray part of basolateral nuclear complex

New Class : obsolete predominantly gray regional part of amygdala

Changed Class objects: 2047

Changes for: interfascicular linear nucleus

Changes for: caudal linear nucleus

Changes for: rostral linear nucleus

Changes for: paranigral nucleus

Changes for: parabrachial pigmental nucleus

Changes for: dartos muscle

Changes for: branch of ilio-marsupialis muscle

Changes for: ilio-marsupialis muscle

Changes for: ramules nasalis lateralis

Changes for: peripheral region of retina

Changes for: buttock

Changes for: ramules cutaneous

Changes for: trunk maxillary-mandibularis

Changes for: strand of axillary hair

Changes for: lateral pterygoid nerve

Changes for: buccal nerve

Changes for: lophophore

Changes for: posterior cingulate cortex

Changes for: medial orbital frontal cortex

Changes for: placenta blood vessel

Changes for: trunk vertebra

Changes for: corticopontine fibers

Changes for: nucleus of pudendal nerve

Changes for: corticobulbar tract

Changes for: palpebral branch of infra-orbital nerve

Changes for: peduncle of thalamus

Changes for: anterior thalamic peduncle

Changes for: medial longitudinal stria

Changes for: secondary visual cortex

Changes for: retrohippocampal region

Changes for: forebrain ipsilateral fiber tracts

Changes for: anterior orbital gyrus

Changes for: superior longitudinal fasciculus

Changes for: inferior thalamic peduncle

Changes for: superior thalamic peduncle

Changes for: endolemniscal nucleus

Changes for: precentral sulcus

Changes for: subcallosal fasciculus

Changes for: subthalamic fasciculus

Changes for: ventral thalamic fasciculus

Changes for: auditory radiation

Changes for: optic radiation

Changes for: planum temporale

Changes for: entorhinal cortex layer 4

Changes for: entorhinal cortex layer 3

Changes for: molecular layer of dorsal cochlear nucleus

Changes for: entorhinal cortex layer 5

Changes for: entorhinal cortex layer 6

Changes for: pineal gland stalk

Changes for: superior colliculus stratum zonale

Changes for: primary motor cortex layer 6

Changes for: primary motor cortex layer 5

Changes for: olfactory cortex layer 2

Changes for: olfactory cortex layer 1

Changes for: lateral geniculate nucleus parvocellular layer

Changes for: vagus nerve nucleus

Changes for: piriform cortex layer 2a

Changes for: piriform cortex layer 2b

Changes for: dentate gyrus granule cell layer outer blade

Changes for: dentate gyrus granule cell layer inner blade

Changes for: dentate gyrus molecular layer inner

Changes for: dentate gyrus molecular layer middle

Changes for: entorhinal cortex layer 1

Changes for: entorhinal cortex layer 2

Changes for: male genital swelling

Changes for: female labial swelling

Changes for: long ciliary nerve

Changes for: nasociliary nerve

Changes for: short ciliary nerve

Changes for: nervous system cell part layer

Changes for: posterior amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: ramus hyomandibularis

Changes for: ramus recurrens

Changes for: ramus muscularis of vagus nerve

Changes for: descending branch of the vagus nerve

Changes for: laryngeus ventralis

Changes for: ligament of knee joint

Changes for: lacrimal nerve

Changes for: uterovesical pouch

Changes for: ligament of middle ear

Changes for: anterior perforated substance

Changes for: medial forebrain bundle

Changes for: ventral thalamus

Changes for: epithelium of trachea

Changes for: thalamic reticular nucleus

Changes for: habenula

Changes for: pineal body

Changes for: subthalamic nucleus

Changes for: zona incerta

Changes for: optic tract

Changes for: prostatic utricle

Changes for: habenular commissure

Changes for: tuberomammillary nucleus

Changes for: lateral hypothalamic nucleus

Changes for: dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus

Changes for: ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

Changes for: arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

Changes for: retrochiasmatic area

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

Changes for: lateral preoptic nucleus

Changes for: lateral mammillary nucleus

Changes for: medial mammillary nucleus

Changes for: central medial nucleus

Changes for: paracentral nucleus

Changes for: ventral lateral nucleus

Changes for: lateral geniculate body

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: reuniens nucleus

Changes for: parafascicular nucleus

Changes for: medial geniculate body

Changes for: preoptic area

Changes for: supraoptic nucleus

Changes for: presubiculum

Changes for: Ammon’s horn

Changes for: white pulp of spleen

  • Deleted
    • - white pulp of spleen definition The white pulp contains T cells, B cells and accessory cells. The function of the white pulp is to mount an immunological response to antigens within the blood. The white pulp is present in the form of a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath. This sheath contains B cell follicles and T cells. At the edge of the T zone is a region known as the marginal zone where larger lymphocytes and antigen presenting dendritic cells are located. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_pulp }
    • - white pulp of spleen editor note This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies
  • Added
    • + white pulp of spleen definition the parenchymatous tissue of the spleen that surrounds splenic blood vessels, consists of compact masses of lymphatic cells and is where foreign material removed from the blood is used to initiate an immune reaction that results in the production of antibodies { database cross reference=MP:0002357,MGI:csmith }
    • + white pulp of spleen function notes The white pulp contains T cells, B cells and accessory cells. The function of the white pulp is to mount an immunological response to antigens within the blood. The white pulp is present in the form of a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath. This sheath contains B cell follicles and T cells. At the edge of the T zone is a region known as the marginal zone where larger lymphocytes and antigen presenting dendritic cells are located. [Wikipedia:White_pulp]

Changes for: neocortex

Changes for: pretectal region

Changes for: midbrain tegmentum

Changes for: medial habenular nucleus

Changes for: lateral habenular nucleus

Changes for: red nucleus

Changes for: inferior colliculus

Changes for: superior colliculus

Changes for: supramammillary nucleus

Changes for: venule

Changes for: epithelium of esophagus

Changes for: anterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis

Changes for: fusiform nucleus of stria terminalis

Changes for: oval nucleus of stria terminalis

Changes for: posterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis

Changes for: principal nucleus of stria terminalis

Changes for: transverse nucleus of stria terminalis

Changes for: substantia nigra pars reticulata

Changes for: substantia nigra pars compacta

Changes for: retrorubral area

Changes for: elastic cartilage tissue

Changes for: olfactory epithelium

Changes for: cruciate ligament of atlas

Changes for: middle cervical ganglion

Changes for: fibrocartilage

Changes for: hyaline cartilage tissue

Changes for: placenta

Changes for: crypt of Lieberkuhn

Changes for: ventral zone of medial entorhinal cortex

Changes for: dorsal zone of medial entorhinal cortex

Changes for: root of vagus nerve

Changes for: urachus mesenchyme

Changes for: urachus epithelium

Changes for: inferior frontal gyrus

Changes for: oral pontine reticular nucleus

Changes for: inferior central nucleus

Changes for: nucleus of pretectal area

Changes for: substantia nigra pars lateralis

Changes for: nucleus of optic tract

Changes for: mammillothalamic tract of hypothalamus

Changes for: supramammillary commissure

Changes for: paratenial nucleus

Changes for: dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

Changes for: dorsal column nucleus

Changes for: lacrimal gland

Changes for: brachial nerve plexus

Changes for: conjunctiva

Changes for: sympathetic ganglion

Changes for: paravertebral ganglion

Changes for: parasympathetic ganglion

Changes for: posterior segment of eyeball

Changes for: capsule of lens

Changes for: autonomic ganglion

Changes for: anterior segment of eyeball

Changes for: ovarian bursa

Changes for: broad ligament of uterus

Changes for: gubernacular bulb

Changes for: diencephalon

Changes for: telencephalon

Changes for: medulla oblongata

Changes for: metencephalon

Changes for: forebrain

Changes for: rhombomere

Changes for: midbrain

Changes for: dorsal plus ventral thalamus

Changes for: hypothalamus

Changes for: epithalamus

Changes for: dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation

Changes for: phrenic nerve

Changes for: olfactory tubercle

Changes for: nucleus accumbens

Changes for: island of Calleja

Changes for: bed nucleus of stria terminalis

Changes for: lateral olfactory stria

Changes for: trunk of phrenic nerve

Changes for: choroid plexus

Changes for: internal capsule of telencephalon

Changes for: frontal cortex

Changes for: parietal lobe

Changes for: temporal lobe

Changes for: putamen

Changes for: caudate nucleus

Changes for: globus pallidus

Changes for: amygdala

Changes for: medial septal nucleus

Changes for: septofimbrial nucleus

Changes for: nucleus of diagonal band

Changes for: scala vestibuli

Changes for: endolymphatic duct

Changes for: scala tympani

  • Deleted
    • - scala tympani SubClassOf anatomical cluster
    • - scala tympani definition Scala tympani is one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth. It is separated from the scala media by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as scala vestibuli. The purpose of the perilymph-filled scala tympani and scala vestibuli is to transduce the movement of air that causes the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to vibrate, to movement of liquid and the basilar membrane. This movement is conveyed to the organ of Corti inside the scala media, composed of hair cells attached to the basilar membrane and their stereocilia embedded in the tectorial membrane. The movement of the basilar membrane compared to the tectorial membrane causes the sterocilia to bend. They then depolarise and send impulses to the brain via the cochlear nerve. This produces the sensation of sound. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_tympani }
  • Added

Changes for: cerebral hemisphere

Changes for: saccule of membranous labyrinth

  • Deleted
    • - saccule of membranous labyrinth definition A bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear. The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. The saccule is sensitive to linear translations of the head, specifically movements up and down (think about moving on an elevator). When the head moves vertically, the sensory cells of the saccule are disturbed and the neurons connected to them begin transmitting impulses to the brain. These impulses travel along the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. is the smaller of the two vestibular sacs. It is globular in form and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Its cavity does not directly communicate with that of the utricle. The anterior part of the saccule exhibits an oval thickening, the macula acustica sacculi, or macula, to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the acoustic nerve or cranial nerve VIII[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccule }
  • Added

Changes for: utricle of membranous labyrinth

  • Deleted
    • - utricle of membranous labyrinth definition one of the two otolith organs located in the vertebrate inner ear. These use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation. The utricle is larger than the saccule and is of an oblong form, compressed transversely, and occupies the upper and back part of the vestibule, lying in contact with the recessus ellipticus and the part below it. The utricle contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head, thanks to their apical cilia set-up. These are covered by otolith which, due to gravity, pull on the cilia and tilt them. Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the kinocilium or not, the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory (depolarising) or inhibitory (hyperpolarisation), respectively. This signal to the vestibular nerve (which takes it to the brainstem) does not adapt with time. The effect of this is that, for example, an individual lying down to sleep will continue to detect that they are lying down hours later when they awaken[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricle_(ear) }
  • Added

Changes for: cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth

Changes for: internal ear

Changes for: cochlea

Changes for: white matter of telencephalon

Changes for: sublingual gland

  • Deleted
    • - sublingual gland definition The sublingual glands are salivary glands in the mouth. They lie anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. They are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts called the ducts of Rivinus. The largest duct, the sublingual duct (of Bartholin) joins the submandibular duct to drain through the sublingual caruncle. The sublingual gland consists mostly of Mucous acini capped with serous demilunes and is therefore categorized as a mixed gland. Most of the remaining small sublingual ducts open separately into the mouth on an elevated crest of mucous membrane, the sublingual fold, caused by the gland and on either side of the frenulum linguae. The chorda tympani nerve is secretomotor to the sublingual glands. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublingual_gland }
  • Added

Changes for: sweat gland

  • Deleted
    • - sweat gland definition Sweat glands are exocrine glands, found in the skin of all mammal species, that are used for body temperature regulation. Both apocrine and merocrine sweat glands contain myoepithelial cells specialized epithelial cells located between the gland cells and the underlying basal lamina. Myoepithelial cell contractions squeeze the gland and discharge the accumulated secretions. The secretory activities of the gland cells and the contractions of myoepithelial cells are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the circulating hormones. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_gland }
  • Added

Changes for: paranasal sinus

Changes for: ligament of temporomandibular joint

Changes for: masseteric nerve

Changes for: mylohyoid nerve

Changes for: superior alveolar nerve

Changes for: deep temporal nerve

Changes for: superior laryngeal nerve

Changes for: nerve to stylohyoid from facial nerve

Changes for: digastric branch of facial nerve

Changes for: nerve to stylopharyngeus from glossopharyngeal nerve

Changes for: optic disc

Changes for: cranial nerve

Changes for: fovea centralis

Changes for: spinal nerve

Changes for: gray matter of telencephalon

Changes for: vidian canal

Changes for: inner plexiform layer of retina

Changes for: ganglionic layer of retina

Changes for: nerve fiber layer of retina

Changes for: inner nuclear layer of retina

Changes for: oral cirrus

Changes for: hepatogastric ligament

Changes for: hepatoduodenal ligament

Changes for: infra-orbital nerve

Changes for: mental nerve

Changes for: inferior alveolar nerve

Changes for: epiploic foramen

Changes for: middle ear

Changes for: vagus nerve

Changes for: arytenoid cartilage

Changes for: ligament of larynx

Changes for: corneal epithelium

Changes for: ciliary body

Changes for: pupil

Changes for: substantia propria of cornea

Changes for: nasal concha

Changes for: iris

  • Deleted
    • - iris definition A membrane in the eye, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina. The iris consists of pigmented fibrovascular tissue known as a stroma. It is the most forward portion of the eye and the only one seen on superficial inspection. The stroma connects a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae) which open it. The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris and restricts it to the pupil. The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure, and indirectly on vision. Depending on the amount of light, the iris makes the pupil larger or smaller. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(anatomy) }
    • - iris taxon notes The avian iris and ciliary body undergoes a transition from smooth-to-striated muscle during embryonic development - dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1998.9019
  • Added
    • + iris definition the adjustable membrane, composed of the stroma and pigmented epithelium, located just in front of the crystalline lens within the eye { database cross reference=MP:0001322,ISBN:0-683-40008-8 }
    • + iris taxon notes The avian iris and ciliary body undergoes a transition from smooth-to-striated muscle during embryonic development [doi:dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1998.9019]

Changes for: posterior chamber of eyeball

Changes for: uvea

Changes for: anterior chamber of eyeball

  • Deleted
    • - anterior chamber of eyeball definition The fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea’s innermost surface, the endothelium.[1] Aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber. Hyphema and glaucoma are two main pathologies in this area. In hyphema, blood fills the anterior chamber. In glaucoma, blockage of the canal of Schlemm prevents the normal outflow of aqueous humor, resulting in accumulation of fluid, increased intraocular pressure, and eventually blindness. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball }
  • Added
    • + anterior chamber of eyeball definition the space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, and bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and part of the crystalline lens { database cross reference=MP:0005205,MESH:A09.371.060.067 }

Changes for: nucleus ambiguus

Changes for: mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: eyelid

Changes for: oculomotor nuclear complex

Changes for: cranial ganglion

Changes for: spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: eyelash

Changes for: glossopharyngeal ganglion

Changes for: pudendal nerve

Changes for: geniculate ganglion

  • Deleted
    • - geniculate ganglion definition The geniculate ganglion is an L-shaped collection of fibers and sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head. It receives fibers from the motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components of the facial nerve and sends fibers that will innervate the lacrimal glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands, tongue, palate, pharynx, external auditory meatus, stapedius, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, and muscles of facial expression. Sensory and parasympathetic inputs are carried into the geniculate ganglion via the nervus intermedius. Motor fibers are carried via the facial nerve proper. The greater petrosal nerve, which carries sensory fibers as well as preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, emerges from the anterior aspect of the ganglion. The geniculate ganglion is one of several ganglia of the head and neck. Like the others, it is a bilaterally distributed structure, with each side of the face having a geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniculate_ganglion }
  • Added

Changes for: perineal nerve

Changes for: submandibular gland

Changes for: laryngeal cartilage

Changes for: thyroid cartilage

  • Deleted
    • - thyroid cartilage definition The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It is composed of two plate-like laminae that fuse on the anterior side of the cartilage to form a peak, called the laryngeal prominence. This prominence is often referred to as the ‘pomus Adamus’ or ‘Adam’s apple’. The laryngeal prominence is more prominent in adult male than female because of the difference in the size of the angle: 90° in male and 120° in female. The lip of the thyroid cartilage just superior to the laryngeal prominence is called the superior thyroid notch, while the notch inferior to the thyroid angle is called the inferior thyroid notch. Its posterior border is elongated both inferiorly and superiorly to form the superior horn of thyroid cartilage and inferior horn of thyroid cartilage. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage }
  • Added

Changes for: pharyngeal tonsil

Changes for: tonsillar ring

  • Deleted
    • - tonsillar ring definition lymphoid tissue ring located in the pharynx and to the back of the oral cavity. The ring consists of (from superior to inferior): Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as ‘adenoids’ when infected) Tubal tonsil (where Eustachian tube opens in the nasopharynx) Palatine tonsils (commonly called ‘the tonsils’ in the vernacular, less commonly termed ‘faucial tonsils’) Lingual tonsils Some animals, but not humans, have one or two additional tonsils: Soft palate tonsil Paraepiglottic tonsil[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldeyer’s_ring }
  • Added

Changes for: cochlear nucleus

Changes for: oropharynx

Changes for: nasopharynx

Changes for: taste bud

  • Deleted
    • - taste bud SubClassOf regional part of nervous system
    • - taste bud database cross reference UMLS:C0039337 { source=NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4101 }
    • - taste bud definition Taste buds are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis that provide information about the taste of food being eaten. These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (or savory). Via small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with the taste receptors. These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The human tongue has about 10,000 taste buds. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_bud }
    • - taste bud development notes arise by inductive interactions between epithelial cells and invading gustatory cells from chorda tympani (facial), glossophrayngeal and vagues nerves ISBN10:1607950324 (todo - request cell terms from CL) Taste buds form in greatest concentration on the dorsal surface of the tongue
  • Added

Changes for: papilla of tongue

Changes for: medial vestibular nucleus

Changes for: inferior vestibular nucleus

Changes for: cerebral vein

Changes for: temporal bone

Changes for: trigeminal ganglion

Changes for: occipital bone

Changes for: lacrimal bone

  • Deleted
    • - lacrimal bone definition The smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders. In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_bone }
    • - lacrimal bone taxon notes In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species[WP, ISBN 0-03-910284-X]
  • Added
    • + lacrimal bone definition the irregularly thin plate that forms part of the medial wall of the orbit behind the frontal process of the maxilla { database cross reference=MP:0005271,ISBN:0-683-40008-8 }
    • + lacrimal bone taxon notes In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species[ISBN 0-03-910284-X]

Changes for: jugal bone

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + jugal bone definition the quadrilateral bone that forms the prominence of the cheek { database cross reference=MP:0005270,ISBN:0-683-40008-8 }
    • + jugal bone taxon notes In humans it also articulates with the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders [Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugal_bone]

Changes for: sensory root of facial nerve

Changes for: external ear

Changes for: ear

Changes for: vidian nerve

Changes for: ligament of hip joint

Changes for: supraoptic crest

Changes for: neuron projection bundle connecting eye with brain

Changes for: obsolete regional part of metencephalon

Changes for: anteroventral nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: angular gyrus

Changes for: area X of ventral lateral nucleus

Changes for: supramarginal gyrus

Changes for: anteromedial nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: abducens nucleus

Changes for: rhinal sulcus

Changes for: nucleus raphe obscurus

Changes for: anterodorsal nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: obsolete regional part of medulla oblongata

Changes for: ventral supraoptic decussation

Changes for: obsolete regional part of medullary raphe nuclear complex

Changes for: diagonal sulcus

Changes for: anterior subcentral sulcus

Changes for: vestibular nuclear complex

Changes for: anterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus

Changes for: pallidotegmental fasciculus

Changes for: postnatal subventricular zone

  • Deleted
    • - postnatal subventricular zone database cross reference DHBA:SZ
    • - postnatal subventricular zone database cross reference PBA:SZ
    • - postnatal subventricular zone external definition The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of two sources of adult-born neurons in the mammalian brain, the other being the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. In most adult mammals, the SVZ is a three-layered sheath that lies along the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle and consists of type A, B, and C cells. Type A rest along the ventricle wall and are neuronal precursor cells, Type B are adjacent astrocytes, and Type C are immature precursors to the Type A neuroblasts. The neuronal precursor cells travel along the rostral migratory stream ensheathed in a tube of Type B astrocytes, until they reach the olfactory bulb. There they integrate into the existing cellular network and mature into local interneurons. While the majority become adult-born granule cells, a subset become periglomerular cells. Interestingly, the human SVZ differs from other mammals’ in several ways. It consists of four layers rather than three: ependymal cells (layer I), a hypo cellular gap (layer II), a ribbon of astrocytes (layer III), and a transitional zone (layer IV). The astrocytes are capable of differentiating into many kinds of tissue including new neurons. However, there is no evidence that the proliferating neurons travel along the rostral migratory stream in a chain to populate the olfactory bulb with new interneurons, as is the case for other mammals[NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_144262]. { source=NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_144262 }
  • Added
    • + postnatal subventricular zone database cross reference DHBA:10536
    • + postnatal subventricular zone database cross reference MBA:98
    • + postnatal subventricular zone database cross reference PBA:294021970
    • + postnatal subventricular zone external definition The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of two sources of adult-born neurons in the mammalian brain, the other being the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. In most adult mammals, the SVZ is a three-layered sheath that lies along the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle and consists of type A, B, and C cells. Type A rest along the ventricle wall and are neuronal precursor cells, Type B are adjacent astrocytes, and Type C are immature precursors to the Type A neuroblasts. The neuronal precursor cells travel along the rostral migratory stream ensheathed in a tube of Type B astrocytes, until they reach the olfactory bulb. There they integrate into the existing cellular network and mature into local interneurons. While the majority become adult-born granule cells, a subset become periglomerular cells. Interestingly, the human SVZ differs from other mammals’ in several ways. It consists of four layers rather than three: ependymal cells (layer I), a hypo cellular gap (layer II), a ribbon of astrocytes (layer III), and a transitional zone (layer IV). The astrocytes are capable of differentiating into many kinds of tissue including new neurons. However, there is no evidence that the proliferating neurons travel along the rostral migratory stream in a chain to populate the olfactory bulb with new interneurons, as is the case for other mammals[NIFSTD:nlx_144262]. { source=NIFSTD:nlx_144262 }

Changes for: anteroventral periventricular nucleus

Changes for: ventral tegmental area

Changes for: anterior hypothalamic commissure

Changes for: parieto-occipital sulcus

Changes for: medullary raphe nuclear complex

Changes for: occipitotemporal sulcus

Changes for: preoccipital notch

Changes for: supraopticohypophysial tract

Changes for: cuneiform nucleus

Changes for: dorsal supraoptic decussation

Changes for: dorsolateral fasciculus of medulla

Changes for: densocellular part of medial dorsal nucleus

Changes for: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of medulla

Changes for: magnocellular part of medial dorsal nucleus

Changes for: anterior median eminence

Changes for: cuneate fasciculus of medulla

Changes for: oral pulvinar nucleus

Changes for: intermediate orbital gyrus

Changes for: decussation of medial lemniscus

Changes for: cuneocerebellar tract

Changes for: medial pulvinar nucleus

Changes for: midbrain reticular formation

Changes for: lateral pulvinar nucleus

Changes for: ventral anterior nucleus

Changes for: anterior nucleus of hypothalamus

Changes for: obsolete regional part of midbrain tegmentum

Changes for: motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: medial part of medial mammillary nucleus

Changes for: cerebral crus

Changes for: body of caudate nucleus

Changes for: lateral septal nucleus

Changes for: oculomotor nerve root

Changes for: anterior horizontal limb of lateral sulcus

Changes for: medial longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain

Changes for: medial pes lemniscus

Changes for: superior frontal gyrus

Changes for: lateral part of medial mammillary nucleus

Changes for: septal nuclear complex

Changes for: mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: supracallosal gyrus

Changes for: medial lemniscus of midbrain

Changes for: superior medullary velum

Changes for: periamygdaloid area

Changes for: posterior parahippocampal gyrus

Changes for: anterior horn of lateral ventricle

Changes for: paralaminar part of medial dorsal nucleus

Changes for: body of lateral ventricle

Changes for: parvicellular part of medial dorsal nucleus

Changes for: gracile fasciculus of medulla

Changes for: posterior median eminence

Changes for: popliteal lymph node

Changes for: inguinal lymph node

Changes for: accessory olfactory bulb granule cell layer

Changes for: olfactory nerve

Changes for: mylohyoid muscle

Changes for: temporalis muscle

Changes for: intrinsic muscle of manus

Changes for: extrastriate cortex

Changes for: anterior vena cava

Changes for: depressor labii inferioris

Changes for: whorl of hair

Changes for: forelimb joint

Changes for: arcuate ligament

Changes for: thoracic nerve

Changes for: vestibular nerve

Changes for: musculocutaneous nerve

Changes for: root of sacral nerve

Changes for: root of coccygeal nerve

Changes for: lingual nerve

Changes for: root of thoracic nerve

Changes for: root of lumbar spinal nerve

Changes for: root of cervical nerve

Changes for: collection of basal ganglia

Changes for: basal nucleus of telencephalon

Changes for: lumbar nerve

Changes for: sacral nerve

Changes for: spinal nerve root

Changes for: coccygeal nerve

Changes for: core of nucleus accumbens

Changes for: anterior tegmental nucleus

Changes for: shell of nucleus accumbens

Changes for: central tegmental tract

Changes for: ansa lenticularis

Changes for: coronary artery

Changes for: hepatic portal vein

Changes for: vein

Changes for: artery

Changes for: otic ligament

Changes for: glossopharyngeal nerve

Changes for: vestibulocochlear nerve

Changes for: trigeminal nerve

Changes for: trochlear nerve

Changes for: facial nerve

Changes for: abducens nerve

Changes for: celiac artery

Changes for: oculomotor nerve

Changes for: hypoglossal nerve

Changes for: aorta endothelium

Changes for: cingulate sulcus

Changes for: premammillary nucleus

Changes for: nucleus of posterior commissure

Changes for: rubrospinal tract

Changes for: circular sulcus of insula

Changes for: collateral sulcus

Changes for: spinal trigeminal tract of medulla

Changes for: solitary tract

Changes for: rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus

Changes for: spino-olivary tract

Changes for: mammillary peduncle

Changes for: lateral sulcus

Changes for: limen of insula

Changes for: mammillary princeps fasciculus

Changes for: trochlear nucleus

Changes for: claustral amygdaloid area

Changes for: entorhinal cortex

Changes for: medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus

Changes for: cervical spinal cord

Changes for: regional part of thalamus

Changes for: vestibulocochlear nerve root

Changes for: longitudinal pontine fibers

Changes for: urogenital fold

Changes for: isthmus of cingulate gyrus

Changes for: lateral inferior limiting sulcus

Changes for: medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: superior temporal sulcus

Changes for: intralaminar nuclear group

Changes for: lateral nuclear group of thalamus

Changes for: transverse pontine fibers

Changes for: lamina of septum pellucidum

Changes for: basal forebrain

Changes for: posterior cingulate gyrus

Changes for: diagonal band of Broca

Changes for: regional part of cerebellar cortex

Changes for: medial lemniscus of medulla

Changes for: neodentate part of dentate nucleus

Changes for: intermediate periventricular nucleus

Changes for: ventral amygdalofugal projection

Changes for: hilum of dentate nucleus

Changes for: nephron tubule epithelium

Changes for: chorda tympani branch of facial nerve

Changes for: accessory XI nerve spinal component

Changes for: accessory XI nerve cranial component

Changes for: kidney epithelium

Changes for: larynx epithelium

  • Added
    • + larynx epithelium structure notes composed of squamous epithelium in the upper larynx and ciliated columnar epithelium in the lower larynx [ISBN:0-397-51047-0]

Changes for: seminiferous tubule epithelium

Changes for: posterior periventricular nucleus

Changes for: posterior nuclear complex of thalamus

Changes for: posterior nucleus of hypothalamus

Changes for: corticospinal tract

Changes for: metathalamus

Changes for: midline nuclear group

Changes for: middle frontal gyrus

Changes for: precentral gyrus

Changes for: subcuneiform nucleus

Changes for: anterior median oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: respiratory tract epithelium

Changes for: anterior calcarine sulcus

Changes for: commissure of superior colliculus

Changes for: obsolete regional part of vestibular nuclear complex

Changes for: central tegmental tract of midbrain

Changes for: calcarine sulcus

Changes for: nucleus subceruleus

Changes for: decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle

Changes for: lateral corticospinal tract

Changes for: brachium of superior colliculus

Changes for: postcentral gyrus

Changes for: obsolete regional part of medullary reticular formation

Changes for: pontine reticular formation

Changes for: obsolete regional part of inferior olivary complex

Changes for: external nucleus of inferior colliculus

Changes for: principal pretectal nucleus

Changes for: pericentral nucleus of inferior colliculus

Changes for: sublentiform nucleus

Changes for: posterior orbital gyrus

Changes for: temporal pole

Changes for: nursing stage

Changes for: medial orbital gyrus

Changes for: transverse temporal sulcus

Changes for: amiculum of dentate nucleus

Changes for: lateral orbital gyrus

Changes for: olivary pretectal nucleus

Changes for: superior precentral sulcus

Changes for: basal part of pons

Changes for: temporal operculum

Changes for: lumen of central nervous system

Changes for: superior frontal sulcus

Changes for: central nucleus of inferior colliculus

Changes for: medullary reticular formation

Changes for: linear nucleus

Changes for: intermediate hypothalamic region

Changes for: corticotectal tract

Changes for: obsolete regional part of superior colliculus

Changes for: interstitial nucleus of Cajal

Changes for: vestibulocerebellar tract

Changes for: anterior hypothalamic region

Changes for: ventral trigeminal tract

Changes for: male membranous urethra

  • Deleted
    • - male membranous urethra definition The intermediate part of male urethra (membranous portion) is the shortest, least dilatable, and, with the exception of the external orifice, the narrowest part of the canal. It extends downward and forward, with a slight anterior concavity, between the apex of the prostate and the bulb of the urethra, perforating the urogenital diaphragm about 2.5 cm. below and behind the pubic symphysis. The hinder part of the urethral bulb lies in apposition with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, but its upper portion diverges somewhat from this fascia: the anterior wall of the membranous urethra is thus prolonged for a short distance in front of the urogenital diaphragm; it measures about 2 cm. in length, while the posterior wall which is between the two fasciæ of the diaphragm is only 1.25 cm. long. The membranous portion of the urethra is completely surrounded by the fibers of the Sphincter urethrae membranaceae. In front of it the deep dorsal vein of the penis enters the pelvis between the transverse ligament of the pelvis and the arcuate pubic ligament; on either side near its termination are the bulbourethral glands. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranous_urethra }
  • Added

Changes for: gland

Changes for: antitragus

Changes for: antihelix

Changes for: otolith organ

Changes for: periosteum

  • Deleted
    • - periosteum definition Periosteum is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of all bones. Periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. Periosteum is divided into an outer ‘fibrous layer’ and inner ‘cambium layer’ (or ‘osteogenic layer’). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which are essential to the healing process. As opposed to osseous tissue, periosteum has nociceptors nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply. Periosteum is attached to bone by strong collagenous fibers called Sharpey’s fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae. It also provides an attachment for muscles and tendons. Periosteum that covers the outer surface of the bones of the skull is known as ‘pericranium’. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periosteum }
  • Added

Changes for: trabecula carnea

Changes for: navicular bone of pes

Changes for: precentral fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: primary fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: tongue taste bud

Changes for: gustatory epithelium of tongue

Changes for: compact bone tissue

  • Deleted
    • - compact bone tissue definition one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compact/Cortical bone facilitates bone’s main functions: to support the body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than cancellous bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_bone }
  • Added

Changes for: pretectal nucleus

Changes for: ansoparamedian fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: cardiac ganglion

Changes for: scaphoid

  • Deleted
    • - scaphoid definition The scaphoid Bone is situated at the radial (radius bone) side of the carpus, or laterally between the manus and the forearm in standard medical posture (thumbs pointing outwards). The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. It is approximately the size and shape of a medium sized cashew. The bone takes a semi-similar form of a boat. In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, this bone is instead commonly referred to as the radiale, because of its articulation with the radius. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaphoid }
  • Added
    • + scaphoid definition the bone of the hand located at the radial side of the carpus and which articulates with the radius, trapezium, trapezoideum, capitate, and lunate bones { database cross reference=MP:0010775,MGI:llw2 }
    • + scaphoid terminology notes In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, this bone is instead commonly referred to as the radiale, because of its articulation with the radius[WP]

Changes for: radial nerve

Changes for: axillary nerve

Changes for: ulnar nerve

Changes for: recurrent laryngeal nerve

Changes for: splanchnic nerve

Changes for: placental cotyledon

Changes for: aggregate regional part of brain

Changes for: manus joint

Changes for: placental labyrinth villous

Changes for: pes joint

Changes for: laryngeal vocal fold

Changes for: inguinal canal

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + inguinal canal SubClassOf part of some abdomen
    • + inguinal canal definition the passage in the lower abdominal wall through which the spermatic cord in the male or the round ligament in the female, nerves and vessels pass from the pelvic cavity to the scrotum or labia majora, respectively { database cross reference=MP:0003673,ISBN:0-683-40008-8,MESH:A01.047.412 }
    • + inguinal canal taxon notes In most mammals the canal remains open, and the testis can pass from the scrotum to the abdominal cavity. In humans the canal closes after testicular descent[doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00087.x]
    • + inguinal canal taxon notes In tammar wallabies, closes between days 50 and 60 pp[doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00087.x]

Changes for: skin of prepuce of penis

Changes for: prepyriform area

Changes for: juxtarestiform body

Changes for: oral part of spinal trigeminal nucleus

Changes for: paracentral sulcus

Changes for: principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: medial olfactory gyrus

Changes for: dentatothalamic tract

Changes for: orbital operculum

Changes for: ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: orbital sulcus

Changes for: lateral medullary reticular complex

Changes for: intermediate reticular nucleus

Changes for: male urethral crest

Changes for: trachea cartilage

Changes for: brachiocephalic artery

  • Deleted
    • - brachiocephalic artery definition The brachiocephalic artery (or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck. It is the first branch of the aortic arch, and soon after it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. There is no brachiocephalic artery for the left side of the body. The left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery, come directly off the aortic arch. However, there are two brachiocephalic veins. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiocephalic_artery }
  • Added

Changes for: thymus trabecula

Changes for: vertebral artery

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + vertebral artery comment The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]
    • + vertebral artery definition the first branch of the left and right subclavian arteries that merge to form the single midline basilar artery; branches of the vertebral arteries supply the musculature of the neck { database cross reference=MP:0011513,ISBN:0-683-40008-8 }

Changes for: arch of aorta

  • Deleted
    • - arch of aorta definition begins at the level of the upper border of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side, and runs at first upward, backward, and to the left in front of the trachea; it is then directed backward on the left side of the trachea and finally passes downward on the left side of the body of the fourth thoracic vertebra, at the lower border of which it becomes continuous with the descending aorta[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_aorta }
  • Added
    • + arch of aorta definition the convex portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending parts of the aorta; branches from it include the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery; the brachiocephalic trunk further splits to form the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery { database cross reference=MP:0004113,ISBN:0-683-40008-8 }

Changes for: thoracic aorta

  • Deleted
    • - thoracic aorta definition The thoracic aorta is contained in the posterior mediastinal cavity. It begins at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra where it is continuous with the aortic arch, and ends in front of the lower border of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, at the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm where it becomes the abdominal aorta. At its commencement, it is situated on the left of the vertebral column; it approaches the median line as it descends; and, at its termination, lies directly in front of the column. The vessel describes a curve which is concave forward; as the branches given off from it are small, its diminution in size is insignificant. It has a radius of approximately 1.16 cm. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_aorta }
  • Added
    • + thoracic aorta definition the part of the aorta that extends from the origin at the heart to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest { database cross reference=MP:0010468,http://www.medterms.com }

Changes for: kidney pelvis urothelium

Changes for: respiratory system mucosa

Changes for: cochlear nuclear complex

Changes for: pars postrema of ventral lateral nucleus

Changes for: regional part of brain

Changes for: obsolete regional part of cerebral cortex

Changes for: root of trochlear nerve

Changes for: globose nucleus

Changes for: transverse orbital sulcus

Changes for: ventral tegmental decussation

Changes for: medial part of ventral lateral nucleus

Changes for: obsolete regional part of cochlear nuclear complex

Changes for: preoptic periventricular nucleus

Changes for: tuber cinereum

Changes for: auditory system

Changes for: vertebral centrum element

Changes for: triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus

Changes for: tail of caudate nucleus

Changes for: capsule of medial geniculate body

Changes for: head of caudate nucleus

Changes for: median preoptic nucleus

Changes for: orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus

Changes for: cerebral peduncle

Changes for: cranial suture

Changes for: metacarpophalangeal joint

Changes for: limbic lobe

Changes for: spinothalamic tract of midbrain

Changes for: ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus

Changes for: paraterminal gyrus

Changes for: emboliform nucleus

Changes for: fasciolar gyrus

Changes for: caudal part of ventral lateral nucleus

Changes for: superior rostral sulcus

Changes for: neuropil

  • Added
    • + neuropil external definition Multi-cell component structure of the central nervous system consisting largely of neuron projections (tracts and synaptic neuropil domains) and associated glial cells. This corresponds to the part of the CNS that is enclosed by the cortex. { source=FBC:BrainName }

Changes for: precentral operculum

Changes for: septum pellucidum

Changes for: kidney arcuate vein

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 29

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 26

Changes for: cerebellar vermis

Changes for: medial palpebral ligament

Changes for: piriform cortex

Changes for: cochlear nerve

Changes for: cervical gland

Changes for: internal urethral orifice

Changes for: male urethral meatus

Changes for: urethral meatus

Changes for: bulbus cordis

Changes for: dorsal thalamus

Changes for: intercalated amygdaloid nuclei

Changes for: central amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: lateral amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: accessory basal amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: pontobulbar nucleus

Changes for: white matter of midbrain

Changes for: supraspinal nucleus

Changes for: sublingual nucleus

Changes for: basal amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: lateral part of basal amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: medial part of basal amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: medial pericuneate nucleus

Changes for: lateral pericuneate nucleus

Changes for: interpolar part of spinal trigeminal nucleus

Changes for: inferior salivatory nucleus

Changes for: hypoglossal nucleus

Changes for: dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve

Changes for: cingulum of tooth

Changes for: peritrigeminal nucleus

Changes for: nucleus intercalatus

Changes for: parasolitary nucleus

Changes for: nucleus of lateral olfactory tract

Changes for: medial amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: cortical amygdaloid nucleus

Changes for: anterior amygdaloid area

Changes for: cistern of lamina terminalis

Changes for: telodiencephalic fissure

Changes for: secondary olfactory cortex

Changes for: olfactory cortex

Changes for: chiasmatic cistern

Changes for: hippocampal sulcus

Changes for: auditory cortex

Changes for: muscular layer of prostatic urethra

Changes for: lamina propria of prostatic urethra

Changes for: frontal lobe

Changes for: lobe of cerebral hemisphere

Changes for: primary motor cortex

  • Deleted
    • - primary motor cortex SubClassOf regional part of cerebral cortex
    • - primary motor cortex definition The part of the cerebral cortex that receives projections from the motor thalamus and which projects to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The motor cortex corresponds to Brodmann’s area 4 (MM). The primary motor cortex, or M1, is located on the precentral gyrus and on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain. Of the three motor cortex areas, stimulation of the primary motor cortex requires the least amount of electrical current to elicit a movement. http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter03.html { database cross reference=NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_143555 }
    • - primary motor cortex external definition The part of the cerebral cortex that receives projections from the motor thalamus and which projects to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The motor cortex corresponds to Brodmann’s area 4 (MM). The primary motor cortex, or M1, is located on the precentral gyrus and on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain. Of the three motor cortex areas, stimulation of the primary motor cortex requires the least amount of electrical current to elicit a movement. http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter03.html { source=NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_143555 }
    • - primary motor cortex has related synonym medial orbital cortex { database cross reference=BAMS:MO }
  • Added

Changes for: white matter of occipital lobe

Changes for: cerebrospinal fluid

Changes for: seminiferous tubule of testis

  • Deleted
    • - seminiferous tubule of testis definition Seminiferous tubules are located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa. The epithelium of the tubule consists of sustentacular or Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule. In between the Sertoli cells are spermatogenic cells, which differentiate through meiosis to sperm cells. There are two types: convoluted and straight. convuluted towards the lateral side and straight as the tubule comes medially to form ducts which will exit the testis. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminiferous_tubule }
  • Added

Changes for: mesovarium

Changes for: dorsal artery of penis

Changes for: nigrostriatal tract

Changes for: parietal peritoneum

Changes for: ovarian follicle

Changes for: right uterine tube

Changes for: placental caruncle

Changes for: epididymis

Changes for: placentome of cotyledonary placenta

Changes for: scrotum

Changes for: spongiose part of urethra

  • Deleted
    • - spongiose part of urethra definition The spongy urethra (cavernous portion of urethra, penile urethra) is the longest part of the male urethra, and is contained in the corpus spongiosum urethraeæ. It is about 15 cm long, and extends from the termination of the membranous portion to the external urethral orifice. Commencing below the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm it passes forward and upward to the front of the symphysis pubis; and then, in the flaccid condition of the penis, it bends downward and forward. It is narrow, and of uniform size in the body of the penis, measuring about 6 mm in diameter; it is dilated behind, within the bulb, and again anteriorly within the glans penis, where it forms the fossa navicularis urethrae. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_urethra }
    • - spongiose part of urethra editor note This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies
  • Added
    • + spongiose part of urethra SubClassOf located in some corpus spongiosum of penis
    • + spongiose part of urethra definition the longest part of the male urethra contained in the corpus spongiosum and extending from the end of the membranous portion to the external urethral orifice; commencing below the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm it passes forward and upward to the front of the symphysis pubis; and then, in the flaccid condition of the penis, it bends downward and forward; while narrow and of uniform size in the body of the penis, it is dilated behind, within the bulb, and again anteriorly within the glans penis, where it forms the fossa navicularis urethrae; the spongy urethra is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium proximally, and by stratified squamous epithelium distally { database cross reference=MP:0011779,MGI:anna }

Changes for: prostatic urethra

Changes for: common fibular nerve

Changes for: tibial nerve

Changes for: sciatic nerve

Changes for: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Changes for: fronto-orbital gyrus

Changes for: anterior cingulate cortex

Changes for: vagus X nerve trunk

Changes for: brain white matter

Changes for: cavum septum pellucidum

Changes for: upper rhombic lip

Changes for: lower rhombic lip

Changes for: carotid sinus nerve

Changes for: placental membrane

Changes for: secondary heart field

Changes for: white fibrocartilage

Changes for: lunate sulcus

Changes for: occipital pole

Changes for: intralingual sulcus

Changes for: lateral occipital sulcus

Changes for: posterior calcarine sulcus

Changes for: transverse occipital sulcus

Changes for: superior postcentral sulcus

Changes for: anterior occipital sulcus

Changes for: posterior subcentral sulcus

Changes for: subparietal sulcus

Changes for: obsolete regional part of inferior colliculus

Changes for: medial parabrachial nucleus

Changes for: anterior parolfactory sulcus

Changes for: posterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus

Changes for: parietal operculum

Changes for: marginal sulcus

Changes for: intraparietal sulcus

Changes for: inferior postcentral sulcus

Changes for: postcentral sulcus

Changes for: central sulcus

Changes for: dentate gyrus polymorphic layer

Changes for: olfactory trigone

Changes for: posterior parolfactory sulcus

Changes for: callosal sulcus

Changes for: longitudinal fissure

Changes for: terminal nerve

Changes for: trigeminal nucleus

Changes for: ventral posteroinferior nucleus

Changes for: magnocellular part of ventral anterior nucleus

Changes for: magnocellular part of red nucleus

Changes for: parvicellular part of ventral anterior nucleus

Changes for: parvocellular part of red nucleus

Changes for: dorsal septal nucleus

Changes for: trapezoid body

Changes for: nucleus of anterior commissure

Changes for: ventral oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: tectopontine tract

Changes for: superior occipital gyrus

Changes for: tectospinal tract

Changes for: regional part of cerebellum

Changes for: frontal operculum

Changes for: spinothalamic tract of medulla

Changes for: ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: ventral posterolateral nucleus

Changes for: lingual gyrus

Changes for: capsule of red nucleus

Changes for: anterior column of fornix

Changes for: dorsal hypothalamic area

Changes for: lateral lemniscus

Changes for: granular layer of cerebellar cortex

Changes for: rhomboidal nucleus

Changes for: medial lemniscus of pons

Changes for: caudal central oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: subfascicular nucleus

Changes for: obsolete regional part of midbrain

Changes for: obsolete regional part of intermediate hypothalamic region

Changes for: intermediate acoustic stria

Changes for: cingulate gyrus

Changes for: obsolete regional part of midbrain tectum

Changes for: rostral intralaminar nuclear group

Changes for: dorsal oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: inferior temporal sulcus

Changes for: central gray substance of pons

Changes for: caudal pontine reticular nucleus

Changes for: central oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: archicortex

Changes for: Purkinje cell layer of cerebellar cortex

Changes for: preolivary nucleus

Changes for: medial oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: oral part of ventral lateral nucleus

Changes for: triangular septal nucleus

Changes for: periolivary nucleus

Changes for: centromedian nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: parahippocampal gyrus

Changes for: molecular layer of cerebellar cortex

Changes for: intermediate oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: anterior spinocerebellar tract

Changes for: lateral dorsal nucleus

Changes for: ventral nucleus of medial geniculate body

Changes for: inferior pulvinar nucleus

Changes for: lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus

Changes for: pulvinar nucleus

Changes for: caudal part of ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: obsolete regional part of forebrain

Changes for: central tegmental tract of pons

Changes for: medial superior olivary nucleus

Changes for: obsolete regional part of lateral hypothalamic region

Changes for: obsolete regional part of diencephalon

Changes for: decussation of trochlear nerve

Changes for: root of abducens nerve

Changes for: anterior nuclear group

Changes for: obsolete regional part of posterior hypothalamic region

Changes for: olfactory sulcus

Changes for: middle temporal gyrus

Changes for: posterior hypothalamic region

Changes for: ventral nuclear group

Changes for: olivocochlear bundle

Changes for: posterior transverse temporal gyrus

Changes for: anterior transverse temporal gyrus

Changes for: lateral superior olivary nucleus

Changes for: ventral pallidum

Changes for: epithalamus mantle layer

Changes for: accessory medullary lamina of globus pallidus

Changes for: internal medullary lamina of thalamus

Changes for: lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus

Changes for: inferior precentral sulcus

Changes for: inferior frontal sulcus

Changes for: ventral corticospinal tract

Changes for: fusiform gyrus

Changes for: inferior rostral sulcus

Changes for: vestibulospinal tract

Changes for: superior temporal gyrus

Changes for: ligament of liver

Changes for: predorsal bundle

Changes for: posterior spinocerebellar tract

Changes for: olivocerebellar tract

Changes for: inferior temporal gyrus

Changes for: medial longitudinal fasciculus of medulla

Changes for: magnocellular nucleus of medial geniculate body

Changes for: obsolete regional part of epithalamus

Changes for: dorsal nucleus of medial geniculate body

Changes for: pyramidal decussation

Changes for: anterior cingulate gyrus

Changes for: external pudendal artery

Changes for: myometrium

  • Deleted
    • - myometrium comment The inner layer of the uterine wall is the endometrium or uterine lining, and the outer layer the serosa or perimetrium. The myometrium stretches (the smooth muscle cells expand in both size and number) during pregnancy to allow for the harboring of the pregnancy, and contracts in a coordinated fashion during the process of labor. After delivery the myometrium contracts to expel the placenta and reduce blood loss.
    • - myometrium definition middle layer of the uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells and supporting stromal and vascular tissue. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myometrium }
  • Added
    • + myometrium definition the smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ and surrounds and supports the endometrium { database cross reference=MP:0008256,MESH:A02.633.570.500,MGI:brs }
    • + myometrium function notes The myometrium stretches (the smooth muscle cells expand in both size and number) during pregnancy to allow for the harboring of the pregnancy, and contracts in a coordinated fashion during the process of labor. After delivery the myometrium contracts to expel the placenta and reduce blood loss.

Changes for: endometrium

Changes for: glans penis

Changes for: thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

Changes for: blowhole ligament

Changes for: ampullary nerve

Changes for: descending limb of loop of Henle

Changes for: loop of Henle

  • Deleted
    • - loop of Henle definition Portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main function of this structure is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney. By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which utilizes sodium pumps, it creates an area of high sodium concentration deep in the medulla, near the collecting duct. Water present in the filtrate in the collecting duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the collecting duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_of_Henle }
  • Added
    • + loop of Henle definition the section of the renal tubule in the kidney medulla with a hairpin bend; consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb, and is situated between the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule; it functions to reabsorb water and ions from the urine { database cross reference=MP:0004755,MGI:csmith }

Changes for: intralobular bile duct

Changes for: paragigantocellular nucleus

Changes for: portal triad

  • Deleted
    • - portal triad comment The misnomer “portal triad” traditionally has included only the first three structures, and was named before lymphatic vessels were discovered in the structure. It can refer both to the largest branch of each of these vessels running inside the hepatoduodenal ligament, and to the smaller branches of these vessels inside the liver.
    • - portal triad definition A component of the hepatic lobule, that consists of: hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct, lymphatic vessels, and the branch of the vagus nerve. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_triad }
  • Added
    • + portal triad definition the three vessels of the portal lobule including the bile duct, a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel { database cross reference=MP:0008993,ISBN:0-683-40008-8,MGI:csmith }
    • + portal triad terminology notes The misnomer ‘portal triad’ traditionally has included only the first three structures, and was named before lymphatic vessels were discovered in the structure. It can refer both to the largest branch of each of these vessels running inside the hepatoduodenal ligament, and to the smaller branches of these vessels inside the liver.

Changes for: supplemental motor cortex

Changes for: parvocellular reticular nucleus

Changes for: premotor cortex

Changes for: epithalamus ventricular layer

Changes for: lateral periolivary nucleus

Changes for: femoral nerve

Changes for: dorsal trigeminal tract

Changes for: spinothalamic tract of pons

Changes for: frontal pole

Changes for: motor root of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of pons

Changes for: medial longitudinal fasciculus of pons

Changes for: subparafascicular nucleus

Changes for: obsolete regional part of telencephalon

Changes for: lumbar spinal cord

Changes for: dorsal acoustic stria

Changes for: fronto-orbital sulcus

Changes for: mucosa of urinary bladder

Changes for: piriform cortex layer 1

Changes for: red pulp of spleen

  • Deleted
    • - red pulp of spleen definition Red pulp of the spleen is composed of connective tissue known as the cords of Billroth and many splenic sinuses that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color. Its primary function is to filter the blood of antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells. The spleen is made of red pulp and white pulp, separated by the marginal zone; 76-79% of a normal spleen is red pulp. Unlike white pulp, which mainly contains lymphocytes such as T cells, red pulp is made up of several different types of blood cells, including platelets, granulocytes, red blood cells, and plasma. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_pulp }
  • Added
    • + red pulp of spleen definition the parenchymatous tissue network of the spleen that consists of loose plates or cords (sinuses) infiltrated with red blood cells where most of the blood filtration occurs and degenerate erythrocytes are removed from the circulation { database cross reference=MP:0002356,MGI:csmith }

Changes for: marginal zone of spleen

Changes for: dorsal nucleus of trapezoid body

Changes for: trigone of urinary bladder

Changes for: piriform cortex layer 2

Changes for: gelatinous nucleus of solitary tract

Changes for: piriform cortex layer 3

Changes for: medial nucleus of solitary tract

Changes for: nucleus of solitary tract

Changes for: endopiriform nucleus

Changes for: medial accessory olive

Changes for: dorsal cap of Kooy

Changes for: crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine

Changes for: falciform ligament

Changes for: internal anal sphincter

Changes for: adrenal cortex

Changes for: adrenal medulla

  • Deleted
    • - adrenal medulla definition The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine[WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla }
  • Added
    • + adrenal medulla definition the inner portion of the adrenal gland that consists mainly of chromaffin cells which produce, store and secrete neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and norepinephrine { database cross reference=MP:0008289,MESH:A06.407.071.265,MGI:llw2 }

Changes for: glomerular capsule

Changes for: renal corpuscle

Changes for: Peyer’s patch

Changes for: intestinal villus

Changes for: muscularis mucosae of stomach

Changes for: serosa of stomach

Changes for: submucosa of stomach

Changes for: sulcus of brain

Changes for: root of optic nerve

Changes for: sensory root of trigeminal nerve

Changes for: retrotrapezoid nucleus

Changes for: syrinx organ

Changes for: lamina terminalis of cerebral hemisphere

Changes for: helicine branch of uterine artery

Changes for: superior branch of oculomotor nerve

Changes for: inferior branch of oculomotor nerve

Changes for: nerve of trunk region

Changes for: dentate gyrus subgranular zone

Changes for: main olfactory bulb

Changes for: olfactory bulb plexiform layer

Changes for: vomeronasal nerve

Changes for: cranial sensory ganglion

  • Deleted
    • - cranial sensory ganglion editor note check this - merge into cranial ganglion? WP: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia, appended respectively to cranial nerves VII, IX and X. Other

Changes for: marsupium

Changes for: posterior superior fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: horizontal fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: prepyramidal fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: secondary fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: right frontal lobe

Changes for: left frontal lobe

Changes for: left cerebral hemisphere

Changes for: right cerebral hemisphere

Changes for: posterolateral fissure of cerebellum

Changes for: apex of cochlea

Changes for: vestibulocochlear ganglion

Changes for: ventral cochlear nucleus

Changes for: superior part of vestibular ganglion

Changes for: inferior part of vestibular ganglion

Changes for: clivus of fovea centralis

Changes for: vestibular ganglion

Changes for: macula lutea proper

Changes for: dorsal cochlear nucleus

Changes for: zona arcuata of basilar membrane of cochlea

Changes for: stratum zonale of thalamus

Changes for: left parietal lobe

Changes for: spinal trigeminal tract of pons

Changes for: left occipital lobe

Changes for: right parietal lobe

Changes for: right temporal lobe

Changes for: right occipital lobe

Changes for: left temporal lobe

Changes for: fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: third lumbar dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: twelfth thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: eleventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: first lumbar dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: second lumbar dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: seventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: eighth thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: ninth thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: tenth thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: diffuse reticular nucleus

Changes for: commissural nucleus of vagus nerve

Changes for: central gray substance of medulla

Changes for: caudal part of spinal trigeminal nucleus

Changes for: arcuate nucleus of medulla

Changes for: fifth sacral dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: accessory cuneate nucleus

Changes for: second sacral dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: third sacral dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: first sacral dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: medial nucleus of trapezoid body

Changes for: ventral nucleus of trapezoid body

Changes for: thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: sacral dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: lumbar dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: second cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: first cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: anteroventral cochlear nucleus

Changes for: posteroventral cochlear nucleus

Changes for: second thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: first thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: eighth cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: seventh cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: sixth thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: fifth thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: third thoracic dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: small intestine Peyer’s patch

Changes for: fourth cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: fifth cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: third cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: periventricular zone of hypothalamus

Changes for: hyaloid artery

Changes for: lateral zone of hypothalamus

Changes for: medial zone of hypothalamus

Changes for: perifornical nucleus

Changes for: stria vascularis of cochlear duct

Changes for: midbrain cerebral aqueduct

Changes for: choroid plexus of third ventricle

Changes for: optic recess of third ventricle

Changes for: third ventricle

Changes for: telencephalic ventricle

Changes for: epipubic bone

Changes for: central canal of spinal cord

Changes for: choroid plexus of fourth ventricle

Changes for: scala media

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + scala media comment located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner’s membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Scala media houses the organ of Corti. [Wikipedia:Scala_media]
    • + scala media definition the division of the spiral canal of the cochlea that contains the organ of Corti (the neuroepithelial receptor organ for hearing) { database cross reference=MP:0003169,MGI:anna,PMID:1680563 }

Changes for: brainstem

Changes for: costal cartilage

Changes for: tectorial membrane of cochlea

Changes for: uterine horn

Changes for: cerebellar hemisphere

Changes for: dorsal thoracic nucleus

Changes for: intercostal muscle

  • Deleted
    • - intercostal muscle definition Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal_muscle }
  • Added

Changes for: nucleus pulposus

  • Deleted
    • - nucleus pulposus definition A jelly-like connective tissue in the middle of the spinal disc. It is the remnant of the notochord. It functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each disc under compressive loads. The nucleus pulposus consists of chondrocytes, collagen fibrils, and proteoglycan aggrecans that have hyaluronic long chains which attract water. Attached to each hyaluronic chain are side chains of chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_pulposus }
  • Added
    • + nucleus pulposus comment Function noyes: It functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each disc under compressive loads.
    • + nucleus pulposus definition the jelly-like substance in the middle of the spinal disc which is a remnant of the notochord { database cross reference=MP:0006392,MGI:llw2 }
    • + nucleus pulposus structure notes The nucleus pulposus consists of chondrocytes, collagen fibrils, and proteoglycan aggrecans that have hyaluronic long chains which attract water. Attached to each hyaluronic chain are side chains of chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate[Wikipedia:Nucleus_pulposus]

Changes for: spinal cord

Changes for: dorsal horn of spinal cord

Changes for: ventral horn of spinal cord

Changes for: corpora quadrigemina

Changes for: olfactory tract

Changes for: anterior olfactory nucleus

Changes for: parathyroid gland

Changes for: olfactory bulb

Changes for: smooth muscle tissue

Changes for: laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

Changes for: dorsal root of spinal cord

Changes for: ventral root of spinal cord

Changes for: central nucleus of pallium

Changes for: lateral pallium

Changes for: dorsal pallium

Changes for: epifascicular nucleus

Changes for: median nerve

Changes for: root of olfactory nerve

Changes for: ventrolateral nucleus of solitary tract

Changes for: hepatic vein

Changes for: glossopharyngeal nerve root

Changes for: mammillary body

Changes for: dorsal ventricular ridge of pallium

Changes for: medial pallium

Changes for: occipital sulcus

Changes for: allocortex

Changes for: paleocortex

  • Deleted
    • - paleocortex definition Paleocortex is a type of cortical tissue that consists of either four or five cortical laminae (layers of neuronal cell bodies). It has fewer laminae than neocortex, which has six, but more than archicortex, which has three. Paleocortex, along with archicortex and periallocortex, is a type of allocortex. Because the number of laminae that compose a type of cortical tissue seems to be directly proportional to both the information-processing capabilities of that tissue and its phylogenetic age, paleocortex is thought to be an intermediate between neocortex and archicortex in both aspects. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocortex }
  • Added
    • + paleocortex definition Part of the allocortex defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. The other two are archicortex and periallocortex. It consists of very thin, primitive cortex with few clearly defined layers. It is distinguished ontogenetically by the fact that it does not develop through a cortical plate. It includes the olfactory bulb, accessory olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, septum, prepyriform area and periamygdalar area ( Stephan-1975 ). (adapted from Brain Info) { database cross reference=NIFSTD:nlx_143559 }

Changes for: periallocortex

Changes for: septohypothalamic nucleus

Changes for: cystic duct

Changes for: subfornical organ

Changes for: spinal trigeminal tract

Changes for: nerve root

Changes for: pyloric antrum

  • Deleted
    • - pyloric antrum definition Pyloric antrum (antrum, lesser cul-de-sac) is the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach. It is near the bottom of the stomach on the left side of the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum. It may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the second part of the pyloric part of the stomach by a slight groove. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_antrum }
  • Added
    • + pyloric antrum definition the area at the bottom of the stomach on the caudal side of the pyloric canal that contains gastrin-producing G cells, which stimulate acid production, and the luminal pH-sensitive population of somatostatin-producing D cells { database cross reference=MP:0010790,ISBN:0-683-40008-8 }

Changes for: pylorus

  • Deleted
    • - pylorus definition The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is divided in two parts: the pyloric antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach. the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum. The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal and lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from celiac ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylorus }
  • Added

Changes for: wall of stomach

Changes for: macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth

Changes for: macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth

Changes for: spiral organ of cochlea

Changes for: P1 area of pallium (Myxiniformes)

Changes for: P3 area of pallium (Myxiniformes)

Changes for: P2 area of pallium (Myxiniformes)

Changes for: P5 area of pallium (Myxiniformes)

Changes for: P4 area of pallium (Myxiniformes)

Changes for: Wulst

Changes for: hyperpallium apicale

Changes for: interstitial part of hyperpallium apicale

Changes for: entopallium

Changes for: hepatic acinus

Changes for: common bile duct

Changes for: visceral peritoneum

Changes for: basilar membrane of cochlea

Changes for: peritoneal cavity

Changes for: allantois of embryonic urinary system

Changes for: cell group

  • Deleted
    • - cell group definition A group of cells that may not be contained within macroscopic anatomical boundaries, e.g., A9 dopaminergic cell group; massa intercalata of the amygdala (CUMBO) { database cross reference=NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_532 }
  • Added
    • + cell group definition A group of cells that may not be contained within macroscopic anatomical boundaries, e.g., A9 dopaminergic cell group; massa intercalata of the amygdala (CUMBO) { database cross reference=NIFSTD:nlx_532 }

Changes for: lateral cervical nucleus

Changes for: commissure of telencephalon

Changes for: caudal intralaminar nuclear group

Changes for: pulmonary alveolar duct

Changes for: accessory olfactory bulb external plexiform layer

Changes for: terminal bronchiole

  • Deleted
    • - terminal bronchiole definition A terminal bronchiole is a bronchiole at the end of the conducting zone. At the transition into the respiratory zone, alveoli become present. The terminal bronchiole is the most distal segment of the conducting zone. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium containing Clara cells. Terminal bronchioles contain a limited number of ciliated cells and no goblet cells. Clara cells are non-ciliated, rounded protein secreting cells. Their secretions are a nonsticky, proteinaceous compound to maintain the airway in the smallest bronchioles. The secretion, called surfactant, reduces surface tension allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration. Clara cells, a stem cell of the respiratory system, produce enzymes that detoxify substances dissolved in the respiratory fluid. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_bronchiole }
  • Added

Changes for: bronchiole

Changes for: rhombomere 10

Changes for: rhombomere 11

Changes for: lateral longitudinal stria

Changes for: rhombomere 9

Changes for: substantia gelatinosa

Changes for: bronchus

Changes for: white matter of pontine tegmentum

Changes for: white matter of metencephalon

Changes for: accessory olfactory bulb internal plexiform layer

Changes for: principal inferior olivary nucleus

Changes for: mesomere 1

Changes for: nucleus raphe pallidus

Changes for: mesomere 2

Changes for: internal naris

Changes for: medial accessory inferior olivary nucleus

Changes for: uncinate fasciculus of the forebrain

Changes for: lateral reticular nucleus

Changes for: fastigial nucleus

Changes for: nucleus raphe magnus

Changes for: inferior rostral gyrus

Changes for: gigantocellular nucleus

Changes for: superior rostral gyrus

Changes for: superior cerebellar peduncle

Changes for: middle cerebellar peduncle

Changes for: pontine nuclear group

Changes for: rostral gyrus

Changes for: interpositus nucleus of cerebellum

Changes for: gray matter of hindbrain

Changes for: gray matter of forebrain

Changes for: white matter of forebrain

Changes for: white matter of myelencephalon

Changes for: gray matter of midbrain

Changes for: barrel cortex

Changes for: tectobulbar tract

Changes for: inferior cerebellar peduncle

Changes for: area postrema

Changes for: gracile nucleus

Changes for: vibrissa follicle

Changes for: nucleus prepositus

Changes for: white matter of hindbrain

Changes for: cerebellar nuclear complex

Changes for: anterior lobe of cerebellum

Changes for: vas deferens

Changes for: dentate nucleus

Changes for: respiratory system

Changes for: hilus of dentate gyrus

Changes for: habenulo-interpeduncular tract

Changes for: subcommissural organ

Changes for: parabigeminal nucleus

Changes for: parvocellular oculomotor nucleus

Changes for: peripeduncular nucleus

Changes for: interpeduncular nucleus

Changes for: pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus

Changes for: dorsal tegmental nucleus

Changes for: locus ceruleus

Changes for: adipose tissue

Changes for: superior salivatory nucleus

Changes for: reticulotegmental nucleus

Changes for: central nervous system

Changes for: axon tract

Changes for: nerve fasciculus

Changes for: kidney

Changes for: jejunum

Changes for: ileum

Changes for: inferior olivary complex

Changes for: cortex of thymus

  • Deleted
    • - cortex of thymus comment Histologically, the thymus can be divided into a central medulla and a peripheral cortex which is surrounded by an outer capsule. The cortex and medulla play different roles in the development of T cells. Cells in the thymus can be divided into thymic stromal cells and cells of hematopoietic origin[WP]
    • - cortex of thymus definition Cortical portion of thymus, mainly composed of lymphoid cells, supported by a network of finely-branched epithelial reticular cells, which is continuous with a similar network in the medullary portion. This network forms an adventitia to the blood vessels. The cortex is the location of the earliest events in thymocyte development, where T cell receptor gene rearrangement and positive selection takes place. { database cross reference=Cortex }
  • Added
    • + cortex of thymus definition the outer part of a thymus lobule that surrounds the medulla and is composed of closely packed lymphocytes { database cross reference=MP:0002371,ISBN:0-683-40008-8 }
    • + cortex of thymus structure notes Histologically, the thymus can be divided into a central medulla and a peripheral cortex which is surrounded by an outer capsule. The cortex and medulla play different roles in the development of T cells. Cells in the thymus can be divided into thymic stromal cells and cells of hematopoietic origin[WP]

Changes for: cerebellar cortex

Changes for: superior olivary complex

Changes for: hindgut

Changes for: neural tube

Changes for: yolk sac

  • Deleted
    • - yolk sac definition Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolk_sac }
  • Added
    • + yolk sac definition A sac-like expansion of the ventral wall of the intestine, narrowed into a yolk stalk near the body[Hyman’s]. Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolk_sac }
    • + yolk sac editor note consider splitting class
    • + yolk sac external definition the extraembryonic tissue membrane, formed from the visceral endoderm and the extraembryonic mesoderm, which is located ventral to the embryonic disc and is connected to the presumptive midgut of the embryo; the yolk that it contains is the site of embryonic hematopoiesis and vitelline circulation is involved in early embryonic circulation; it is the origin of the primordial germ cells { source=MP:0001718 }

Changes for: spleen

Changes for: small intestine

Changes for: visual system

Changes for: rectum

Changes for: nervous system commissure

Changes for: nerve

Changes for: gustatory system

Changes for: brain marginal zone

Changes for: epidermis suprabasal layer

Changes for: axillary lymph node

Changes for: flocculus

Changes for: posterior vena cava

Changes for: pedicle of vertebra

Changes for: retrosplenial granular cortex

Changes for: velar vocal fold

Changes for: genu of facial nerve

Changes for: thalamic eminence

Changes for: ventral pallium

Changes for: layer of developing cerebral cortex

Changes for: proisocortex

Changes for: cerebral cortex marginal layer

Changes for: obsolete cerebral cortex mantle layer

Changes for: cerebral cortex ventricular layer

Changes for: cerebral cortex subventricular zone

Changes for: enteric nerve

Changes for: bone of hip region

Changes for: subiculum

Changes for: ventricular system choroidal fissure

Changes for: adenohypophysis

Changes for: median eminence of neurohypophysis

Changes for: neurohypophysis

Changes for: dorsal nerve of clitoris

Changes for: dorsal nerve of penis

Changes for: lateral globus pallidus

Changes for: medial globus pallidus

Changes for: orbitosphenoid

Changes for: dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

Changes for: cerebellar peduncular complex

Changes for: saphenous nerve

Changes for: coronal suture

Changes for: tooth cavity

Changes for: glottis

Changes for: trabecular bone tissue

  • Deleted
    • - trabecular bone tissue definition Cancellous bone, synonymous with trabecular bone or spongy bone, is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compared to compact bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue, it has a higher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff. It typically occupies the interior region of bones. Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, which is the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula. Its Latin name is substantia spongiosa or substantia spongiosa ossium. The words cancellous and trabecular refer to the tiny, lattice-shaped that form the tissue. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabecular_bone }
  • Added

Changes for: bone marrow cavity

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + bone marrow cavity definition the medullary cavities of the bones where bone marrow is stored { database cross reference=MP:0000065,ISBN:0-683-40008-8,PMID:10709991 }
    • + bone marrow cavity structure notes Located in the main shaft (cortical bone) of a long bone (diaphysis) (consisting mostly of compact bone), the medullary cavity has walls composed of spongy bone (cancellous bone) and is lined with a thin, vascular membrane (endosteum)[Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovaryry_cavity]

Changes for: ventral lateral geniculate nucleus

Changes for: papillary muscle of heart

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + papillary muscle of heart definition one of the group of myocardial bundles which terminate in the chordae tendineae that attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves; each ventricle has an anterior and a posterior papillary muscle; the right ventricle sometimes has a septal papillary muscle { database cross reference=MP:0004058,MGI:anna }
    • + papillary muscle of heart function notes These muscles contract to tighten the chordae tendineae, which in turn prevent inversion. This occurs in response to pressure gradients. Instead they brace the valves against the high pressure, preventing regurgitation of ventricular blood back into the atrial cavities.[Wikipedia:Papillary_muscle]

Changes for: deltopectoral crest

Changes for: lambdoid suture

Changes for: sagittal suture

  • Deleted
    • - sagittal suture definition The sagittal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet. If certain bones of the skull grow too fast then ‘premature closure’ of the sutures may occur. This can result in skull deformities. If the sagittal suture closes early the skull becomes long, narrow, and wedge-shaped, a condition called ‘scaphocephaly. ‘ Two anatomical landmarks are found on the sagittal suture: the bregma and the vertex of the skull. The bregma is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures, and the vertex is the highest point on the skull and is many times near the midpoint of the sagittal suture. The sagittal suture is also known as the ‘interparietal suture’ and the ‘sutura interparietalis. ‘ The term is derived from the Latin word Sagitta, meaning ‘arrow’. The derivation of this term may be demonstrated by observing how the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, like an arrow, by the lambdoid suture. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_suture }
  • Added

Changes for: uterine artery

Changes for: arch of centrum of vertebra

Changes for: anterior nucleus of hypothalamus anterior part

Changes for: CA3 alveus

Changes for: CA1 alveus

Changes for: tuberomammillary nucleus dorsal part

Changes for: anterior nucleus of hypothalamus dorsal part

Changes for: anterior nucleus of hypothalamus posterior part

Changes for: anterior nucleus of hypothalamus central part

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus descending division - lateral parvicellular part

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus descending division - dorsal parvicellular part

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus descending division - medial parvicellular part, ventral zone

Changes for: tuberomammillary nucleus ventral part

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus magnocellular division - anterior magnocellular part

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus descending division - forniceal part

Changes for: pyramidal layer of CA2

Changes for: pyramidal layer of CA1

Changes for: sacral spinal cord central canal

Changes for: vestibulo-cochlear VIII ganglion complex

Changes for: lumbar spinal cord central canal

Changes for: frontomarginal sulcus

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord central canal

Changes for: cervical spinal cord central canal

Changes for: white matter lamina of cerebellum

Changes for: periamygdaloid cortex

Changes for: precommissural fornix of forebrain

Changes for: subdivision of spinal cord central canal

Changes for: external medullary lamina of thalamus

Changes for: pericardium

Changes for: autonomic nervous system

Changes for: clitoris

Changes for: dorsal tegmental nucleus pars ventralis

Changes for: dorsal tegmental nucleus pars dorsalis

Changes for: CA3 stratum lucidum

Changes for: basal ganglion

  • Deleted
    • - basal ganglion database cross reference DHBA:BN
    • - basal ganglion definition An individual member of a collection of basal ganglia. Basal ganglia are subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum[NIF,modified]. { database cross reference=NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_826 }
  • Added
    • + basal ganglion database cross reference DHBA:10332
    • + basal ganglion definition An individual member of a collection of basal ganglia. Basal ganglia are subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum[NIF,modified]. { database cross reference=NIFSTD:birnlex_826 }

Changes for: hippocampal formation

Changes for: fourth ventricle

Changes for: CA3 stratum lacunosum moleculare

Changes for: CA2 stratum lacunosum moleculare

Changes for: pyramidal layer of CA3

Changes for: CA2 stratum oriens

Changes for: CA1 stratum oriens

Changes for: CA3 stratum oriens

Changes for: CA1 stratum radiatum

Changes for: CA2 stratum radiatum

Changes for: CA3 stratum radiatum

Changes for: CA1 stratum lacunosum moleculare

Changes for: distal sesamoid impar ligament

Changes for: striatum

Changes for: pituitary stalk

Changes for: pars intermedia of adenohypophysis

  • Deleted
    • - pars intermedia of adenohypophysis comment The intermediate part of adenohypophysis: an ill-defined region between the two lobes of the hypophysis; some systems of nomenclature consider it part of the neurohypophysis. In humans a defined structure develops during embryogenesis, but only scattered cells are retained when the gland matures[BTO].
    • - pars intermedia of adenohypophysis definition A boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains three types of cells: basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke’s pouch. In human fetal life, this area produces melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH which causes the release of melanin pigment in skin melanocytes (pigment cells). However, the pars intermedia is normally either very small or entirely absent in adulthood. In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians) MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color. This color change is due to MSH stimulating the dispersion of melanin pigment in dermal (skin) melanophore cells. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_intermedia }
  • Added

Changes for: lateral hypothalamic area

Changes for: ventral tegmental nucleus

Changes for: myenteric nerve plexus

Changes for: primary visual cortex

Changes for: cerebral hemisphere white matter

Changes for: lens fiber

Changes for: axillary nerve trunk

Changes for: cervicothoracic ganglion

Changes for: fungiform papilla

Changes for: posterior limb of internal capsule

Changes for: extreme capsule

Changes for: anterior limb of internal capsule

Changes for: lenticular fasciculus

Changes for: ethmoid sinus

Changes for: endometrial gland

Changes for: decidua

Changes for: inferior palpebral vein

Changes for: electromotor division of oculomotor nuclear complex

Changes for: oculomotor division of oculomotor nuclear complex

Changes for: anterodorsal nucleus of medial geniculate body

Changes for: vesical vein

Changes for: nerve trunk

Changes for: foliate papilla

Changes for: filiform papilla

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus magnocellular division - medial magnocellular part

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus magnocellular division - posterior magnocellular part

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord lateral horn

Changes for: infundibular stem

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: inferior occipital gyrus

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus magnocellular division

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus descending division

Changes for: fundus striati

Changes for: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus parvicellular division

Changes for: celiac lymph node

Changes for: round window of inner ear

  • Deleted
    • - round window of inner ear definition The round window is one of the two openings into the cochlea of the inner ear. It is closed off from the middle ear by the round window membrane, which vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the cochlea through the oval window. It allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_window }
  • Added

Changes for: oval window

  • Deleted
    • - oval window definition The oval window (or vestibular window) is a membrane-covered opening which leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear. Vibrations that come into contact with the tympanic membrane travel through the three ossicles and into the inner ear. The oval window is the intersection of the middle ear with the inner ear, and is directly contacted by the stapes; by the time vibrations reach the oval window, they have been amplified over twenty times from what they were when they contacted the tympanic membrane, a testament to the amplifying power of the middle ear. It is a reniform (kidney-shaped) opening leading from the tympanic cavity into the vestibule of the internal ear; its long diameter is horizontal, and its convex border is upward. In the recent state it is occupied by the base of the stapes, the circumference of which is fixed by the annular ligament to the margin of the foramen. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_window }
  • Added

Changes for: zygomatic arch

  • Deleted
    • - zygomatic arch definition The zygomatic arch or cheek bone is formed by the zygomatic process of temporal bone (a bone extending forward from the side of the skull, over the opening of the ear) and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone (the side of the cheekbone), the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process of the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_arch }
  • Added
    • + zygomatic arch definition the bony arch in vertebrates that extends along the side or front of the skull beneath the eye socket and is formed by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone { database cross reference=MP:0004469,ISBN:0-683-40008-8 }

Changes for: placenta junctional zone

Changes for: axilla

Changes for: placental labyrinth vasculature

Changes for: communicating branch of spinal nerve

Changes for: otic ganglion

Changes for: prevertebral ganglion

Changes for: cingulum of brain

Changes for: umbilical blood vessel

Changes for: interventricular foramen of CNS

Changes for: pelvic ligament

Changes for: subdivision of uterine tube

Changes for: cerebellum fissure

Changes for: minor sublingual duct

Changes for: midbrain basal plate

Changes for: motor root of facial nerve

Changes for: midbrain neural tube

Changes for: anterior buccal gland

Changes for: fourth lumbar dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: placenta labyrinth

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 21

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 20

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 19

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 25

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 23

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 22

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 28

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 27

Changes for: bone marrow

Changes for: tonsil

Changes for: somatic sensory system

Changes for: cerebellum anterior vermis

Changes for: eyeball of camera-type eye

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 10

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 9

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 12

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 14

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 13

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 15

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 16

Changes for: fibrous pericardium

  • Deleted
    • - fibrous pericardium comment Structure notes: most superficial part of pericardium; continuous with the outer adventitial layer of the neighboring great blood vessels. [Wikipedia:Fibrous_pericardium]
  • Added
    • + fibrous pericardium structure notes most superficial part of pericardium; continuous with the outer adventitial layer of the neighboring great blood vessels. [Wikipedia:Fibrous_pericardium]

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 2

Changes for: retrosplenial region

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 8

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 7

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 4

Changes for: thalamic complex

Changes for: transverse gyrus of Heschl

Changes for: postoptic commissure

Changes for: meninx

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 11

Changes for: pia mater

Changes for: Brodmann area

Changes for: diencephalic white matter

Changes for: arachnoid mater

Changes for: dura mater

  • Deleted
    • - dura mater definition Thick, fibrous meningeal covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three meningeal coverings. It consists of two layers: the periosteal dura linking the inner surface of the skull and the meningeal dura that lies above the arachnoid dural membrane. The meningeal layer draws away from the periosteal layer and certain locations to form the dural reflections. { database cross reference=NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090206 }
    • - dura mater has exact synonym pachymeninges { database cross reference=NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090206 }
  • Added
    • + dura mater definition Thick, fibrous meningeal covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three meningeal coverings. It consists of two layers: the periosteal dura linking the inner surface of the skull and the meningeal dura that lies above the arachnoid dural membrane. The meningeal layer draws away from the periosteal layer and certain locations to form the dural reflections. { database cross reference=NIFSTD:nlx_anat_090206 }
    • + dura mater has exact synonym pachymeninges { database cross reference=NIFSTD:nlx_anat_090206 }

Changes for: dorsal accessory nucleus of optic tract

Changes for: accessory nucleus of optic tract

Changes for: koniocortex

Changes for: choroid plexus epithelium

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 40

Changes for: vomer

Changes for: talus

Changes for: nasolacrimal duct

  • Deleted
    • - nasolacrimal duct definition The nasolacrimal duct (sometimes called tear duct) carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Excess tears flow through nasolacrimal duct which opens in the nose. This is the reason the nose starts to run when a person is crying or has watery eyes from an allergy, and why one can sometimes taste eye drops. Like the lacrimal sac, the duct is lined by stratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells, and is surrounded by connective tissue. Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct leads to the excess overflow of tears called epiphora. A congenital obstruction can cause cystic expansion of the duct and is called a dacrocystocele or Timo cyst. Persons with dry eye conditions can be fitted with punctal plugs that seal the ducts to limit the amount of fluid drainage and retain moisture. The canal containing the nasolacrimal duct is called the nasolacrimal canal. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct }
  • Added

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 32

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 43

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 8a

Changes for: middle temporal sulcus

Changes for: temporal sulcus

Changes for: myocardium of atrium

Changes for: layer of hippocampus

Changes for: choroid plexus of lateral ventricle

Changes for: medial longitudinal fasciculus

Changes for: umbilical cord

Changes for: corpus callosum

Changes for: submandibular duct

  • Deleted
    • - submandibular duct definition The submandibular duct (Wharton’s duct, submaxillary duct) is one of the salivary ducts. It is about 5 cm. long, and its wall is much thinner than that of the parotid duct. It begins by numerous branches from the deep surface of the gland, and runs forward between the mylohyoideus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus, then between the sublingual gland and the genioglossus, and opens by a narrow orifice on the summit of a small at the side of the frenulum linguæ. On the hyoglossus it lies between the lingual and hypoglossal nerves, but at the anterior border of the muscle it is crossed laterally by the lingual nerve; the terminal branches of the lingual nerve ascend on its medial side. It drains saliva from the submandibular glands and sublingual glands to the sublingual caruncle at the base of the tongue. It was initially described by the English anatomist Thomas Wharton and sometimes referred to by his name. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_duct }
  • Added

Changes for: pulmonary trunk

Changes for: hemisphere part of cerebellar posterior lobe

Changes for: white matter of medulla oblongata

Changes for: hemisphere part of cerebellar anterior lobe

Changes for: terminal nerve root

Changes for: occipital gyrus

Changes for: cerebrocerebellum

Changes for: vestibulocerebellum

Changes for: dorsal nerve root of cervical spinal cord

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord gray matter

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord white matter

Changes for: lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: frontal sulcus

Changes for: ventral gray commissure of spinal cord

Changes for: apex of lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: dorsal gray commissure of spinal cord

Changes for: ventral nerve root of cervical spinal cord

Changes for: substantia gelatinosa of lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: epicardium

  • Deleted
    • - epicardium comment Function notes: The visceral pericardium apparently produces the pericardial fluid, which lubricates motion between the inner and outer layers of the pericardium. During ventricular contraction, the wave of depolarization moves from endocardial to epicardial surface. [Wikipedia:Epicardium]
  • Added
    • + epicardium function notes The visceral pericardium apparently produces the pericardial fluid, which lubricates motion between the inner and outer layers of the pericardium. During ventricular contraction, the wave of depolarization moves from endocardial to epicardial surface. [Wikipedia:Epicardium]

Changes for: myocardium

Changes for: midbrain tectum

Changes for: hippocampus pyramidal layer

Changes for: hippocampus fimbria

Changes for: vestibular fissure of the cochlear canal

Changes for: terminal part of the cochlear canal

Changes for: base of cochlear canal

Changes for: basis modioli

Changes for: substantia gelatinosa of cervical spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: apex of cervical spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: cervical spinal cord ventral horn

Changes for: cervical spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: white matter of cerebellum

Changes for: white matter of spinal cord

Changes for: gray matter of spinal cord

Changes for: white matter

Changes for: extraglomerular mesangium

Changes for: ventral nerve root of thoracic spinal cord

Changes for: middle frontal sulcus

Changes for: cervical spinal cord lateral horn

Changes for: cervical spinal cord gray matter

Changes for: cervical spinal cord white matter

Changes for: accessory nerve root

Changes for: dorsal nerve root of thoracic spinal cord

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord ventral horn

Changes for: substantia gelatinosa of thoracic spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: apex of thoracic spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: trunk of intercostal nerve

Changes for: mesenchyme of submandibular gland primordium

Changes for: sulcus limitans of fourth ventricle

Changes for: diencephalon mantle layer

Changes for: bona-fide anatomical boundary

  • Deleted
    • - bona-fide anatomical boundary comment One might argue that all boundaries are actually fiat in the sense that there must be some fiat element at a fine enough scale of granularity. This ontology choses to ignore this issue as below the level of granularity relevant to anatomy. (DOS121102)
  • Added
    • + bona-fide anatomical boundary comment One might argue that all boundaries are actually fiat in the sense that there must be some fiat element at a fine enough scale of granularity. This ontology choses to ignore this issue as below the level of granularity relevant to anatomy. (DOS121102)

Changes for: pair of dorsal aortae

  • Added
    • + pair of dorsal aortae definition the paired arterial structures of the embryo that supplies each developing somite via efferent segmental arteries; the dorsal aortae articulate with the umbilical arteries, which return mixed blood to the villi of the chorion for reoxygenation { database cross reference=MP:0004787,ISBN:0-914294-08-3 }

Changes for: intraembryonic coelom

  • Deleted
    • - intraembryonic coelom definition In the development of the human embryo the intraembryonic coelom (or somatic coelom) is a portion of the conceptus forming in the mesoderm. During the second week of development, the lateral mesoderm splits into a dorsal somatic mesoderm (somatopleure) and a ventral splanchnic mesoderm (splanchnopleure). The resulting cavity between the somatopleure and splanchnopleure is called the intraembryonic coelom. This space will give rise to the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It briefly has a connection with the extraembryonic coelom[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraembryonic_coelom }
  • Added
    • + intraembryonic coelom definition the part of the coelom in the embryo between the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm; the principal body cavities of the trunk (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic) arise from this embryonic part of the coelom { database cross reference=MP:0012187,MGI:anna }

Changes for: CA4 field of hippocampus

Changes for: CA3 field of hippocampus

Changes for: CA2 field of hippocampus

Changes for: CA1 field of hippocampus

Changes for: male urethral gland

Changes for: extraembryonic coelom

Changes for: fallopian tube

Changes for: hippocampal field

Changes for: neural arch

  • Deleted
    • - neural arch definition posterior part of a vertebra that consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes: four articular processes, two transverse processes one spinous process[WP]. ZFA: A neural arch encloses the neural canal and typically meets its partner to form a neural spine. The neural arch can be a replacement ossification of the basidorsal cartilage or can form directly in membrane bone. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_arch }
  • Added
    • + neural arch definition posterior part of a vertebra that consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes: four articular processes, two transverse processes one spinous process[WP]. ZFA: A neural arch encloses the neural canal and typically meets its partner to form a neural spine. . { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_arch }
    • + neural arch development notes The neural arch can be a replacement ossification of the basidorsal cartilage or can form directly in membrane bone
    • + neural arch external definition the dorsal bony and/or cartilaginous part of a vertebra, consisting of a pair of pedicles, a pair of laminae, and seven processes (four articular processes, two transverse processes, and one spinous process) { source=MP:0004599:csmith }

Changes for: medial accessory nucleus of optic tract

Changes for: parvocellular layer of dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body

Changes for: magnocellular layer of dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body

Changes for: lateral accessory nucleus of optic tract

Changes for: neuroendocrine gland

Changes for: sensory circumventricular organ

Changes for: neural tube lumen

Changes for: midbrain mantle layer

Changes for: hindlimb joint

Changes for: spinal cord mantle layer

Changes for: paraurethral gland

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + paraurethral gland definition the numerous mucous-secreting glands found in several female mammalian species (including rodents and humans) on the anterior wall of the vagina, around the lower end of the urethra, and possessing a common paraurethral duct which opens (on each side) near the external urethral orifice; they are homologous with the prostate gland in males, have highly variable anatomy, and are believed to be the source of the female ejaculate, a lubricating fluid with a similar consistency to male prostatic fluid that is expelled through the urethra during sexual stimulation; like the male prostate, these glands are susceptible to infection (skenitis), cyst development, and cancer { database cross reference=MP:0011793,MGI:anna }

Changes for: nidopallium

Changes for: hyperpallium

Changes for: mesopallium

Changes for: arcopallium

Changes for: nucleus isthmo-opticus

Changes for: cremaster muscle

Changes for: superficial external pudendal artery

Changes for: pectineal ligament

Changes for: inguinal ligament

Changes for: rhombic lip

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + rhombic lip database cross reference DHBA:10664
    • + rhombic lip definition the posterior section of the developing metencephalon recognized transiently within the vertebrate embryo; the rhombic lip extends posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cell and can be divided into eight structural units based on rhombomeres 1-8 (r1-r8), recognized at early stages of hindbrain development; producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex cerebellar neural system { database cross reference=MP:0012525,MGI:anna }

Changes for: segmental spinal nerve

Changes for: olfactory tract linking bulb to ipsilateral ventral telencephalon

Changes for: future brain

Changes for: pyramid of medulla oblongata

Changes for: early prosencephalic vesicle

Changes for: otic pit

Changes for: granulosa cell layer

  • Deleted
    • - granulosa cell layer comment Structure notes: At one part of the mature follicle the cells of the membrana granulosa are collected into a mass which projects into the cavity of the follicle. This is termed the discus proligerus. [Wikipedia:Membrana_granulosa, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrana_granulosa]
  • Added
    • + granulosa cell layer structure notes At one part of the mature follicle the cells of the membrana granulosa are collected into a mass which projects into the cavity of the follicle. This is termed the discus proligerus. [Wikipedia:Membrana_granulosa, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrana_granulosa]

Changes for: renal interlobular vein

Changes for: submandibular gland primordium

Changes for: synencephalon

Changes for: medial entorhinal cortex

Changes for: lateral entorhinal cortex

Changes for: superior vestibular nucleus

Changes for: vestibular nucleus

Changes for: lateral vestibular nucleus

Changes for: inguinal part of abdomen

Changes for: ventrolateral sulcus of medulla oblongata

Changes for: cerebellum posterior vermis

Changes for: cerebellum intermediate zone

Changes for: cerebellar plate

Changes for: olfactory bulb layer

Changes for: posterior lobe of cerebellum

Changes for: cerebellum lobule

Changes for: penile bulb artery

Changes for: deep artery of clitoris

Changes for: common penile artery

Changes for: deep artery of penis

Changes for: dorsal accessory inferior olivary nucleus

Changes for: nucleus of superior olivary complex

Changes for: lingual tonsil

  • Deleted
    • - lingual tonsil definition The lingual tonsils are rounded masses of lymphatic tissue that cover the posterior region of the tongue. They are on the dorsal surface at the base of the tongue. Their lymphatic tissue are dense and nodular, their surface is covered with stratified squamous epithelium which invaginates as a single crypt into each lingual tonsil. They are partially surrounded by connective tissue placing them in the group of Partially-Encapsulated Lymphatic Organs, tonsils, the only one of its kind. They have associated mucous glands which are drained by ducts directly into the single tonsillar crypt. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingual_tonsils }
  • Added

Changes for: preoptic nucleus

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 24

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 3

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 36

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 35

Changes for: corticomedial nuclear complex

Changes for: basolateral amygdaloid nuclear complex

Changes for: cochlear canal

Changes for: asteriscus

Changes for: dorsal zone of median tuberal portion of hypothalamus

Changes for: nerve fiber

Changes for: vertical limb of the diagonal band

Changes for: subdivision of diagonal band

Changes for: obsolete retrorubral area

Changes for: horizontal limb of the diagonal band

Changes for: superior colliculus superficial gray layer

Changes for: hemispheric lobule VIII

Changes for: obsolete postganglionic parasympathetic nervous system

Changes for: obsolete preganglionic parasympathetic nervous system

Changes for: accessory nerve fiber bundle

Changes for: lamina I of gray matter of spinal cord

Changes for: subbrachial nucleus

Changes for: lateral occipital cortex

Changes for: posterior column of fornix

Changes for: vagal nerve fiber bundle

Changes for: external female genitalia

  • Added
    • + external female genitalia taxon notes in eutherians, this is known as the vulva in and composed of the mons pubis, the labia majora and minora, the clitoris, the vestibule of the vagina and its glands, and the opening of the urethra and of the vagina [MP:0003126]

Changes for: cortical intermediate zone

Changes for: cortical subplate

Changes for: caudal ganglionic eminence

Changes for: lateral ganglionic eminence

Changes for: medial ganglionic eminence

Changes for: ganglionic eminence

Changes for: germinal neuroepithelium

Changes for: spongiotrophoblast layer

Changes for: median tuberal portion

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule X

Changes for: mucosa of prostatic urethra

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule VII

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule VIII

Changes for: vena cava

Changes for: brain ventricle

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule I

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule II

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule III

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule IV

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule IX

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule V

Changes for: cerebellum vermis lobule VI

Changes for: spinal cord alar plate

Changes for: neural tube basal plate

Changes for: neural tube mantle layer

Changes for: neural tube marginal layer

Changes for: neural tube ventricular layer

Changes for: accessory olfactory bulb

Changes for: Douglas’ pouch

Changes for: basisphenoid bone

  • Added
    • + basisphenoid bone definition part of the base of the cranium between the basioccipital and the presphenoid, which usually ossifies separately in the embryo or in the young, and becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult; in many animals it persists as a separate bone between the basioccipital bone and the presphenoidal bone { database cross reference=MP:0000106,ISBN:0-683-40008-8 }

Changes for: pericardial parietal mesothelium

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 48

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 52

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 46

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 47

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 44

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 45

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 39

Changes for: second cervical spinal cord segment

Changes for: hadjikhani et al. (1998) visuotopic area V2d

Changes for: third cervical spinal cord segment

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 6

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 18

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 30

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 31

Changes for: eighth cervical spinal cord segment

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 5

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 33

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 34

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 37

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 38

Changes for: fourth cervical spinal cord segment

Changes for: fifth cervical spinal cord segment

Changes for: sixth cervical spinal cord segment

Changes for: seventh cervical spinal cord segment

Changes for: third lumbar spinal cord segment

Changes for: first lumbar spinal cord segment

Changes for: fifth lumbar spinal cord segment

Changes for: rostral middle frontal gyrus

Changes for: caudal middle frontal gyrus

Changes for: torus longitudinalis

Changes for: os penis

Changes for: twelfth thoracic spinal cord segment

Changes for: eleventh thoracic spinal cord segment

Changes for: tenth thoracic spinal cord segment

Changes for: ninth thoracic spinal cord segment

Changes for: first cervical spinal cord segment

Changes for: first sacral spinal cord segment

Changes for: fifth sacral spinal cord segment

Changes for: fourth sacral spinal cord segment

Changes for: third sacral spinal cord segment

Changes for: second sacral spinal cord segment

Changes for: seventh thoracic spinal cord segment

Changes for: sixth thoracic spinal cord segment

Changes for: first thoracic spinal cord segment

Changes for: eighth thoracic spinal cord segment

Changes for: third thoracic spinal cord segment

Changes for: second thoracic spinal cord segment

Changes for: fourth lumbar spinal cord segment

Changes for: second lumbar spinal cord segment

Changes for: fifth thoracic spinal cord segment

Changes for: fourth thoracic spinal cord segment

Changes for: olfactory bulb mitral cell layer

Changes for: aorta smooth muscle tissue

Changes for: spinal cord ventral commissure

Changes for: trigeminothalamic tract

Changes for: outflow tract

Changes for: cerebellar layer

Changes for: trigeminal sensory nucleus

Changes for: orbitofrontal cortex

Changes for: glomerular capillary

Changes for: kidney pelvis smooth muscle

Changes for: zygomaticus minor muscle

  • Deleted
    • - zygomaticus minor muscle definition Facial muscle attached to the orbicularis oris muscle, anterior root of the zygomatic arch (zygomatic bone or maxilla), and skin in the region of the caudal border of the orbicularis oculi muscle. The muscle is often described as having two heads, one attached to the maxilla and the other attached to the skin overlying the orbicularis oculi. In many mammals this muscle also has an attachment to the cartilage of the external ear, in which case it is called the auriculolabialis superior. See Diogo 2008; Diogo et al., 2009; Burrows et al.., 2011., also DuBrul, 1980. { database cross reference=MFMO:0000137 }
  • Added
    • + zygomaticus minor muscle definition Facial muscle attached to the modiolus, corner (angle) of the mouth, and zygomatic bone. This muscle is ventral to the zygomaticus minor and dorsal to the platysma muscle. In many mammals this muscle also has an attachment to the cartilage of the external ear, in which case it is called the auriculolabialis inferior. See Diogo 2008; Diogo et al., 2009; Burrows et al.., 2011., also DuBrul, 1980. { database cross reference=MFMO:0000138 }

Changes for: kidney pyramid

Changes for: vocalis muscle

Changes for: glossopharyngeal lobe

Changes for: periventricular grey zone

Changes for: perihilar interstitium

Changes for: torus semicircularis

Changes for: left subhepatic recess

Changes for: anterior lingual gland

Changes for: posterior lateral line

Changes for: sinus venosus

Changes for: stratum granulosum of epidermis

Changes for: urachus

Changes for: zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland

  • Deleted
    • - zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland definition The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex, lying directly beneath the adrenal gland’s capsule. Its cells are ovoid in shape and are arranged in clusters or arches. In response to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased blood flow to the kidneys, cells of the zona glomerulosa produce and secrete the mineralocorticoid aldosterone into the blood as part of the renin-angiotensin system. Aldosterone regulates the body’s concentration of electrolytes, primarily sodium and potassium, by acting on the distal convoluted tubule of kidney nephrons to: increase sodium reabsorption increase potassium excretion increase water reabsorption through osmosis The enzyme aldosterone synthase acts in this location. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa }
  • Added

Changes for: ciliary ganglion

Changes for: submandibular ganglion

Changes for: zona fasciculata of adrenal gland

  • Deleted
    • - zona fasciculata of adrenal gland definition The zona fasciculata constitutes the middle zone of the adrenal cortex, sitting directly beneath the zona glomerulosa. Constituent cells are organized into bundles or ‘fascicles’. The zona fasciculata chiefly produces glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol in the human), which regulates the metabolism of glucose, especially in times of stress (e.g. , part of the fight-or-flight response). This tissue also generates a small amount of weak androgens. In certain animals such as rodents, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol. Steroid-producing adrenal tumours and hyperplasias of the zona fasciculata result in excess cortisol production and are the cause for adrenal Cushing’s syndrome. The genetic disorder McCune-Albright syndrome can also present Cushing’s syndrome in affected patients. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_fasciculata }
  • Added

Changes for: zona reticularis of adrenal gland

  • Deleted
    • - zona reticularis of adrenal gland definition The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex, lying deep to the zona fasciculata and superficial to the adrenal medulla. The cells are arranged cords that project in different directions giving a net-like appearance (L. reticulum - net). Cells in the zona reticularis produce precursor androgens including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione from cholesterol. DHEA is further converted to DHEA-sulfate via a sulfotransferase, SULT2A1. These precursors are not further converted in the adrenal cortex as the cells lack 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Instead, they are released into the blood stream and taken up in the testis and ovaries to produce testosterone and the estrogens respectively. In some animals like rodents, the reticularis layer does contain 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which along with other enzymes present results in the production of corticosteroids like the fasciculata. In rodents too, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol as in the human. [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_reticularis }
  • Added

Changes for: bronchial artery

Changes for: dorsal raphe nucleus

Changes for: ventral nucleus of posterior commissure

Changes for: cuneate nucleus

Changes for: pontine raphe nucleus

Changes for: parasympathetic nerve

Changes for: suprachiasmatic nucleus

Changes for: medial preoptic nucleus

Changes for: substantia nigra

Changes for: cerebellum

Changes for: stratum spinosum of epidermis

Changes for: stratum basale of epidermis

Changes for: hindbrain

Changes for: stratum corneum of epidermis

Changes for: insula

Changes for: occipital lobe

Changes for: claustrum of brain

Changes for: gray matter

Changes for: accessory XI nerve

Changes for: fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelium

Changes for: pulmonary vein

Changes for: kidney capsule

  • Deleted
    • - kidney capsule definition The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of ‘ adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the following order (moving from innermost to outermost): renal medulla renal cortex renal capsule perinephric fat (or ‘perirenal fat’) renal fascia paranephric fat (or ‘pararenal fat’) peritoneum (anteriorly), and transversalis fascia (posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_capsule }
  • Added
    • + kidney capsule definition the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney which is covered in a thick layer of perirenal adipose tissue that functions to provide some protection from trauma and damage { database cross reference=MP:0011383,MGI:anna }
    • + kidney capsule function notes provides some protection from trauma and damage.
    • + kidney capsule structure notes The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the following order (moving from innermost to outermost): renal medulla renal cortex renal capsule perinephric fat (or ‘perirenal fat’) renal fascia paranephric fat (or ‘pararenal fat’) peritoneum (anteriorly), and transversalis fascia (posteriorly).[Wikipedia:Kidney_capsule]

Changes for: pulmonary artery

Changes for: third ventricle choroid plexus epithelium

Changes for: lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium

Changes for: trunk of sciatic nerve

Changes for: obsolete peripheral nerve

Changes for: enteric nervous system

Changes for: placenta metrial gland

Changes for: epithelium of mammary gland

Changes for: right putamen

Changes for: pulmonary vascular system

Changes for: left putamen

Changes for: rostral migratory stream

Changes for: ligament of pinna

Changes for: obsolete nerve of central nervous system

Changes for: neural lobe of neurohypophysis

Changes for: taenia tectum of brain

Changes for: gubernaculum (male or female)

Changes for: allantois

Changes for: dorsal premammillary nucleus

Changes for: ventral premammillary nucleus

Changes for: medial preoptic region

Changes for: cerebellum culmen

Changes for: paramedian reticular nucleus

Changes for: gyrus

Changes for: vitelline blood vessel

Changes for: pallium

Changes for: ventral part of telencephalon

Changes for: pharyngeal arch 1

Changes for: tetrapod frontal bone

Changes for: vitelline vasculature

Changes for: induseum griseum

Changes for: lateral nucleus of trapezoid body

Changes for: retroambiguus nucleus

Changes for: paratrigeminal nucleus

Changes for: lung connective tissue

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + lung connective tissue definition the connective tissue located between the respiratory (airway and alveolar) epithelium, the capillary endothelium and pleural mesothelium; it contains basement membrane composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin; it functions in the mechanical behavior of the lung, and forms a barrier to regulate the flow of plasma constituents from the capillaries to the airway and alveolar spaces { database cross reference=MP:0002276,ISBN:0-683-40008-8,MGI:anna,PMID:14635660 }

Changes for: facial nucleus

Changes for: cranial nerve nucleus

Changes for: epineurium

  • Deleted
    • - epineurium SubClassOf bounding layer of some nerve trunk
    • - epineurium SubClassOf surrounds some peripheral nerve
    • - epineurium definition A loose connective tissue sheath surrounding each peripheral nerve. Composed mainly of colagen and fibroblasts, it forms a substantial covering over nerve trunks, then thins to an incomplete layer around smaller branches near their terminations. The epineurium is continuous centrally with the dura. Peripherally, it usually ends near the termination of a nerve fiber, but it may continue as the capsule of Meissner corpuscles and a few other encapsulated endings. Nolte, J. The Human Brain 3rd edition { database cross reference=NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090203 }
  • Added
    • + epineurium SubClassOf part of some peripheral nervous system
    • + epineurium SubClassOf surrounds some nerve
    • + epineurium definition A loose connective tissue sheath surrounding each peripheral nerve. Composed mainly of colagen and fibroblasts, it forms a substantial covering over nerve trunks, then thins to an incomplete layer around smaller branches near their terminations. The epineurium is continuous centrally with the dura. Peripherally, it usually ends near the termination of a nerve fiber, but it may continue as the capsule of Meissner corpuscles and a few other encapsulated endings. Nolte, J. The Human Brain 3rd edition { database cross reference=NIFSTD:nlx_anat_090203 }

Changes for: dorsal anterior lateral line ganglion

Changes for: neural nucleus

Changes for: ventral anterior lateral line ganglion

Changes for: posterior lateral line ganglion

Changes for: endoneurium

Changes for: perineurium

  • Deleted
    • - perineurium definition A layer of thin, concentrically arranged cells with interspersed collagen that lies within the epineurium. (Nolte, J., The Human Brain 3rd edition) { database cross reference=NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090205 }
  • Added
    • + perineurium definition A layer of thin, concentrically arranged cells with interspersed collagen that lies within the epineurium. (Nolte, J., The Human Brain 3rd edition) { database cross reference=NIFSTD:nlx_anat_090205 }

Changes for: spinothalamic tract

Changes for: theca cell layer

  • Deleted
    • - theca cell layer comment Function notes: The theca folliculi are responsible for the production of testosterone from androstenedione in females, and indirectly the production of estrogens by supplying the neighboring granulosa cells with androstenedione that can then be used as a substrate for aromatase. [Wikipedia:Theca_of_follicle]
  • Added
    • + theca cell layer function notes The theca folliculi are responsible for the production of testosterone from androstenedione in females, and indirectly the production of estrogens by supplying the neighboring granulosa cells with androstenedione that can then be used as a substrate for aromatase. [Wikipedia:Theca_of_follicle]

Changes for: superior cerebellar peduncle of pons

Changes for: superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain

Changes for: lateral paragigantocellular nucleus

Changes for: dorsal paragigantocellular nucleus

Changes for: dorsal paramedian reticular nucleus

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + dorsal paramedian reticular nucleus database cross reference DHBA:12597
    • + dorsal paramedian reticular nucleus definition Small nucleus in the brainstem of human, located adjacent and medial to the nucleus prepositus in the dorsal medulla, described in several atlases of human brain stem. In transverse sections, it is oval with its long axis aligned with the dorsal border of the brainstem. It begins at about the same A-P level as the nucleus prepositus, just rostral to the hypoglossal nucleus. It includes calretinin immunoreactive large cells with oval or polygonal cell bodies. Cells are not immunoreactive for either calbindin or parvalbumin, but a few fibers immunoreactive to each protein are found within its central region. Cells in PMD are also immunoreactive to nNOS, and immunoreactivity to a neurofilament protein shows many labeled cells and fibers. According to Baizer et al., no equivalent structure was observed in the cat, rat, mouse or monkey atlas although they did not look at the brains of the great apes. { database cross reference=NIFSTD:nlx_143549 }

Changes for: fourth thoracic spinal ganglion

Changes for: fourth sacral spinal ganglion

Changes for: cervical subsegment of spinal cord

Changes for: thoracic subsegment of spinal cord

Changes for: intermediate nucleus of lateral lemniscus

Changes for: sixth cervical dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: sacral subsegment of spinal cord

Changes for: lumbar subsegment of spinal cord

Changes for: primitive urogenital sinus

Changes for: rostrum of corpus callosum

Changes for: splenium of the corpus callosum

Changes for: prostate gland dorsolateral lobe

Changes for: nasopalatine nerve

Changes for: forestomach

Changes for: cerebellum external granule cell layer

Changes for: roof plate of midbrain

Changes for: transitional epithelium of prostatic urethra

Changes for: great auricular nerve

Changes for: cerebellum internal granule cell layer

Changes for: skeletal ligament

Changes for: nonskeletal ligament

Changes for: ovarian ligament

Changes for: suspensory ligament of testis

Changes for: suspensory ligament

Changes for: gubernaculum testis

Changes for: smooth muscle of eye

Changes for: epithelium of vomeronasal organ

Changes for: ganglion of central nervous system

Changes for: ganglion of peripheral nervous system

Changes for: epaxial musclulature

Changes for: floor plate of medulla oblongata

Changes for: floor plate of metencephalon

Changes for: floor plate of diencephalon

Changes for: floor plate of midbrain

Changes for: floor plate of telencephalon

Changes for: anular ligament of radius

Changes for: lateral recess of fourth ventricle

Changes for: amnion

  • Deleted
    • - amnion definition A membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, which are hence called ‘Amniota’; but not in amphibians and fish (Ichthyopsida), which are consequently termed ‘Anamniota’. The primary function of this is the protection of the embryo for its development. It stems from parts of the mesoderm on the outer side and the ectoderm on the inner side[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnion }
  • Added
    • + amnion definition the thin innermost layer of the extraembryonic membranes that contains the amniotic fluid; the membrane forms a closed sac in which the embryo and later, the fetus, is suspended and protected { database cross reference=MP:0005029,MGI:csmith }

Changes for: hippocampus stratum lacunosum moleculare

Changes for: trigeminal nuclear complex

Changes for: magnocellular nucleus of stria terminalis

Changes for: subparaventricular zone

Changes for: lateral septal complex

Changes for: medial septal complex

Changes for: septohippocampal nucleus

Changes for: hippocampus stratum lucidum

Changes for: Barrington’s nucleus

Changes for: accessory olfactory bulb glomerular layer

Changes for: parabrachial nucleus

Changes for: nucleus of trapezoid body

Changes for: hippocampus alveus

Changes for: ligament

Changes for: oral part of ventral posterolateral nucleus

Changes for: lateral pes lemniscus

Changes for: flocculonodular lobe

Changes for: facial motor nucleus

Changes for: postcommissural fornix of brain

Changes for: parvicellular part of ventral posteromedial nucleus

Changes for: substantia innominata

Changes for: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of hypothalamus

Changes for: dorsal tegmental decussation

Changes for: medial lemniscus

Changes for: lateral parabrachial nucleus

Changes for: dorsal nucleus of lateral lemniscus

Changes for: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain

Changes for: median raphe nucleus

Changes for: posterior nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: submedial nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord

Changes for: anterior commissure anterior part

Changes for: central dorsal nucleus

Changes for: suprageniculate nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: central lateral nucleus

Changes for: regional part of cerebellar white matter

Changes for: central lobule

Changes for: subcallosal area

Changes for: stria terminalis

Changes for: commissure of inferior colliculus

Changes for: cingulate cortex

Changes for: limitans nucleus

Changes for: brachium of inferior colliculus

Changes for: principal part of ventral posteromedial nucleus

Changes for: pontine tegmentum

Changes for: systemic artery

Changes for: arterial system

Changes for: systemic arterial system

Changes for: epididymis epithelium

Changes for: external capsule of telencephalon

Changes for: decidua capsularis

Changes for: gastroesophageal sphincter

Changes for: genu of corpus callosum

Changes for: glossopharyngeal nerve fiber bundle

Changes for: inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

Changes for: cuneus cortex

Changes for: precuneus cortex

Changes for: inferior parietal cortex

Changes for: internal arcuate fiber bundle

Changes for: dorsal external arcuate fiber bundle

Changes for: perirhinal cortex

Changes for: stria medullaris

Changes for: ventral external arcuate fiber bundle

Changes for: posterior transverse temporal area 42

Changes for: anterior transverse temporal area 41

Changes for: superior parietal cortex

Changes for: Brodmann (1909) area 1

Changes for: basal nuclear complex

Changes for: cartilaginous neural arch

Changes for: hemal arch

Changes for: obsolete regional part of hypothalamus

Changes for: body of corpus callosum

Changes for: uncinate fasciculus

Changes for: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

Changes for: ventral acoustic stria

Changes for: obsolete regional part of pretectal region

Changes for: central gray substance of midbrain

Changes for: trigeminal nerve fibers

Changes for: posterior part of anterior commissure

Changes for: vitelline artery

Changes for: ventricular zone

Changes for: ear vesicle

Changes for: pre-Botzinger complex

Changes for: midbrain-hindbrain boundary

Changes for: neural plate

Changes for: optic stalk

Changes for: sphenoid bone pterygoid process

  • Deleted
    • - sphenoid bone pterygoid process definition The pterygoid processes of the sphenoid, one on either side, descend perpendicularly from the regions where the body and great wings unite. Each process consists of a medial pterygoid plate and a lateral pterygoid plate, the upper parts of which are fused anteriorly; a vertical sulcus, the pterygopalatine groove, descends on the front of the line of fusion. The plates are separated below by an angular cleft, the pterygoid fissure (or pterygoid notch), the margins of which are rough for articulation with the pyramidal process of the palatine bone. The two plates diverge behind and enclose between them a V-shaped fossa, the pterygoid fossa, which contains pterygoideus internus and tensor veli palatini. Above this fossa is a small, oval, shallow depression, the scaphoid fossa, which gives origin to the tensor veli palatini. The anterior surface of the pterygoid process is broad and triangular near its root, where it forms the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa and presents the anterior orifice of the pterygoid canal. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid }
  • Added
    • + sphenoid bone pterygoid process definition the process projecting downward from either side of the sphenoid bone, in vertebrates divided into two plates, an inner and an outer (sometimes called the lateral and medial); the posterior nares pass through the space, called the pterygoid fossa, between the processes { database cross reference=MP:0004452,ISBN:0-683-40008-8 }

Changes for: liver lobule

Changes for: spleen capsule

Changes for: renal efferent arteriole

Changes for: renal afferent arteriole

Changes for: habenular nucleus

Changes for: chorion

  • Deleted
    • - chorion definition The chorion is one of the membranes that exists during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother. It is formed by extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast and surrounds the embryo and other membranes. The chorionic villi emerge from the chorion, invade the endometrium, and allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorion }
    • - chorion taxon notes The chorion of placentals is bilaminar as in reptiles and birds, but forms from the trophoblast and includes the ajdacent mesodermal layer [ISBN10:0073040584 ‘Vertebrates, Kardong’]
  • Added
    • + chorion definition the outermost extraembryonic membrane { database cross reference=MP:0002836,MESH:A10.615.284.473 }
    • + chorion taxon notes The chorion of placentals is bilaminar as in reptiles and birds, but forms from the trophoblast and includes the ajdacent mesodermal layer [ISBN10:0073040584]

Changes for: cranium

Changes for: oviduct shell gland

Changes for: decussation of diencephalon

Changes for: neural decussation

Changes for: nucleus of midbrain reticular formation

Changes for: cerebellar peduncle

Changes for: nucleus of pontine reticular formation

Changes for: nucleus of midbrain tegmentum

Changes for: midbrain raphe nuclei

Changes for: Peyer’s patch epithelium

Changes for: lieno-renal ligament

Changes for: parasubiculum

Changes for: raphe nuclei

Changes for: middle temporal area

  • Deleted
    • - middle temporal area SubClassOf regional part of cerebral cortex
    • - middle temporal area comment “The term “middle temporal visual area” was first used by Allman and Kaas (1971) for a region of the owl monkey brain located on the “caudal third of the middle temporal gyrus.” Functionally, it contains “a complete representation of the contralateral half of the visual field… This representation of the visual field (MT) corresponds to a histologically distinct area adjacent and rostral to area 19… The horizontal meridian divides MT into a lateral portion representing the upper visual quadrant and a medial portion representing the lower quadrant. The center of gaze is represented in the caudal portion of MT bordering area 19.”” [NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090308]
    • - middle temporal area has exact synonym middle temporal area { database cross reference=NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090308 }
  • Added

Changes for: gastro-splenic ligament

Changes for: body of fornix

Changes for: vestibular system

Changes for: corona radiata of neuraxis

Changes for: apex of spinal cord dorsal horn

Changes for: dentate gyrus molecular layer

Changes for: spinal cord lateral horn

Changes for: spinal cord gray commissure

Changes for: facial nerve root

Changes for: hypoglossal nerve root

Changes for: posterior horn lateral ventricle

Changes for: trigeminal nerve root

Changes for: ependyma

Changes for: gyrus rectus

Changes for: vertebra lamina

  • Added
    • + vertebra lamina definition two broad plates directed dorsomedially from the pedicles; these fuse at the dorsal midline, and complete the dorsal wall of the vertebral foramen { database cross reference=MP:0004605,ISBN:0-683-40008-8,MGI:csmith }

Changes for: aorta wall

Changes for: aorta tunica adventitia

Changes for: scapula spine

Changes for: mandible condylar process

Changes for: head

Changes for: ganglion

  • Deleted
    • - ganglion external definition Subdivision of nervous system which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord. Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion (adapted from Foundational Model of Anatomy)[NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100302]. { source=NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100302 }
  • Added
    • + ganglion external definition A ganglion is a cluster of ➞neurons. It is part of a ➞nervous system. It may include ➞glial cells. The neurons are arranged in a specific constellation: neuronal somata are concentrated at the surface, thus forming a cell cortex, and ➞neurites are concentrated in the centre of the ganglion to form the ➞neuropil. A ganglion is a distinct unit but several ganglia may be anterio-posteriorly joined by ➞connectives or transversally by ➞commissures { source=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21062451 }
    • + ganglion external definition Subdivision of nervous system which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord. Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion (adapted from Foundational Model of Anatomy)[NIFSTD:nlx_anat_100302]. { source=NIFSTD:nlx_anat_100302 }

Changes for: dorsal root ganglion

Changes for: central pretectum

Changes for: sural nerve

Changes for: parasympathetic nervous system

Changes for: peripheral nervous system

Changes for: sympathetic nervous system

Changes for: somatic nervous system

Changes for: camera-type eye

Changes for: dorsal periventricular hypothalamus

Changes for: olfactory apparatus

Changes for: pituitary gland

Changes for: islet of Langerhans

Changes for: accessory olfactory bulb mitral cell layer

Changes for: inferior lobe

Changes for: somatosensory cortex

Changes for: gastropod albumen gland

Changes for: secondary somatosensory cortex

Changes for: primary somatosensory cortex

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + primary somatosensory cortex database cross reference MBA:322
    • + primary somatosensory cortex definition (Chapin & Lin, 1984, rat): the region considered as the SI cortex is not a cytoarchitecturally homogeneous structure but consists instead of a patchwork array of areas containing dense aggregations of layer IV granule cells, surrounded by granule-cell-sparse regions. As was shown by Welker (b71,b76), and in our own mapping studies (see Fig. 3), this discontinuous pattern of granular, or koniocortical, zones contains within itself a map of the ratbs cutaneous periphery. There are clear subtypes within this cytoarchitectural subregion, notably including the bgranular aggregateb type of cytoarchitecture characteristic of the paw, limb, and mystacial vibrissae areas, and the bbarrel-fieldb type (originally described by Woolsey and Van der Loos, b70) seen in the nose and perioral regions. In the mouse, but not the rat, such barrels also cover the whole whisker representation (Welker and Woolsey, b74). { database cross reference=NIFSTD:nlx_143551 }

Changes for: lateral line ganglion

Changes for: regional part of nervous system

Changes for: hypoblast (generic)

Changes for: fornix of brain

Changes for: macula lutea

Changes for: urethra

  • Deleted
  • Added
    • + urethra definition the fibromuscular tubular canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the exterior via the external urinary meatus; in males, the urethra is joined by the ejaculatory ducts and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation, as well as a canal for urine during voiding; in females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening { database cross reference=MP:0000537,MGI:anna }

Changes for: lateral recess of third vetricle

Changes for: organ part

Changes for: lateral line nerve

Changes for: ansiform lobule crus I

Changes for: ansiform lobule crus II

Changes for: brain commissure

Changes for: olfactory bulb outer nerve layer

Changes for: maxillary prominence

  • Deleted
    • - maxillary prominence definition Continuous with the dorsal end of the mandibular arch, and growing forward from its cephalic border, is a triangular process, the maxillary process (or maxillary prominence), the ventral extremity of which is separated from the mandibular arch by a ‘>’ shaped notch. The maxillary process forms the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and in it are ossified the zygomatic bone and the greater part of the maxilla; it meets with the lateral nasal process, from which, however, it is separated for a time by a groove, the naso-optic furrow, that extends from the furrow encircling the eyeball to the olfactory pit. The maxillary processes ultimately fuse with the lateral nasal and globular processes, and form the lateral parts of the upper lip and the posterior boundaries of the nares. It is innervated by the maxillary nerve. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillary_prominence }
  • Added

Changes for: mandibular prominence

Changes for: undifferentiated genital tubercle

  • Deleted
    • - undifferentiated genital tubercle definition A genital tubercle is a body of tissue present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It forms in the ventral, caudal region of mammalian embryos of both sexes, and eventually develops into a phallus. In the human fetus the genital tubercle develops around week 4 of gestation, and by week 9 becomes recognizably either a clitoris or penis. This should not be confused with the sinus tubercle which is a proliferation of endoderm induced by paramesonephic ducts. Even after the phallus is developed, the term genital tubercle remains, but only as the terminal end of it[2], which develops into either the glans penis or the glans clitoridis. The genital tubercle is sensitive to dihydrotestosterone and rich in 5-alpha-reductase, so that the amount of fetal testosterone present after the second month is a major determinant of phallus size at birth.[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_tubercle }
  • Added
    • + undifferentiated genital tubercle definition the embryonic anlage of the external genitalia, which emerges as paired swellings ventral to the cloacal membrane, is proposed to be derived from all three germ layers, and gives rise to the penis, clitoris, scrotum, labia, and foreskin { database cross reference=MP:0011771,MGI:anna }
    • + undifferentiated genital tubercle taxon notes GT development is indistinguishable in male and female mouse embryos until approximately E16, when the urethral plate begins to be masculinized to form the penile urethra, marking the beginning of an androgen-dependent phase of sexual differentiation[MP:0011771]

Changes for: inner ear epithelium

Changes for: thymus subcapsular epithelium

Changes for: neural tube alar plate

Changes for: gracile fasciculus

Changes for: submandibular gland primordium epithelium

Changes for: cuneate fasciculus

Changes for: pars distalis of adenohypophysis

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord dorsal column

Changes for: spinal cord segment

Changes for: lumbar spinal cord dorsal column

Changes for: sacral spinal cord

Changes for: sacral spinal cord dorsal column

Changes for: cervical spinal cord dorsal column

Changes for: cervical spinal cord lateral column

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord lateral column

Changes for: cervical spinal cord ventral column

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord ventral column

Changes for: rostral ventrolateral medulla

Changes for: cochlear ganglion

Changes for: vallate papilla

Changes for: leptomeninx

Changes for: epiglottis

Changes for: tapetum of corpus callosum

Changes for: maxillary nerve

Changes for: mandibular nerve

Changes for: renal medulla

Changes for: nuchal ligament

Changes for: preputial gland

Changes for: ophthalmic nerve

Changes for: intestinal gland

Changes for: lateral tuberal nucleus

Changes for: anterior paraventricular nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: ventral medial complex of thalamus

Changes for: endopeduncular nucleus

Changes for: posterior paraventricular nucleus of thalamus

Changes for: glomerular basement membrane

Changes for: septum of telencephalon

Changes for: habenular trigone

Changes for: visual cortex

Changes for: mandibular ramus

Changes for: sympathetic trunk

Changes for: vertebral ganglion

Changes for: thoracic spinal cord ventral commissure

Changes for: cervical spinal cord ventral commissure

Changes for: sacral spinal cord ventral commissure

Changes for: lumbar spinal cord ventral commissure

Changes for: osseus semicircular canal

Changes for: major vestibular gland

Changes for: anatomical system

Changes for: prefrontal cortex

  • Deleted
    • - prefrontal cortex SubClassOf regional part of cerebral cortex
    • - prefrontal cortex database cross reference DHBA:PFC
    • - prefrontal cortex definition The anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas.nnThis brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals.nnThe most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the pre-frontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social ‘control’ (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes).nnMany authors have indicated an integral link between a person’s personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. - definition adapted from Wikipedia { database cross reference=NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090801 }
  • Added
    • + prefrontal cortex SubClassOf part of some cerebral cortex
    • + prefrontal cortex SubClassOf regional part of brain
    • + prefrontal cortex SubClassOf structure with developmental contribution from neural crest
    • + prefrontal cortex database cross reference DHBA:10172
    • + prefrontal cortex definition The anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas.nnThis brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals.nnThe most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the pre-frontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social ‘control’ (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes).nnMany authors have indicated an integral link between a person’s personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. - definition adapted from Wikipedia { database cross reference=NIFSTD:nlx_anat_090801 }

Changes for: decidua basalis

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    • - platysma definition The platysma is a superficial muscle that overlaps the sternocleidomastoid. It is a broad sheet arising from the fascia covering the upper parts of the pectoralis major and deltoid; its fibers cross the clavicle, and proceed obliquely upward and medially along the side of the neck. The anterior fibers interlace, below and behind the symphysis menti, with the fibers of the muscle of the opposite side; the posterior fibers cross the mandible, some being inserted into the bone below the oblique line, others into the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower part of the face. Many of these fibers blend with the muscles about the angle and lower part of the mouth. Sometimes fibers can be traced to the zygomaticus, or to the margin of the orbicularis oculi. Beneath the platysma, the external jugular vein descends from the angle of the mandible to the clavicle. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platysma_muscle }
  • Added
    • + platysma definition The platysma is a pharyngeal arch 2 muscle and a superficial facial muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical branch of the facial nerve. It attaches to the mandible and it attaches to the skin of the head, neck, and thoracic region where it is found superficial to the clavicle. Burrows et al. (2011) argue that in hylobatids (and, presumably, other primates) the platysma in the region of the modiolus represents both the cervicale and myoides muscles. { database cross reference=MFMO:0000059 }

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  • Added
    • + valve of inferior vena cava definition the semicircular fold of endocardium located on the right atrium at the point of attachment of the inferior vena cava; during development this valve helps direct the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the right atrium into the left cardiac atrium via the foramen ovale (preventing blood flowing into the right ventricle) { database cross reference=MP:0010490,ISBN:0-683-40008-8,Wikipedia:Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava }

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    • - coronary sinus definition The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. The coronary sinus opens into the right atrium, between the inferior vena cava and the auriculo-ventricular opening. It returns the blood from the substance of the heart, and is protected by a semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the auricle, the coronary valve { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_sinus }
  • Added
    • + coronary sinus definition the short trunk that recieves most of the cardiac veins carrying the blood from the myocardium and delivers it to the right atrium, with the sinoatrial connection occurring between the inferior vena cava and the atrioventricular orifice { database cross reference=MP:0010436,ISBN:0-683-40008-8 }

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    • + olfactory bulb subependymal zone definition the region of mitotically active layer of cells surrounding the lateral brain ventricles that consists of migrating neuroblasts, astrocytes and transitory amplifying progenitor cells, that produce neurons that migrate to the olfactory bulb { database cross reference=MP:0009952,MGI:csmith }

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    • - submucous nerve plexus definition The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. From this source they run to the myenteric plexus of nerves and ganglia situated between the circular muscular fibers and the mucosal cells. From this a secondary plexus, the plexus of the submucosa (Meissner’s plexus, Submucous plexus, submucosal plexus) is derived, and it is formed by branches that have perforated the circular muscular fibers. This plexus lies in the submucous coat of the intestine; it also contains ganglia from which nerve fibers pass to the muscularis mucosae and to the mucous membrane. The nerve bundles of the submucous plexus are finer than those of the myenteric plexus. Its function is to innervate cells in the epithelial layer and the smooth muscle of the[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner’s_plexus }
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    • - peritubular capillary definition In the renal system, peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. Ions and minerals that need to be saved in the body are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries through active transport, secondary active transport, or transcytosis. The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder and out of the body. The majority of exchange through the peritubular capillaries occurs because of chemical gradients, osmosis and Na+ pumps[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritubular_capillaries }
  • Added
    • + peritubular capillary definition the tiny blood vessels that receive blood from the efferent arterioles of the glomerulus, and interact with superficial cortical nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron; peritubular capillaries are situated around the tubule and are at low pressure { database cross reference=MP:0011321,MGI:csmith }

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    • - liver perisinusoidal space definition The space of Disse (or perisinusoidal space) is a location in the liver between a hepatocyte and a sinusoid. It contains the blood plasma. Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space, allowing proteins and other plasma components from the sinusoids to be taken up by the hepatocytes. This space may be obliterated in liver disease, leading to decreased uptake by hepatocytes of nutrients and wastes (like bilirubin, for example). The Space of Disse also contains Ito cells, also called hepatic stellate cells, which store fat or fat soluble vitamins. Excessive intake of fat soluble vitamins can lead to pathologically enlarged Ito cells, which can form collagen and lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis. The Space of Disse was named after German anatomist, Joseph Disse (1852b1912). { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_of_Disse }
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Changes for: hippocampal commissure

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    • - uterus definition A major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation, usually developing completely in placental mammals such as humans and partially in marsupials such as kangaroos and opossums. Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused[WP]. { database cross reference=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus }
  • Added
    • + uterus definition the female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth { database cross reference=MP:0001120,MGI:csmith }
    • + uterus development notes Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused [Wikipedia:Uterus]

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Report for properties

ObjectProperty objects lost from source: 0

ObjectProperty objects new in target: 2

New ObjectProperty : extends_fibers_into

New ObjectProperty : trunk_part_of

Changed ObjectProperty objects: 0

January 1, 2015 |

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